Biomolecules Pre-AP By Mr. Simonds How are the structure and functions of the biomolecules similar...
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Transcript of Biomolecules Pre-AP By Mr. Simonds How are the structure and functions of the biomolecules similar...
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Biomolecules Pre-AP
By Mr. Simonds
How are the structure and functions of the biomolecules similar and different?
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Biomolecules
Biomolecules (AKA: Macromolecules) are carbon based molecules made by living things.
4 Types Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acids
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Polymer vs. Monomer
Polymer- a molecule composed of many smaller units.
Monomer – the smaller unit contained in a polymer.
Monomer Polymer
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Lipids: Fats, Oils, & Waxes
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Fats store energy
Long CH chain Function:
energy storage Twice as much as
Carbohyhdrates cushion organs
insulates body think whale blubber!
Why do humanslike fatty foods?
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Saturated fats
All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds
long, straight chain most animal fats solid at room temp.
contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits
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Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in
the fatty acids plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature
the kinks made by doublebonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together
mono-unsaturated?poly-unsaturated?
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Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose -ose: means that something is a sugar.
Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Lactose
Function: Energy Source Energy Storage
C6H12O6(CH2O)x
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Carbohydrates
Monomer: sugars Polymer: starch or Cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
Starch
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Types of Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates Single or Double sugar molecules Used quickly by the body
Complex Carbohydrates Long strands of sugars, such as starch
and “fiber” Used slower than simple carbs but faster
than other energy sources.
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Proteins
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Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group Function: involved in almost everything
enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) structure (keratin, collagen) carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin) cell communication
signals (insulin & other hormones) receptors
defense (antibodies) movement (actin & myosin) [Muscle] storage (bean seed proteins)
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Protein Structure and Function Monomer- Animo Acids Polymer – Protein
Made of: C,H,O,N
A protein’s specific shape determines how it functions.
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Too much activation energy for life Activation energy
amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule
moves the reaction over an “energy hill”
Not a match!That’s too much energy to expose
living cells to!
glucose
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Reducing Activation energy Catalysts
reducing the amount of energy to start a reaction
Pheeew…that takes a lot
less energy!
reactant
product
uncatalyzed reaction
catalyzed reaction
NEW activation energy
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Catalysts So what’s a cell got to do to reduce
activation energy? get help! … chemical help…
ENZYMES
G
Call in the ENZYMES!
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Proteins
Enzymes, another type of protein, controls the rate of reactions. -ase means that something is an enzyme Example: Protease, Lactase, Amylase Example: Lactase is an enzyme that
breaks down lactose, a sugar.
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Nucleic acids
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proteinsproteins
DNADNA
Nucleic Acids Function:
genetic material stores information
genes blueprint for building proteins
DNA RNA proteins transfers information
blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation
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Nucleic Acids Structure:
Made of: C,H,O,N,P RNA (ribonucleic acid)
single helix DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
double helix
Structure: monomers = nucleotides
Polymer =
RNADNA
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Review Questions
Name the four Biomolecules: Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, and
Nucleic Acid What are Carbohydrates used for?
To store energy for later use What are Nucleic Acids for?
To store genetic information
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Review Questions
What do lipids do for you? The store energy and help keep you
warm. Give an example of a food where you
would find protein. Any meat
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Review Questions
Give an example of a food where you would find a lot of carbohydrates. Potato, bread, pasta, etc
Give an example of food with a lot of lipids. Pizza, butter, any fatty food.
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Lock and Key model Simplistic model of
enzyme action substrate fits into 3-D
structure of enzyme’ active site H bonds between substrate
& enzyme like “key fits into lock”
In biology…Size doesn’t matter…Shape matters!
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Induced fit model More accurate model of enzyme action
3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate substrate binding cause enzyme to change
shape leading to a tighter fit “conformational change” bring chemical groups in position to catalyze
reaction