Biomolecules-CARBOHYDRATES

The Molecules of Cells

Organization of Life

Molecular/atoms lowest level of organization

Entire organism

System Organs Tissue Cells Organelle Molecules Atoms

Organic chemistry Chemistry of

CarbonCHNOPS

◦ Carbon◦ Hydrogen◦ Nitrogen◦ Oxygen◦ Phosphorus◦ Sulfur

Elements of Life

CARBON --The main eventForms a bond with 4 other atoms in which electrons are shared forming a covalent compound

C

All are polymersAll are organic (C) compounds

CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic AcidsDiffer in terms of composition and function

Four Main Types of Biomolecules

Figure 3.0-2

Chapter 3: Big Ideas

Introduction to OrganicCompounds

Carbohydrates

Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Monomers• Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

• MONOSACCHARIDES (mono = one; saccharide = sugar):o Glucose (C6H12O6) – found in plants and bloodo Fructose - found in fruit

• DISACCHARIDES (di = two monosaccharides):o Lactose – sugar found in milk (glucose + galactose)

• POLYSACCHARIDES (poly = 3 or more monosaccharides)

Structure• Carbohydrates ( many sugar

molecules) – –ALL sugars end in -ose–Main source of energy (short term)–Gives structure–Made up of C, H, O–Ratio 1:2:1

Learning Check:

•What is the monomer for carb?•Monosaccharides•What process builds carbs?• Dehydration Synthesis

Learning Check

• 2 saccharides joined together are called?• Disaccharide• 3 or more saccarides joined are

called?• polysaccharides

Learning Check

• Sugars end in what 3 letters?• -ose• What purpose do carbs serve?• Main short term energy source• What CHNOPS make up carbs? In

what ratio?• C, H, O, 1:2:1

CarbohydratesWhat do they have in common?

• -OH Several OH (alcohol) groupsThis group LOVES water, HydrophilicPolar and water soluble

• C=O C with a double bond to an oxygen Aldehyde or ketone

Joins w/an –OH to form a cyclic structureThe resulting C (C-1) has OH/HPosition of OH determines further bonding

Carbohydrates-Common Features

All have C, H, O

Forms of Carbohydrates

FunctionExamples Functions

Glucose, Ribose, Deoxyribose Quick energyGlycogen – stored in muscles and liver (it’s like an energy bar for animals)Glucose-made by photosynthesis/plantsStarch – stored in plants (potatoe)

Energy storage

Chitin – Exoskeleton of insectsCellulose – cell wall of plants

Structural

Production• Glucose is produced in the chloroplasts

of plants through photosynthesis

• Glucose is broken down in the mitochondria of living organisms through cellular respiration to make ATP (energy)

Learning Check• Where is glucose made?• Chloroplasts of plants• What process makes glucose?• Photosynthesis• What organelle breaks it down?• Mitochondria• What process breaks it down?• Cellular respiration

What do we eat to obtain sugars and carbs?

•Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes•Any plant!

Where do we obtain carbs?

•When sugars join together forming carbs water is lost

•When carbs are separated, water is added

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

HYDROLYSIS

Recap• Structure–Made up of C, H, O–Ratio 1:2:1–End in –ose–Main source of energy (short term)

• Monomer–Monosaccharide

Recap*Production–In the chloroplast of plants through

photosynthesis–Broken down in the mitochondria of all

living organisms through cellular respiration–We obtain them from eating PLANTS,

main sources:Bread, pasta, potatoes, and rice.

Learning Check

• What do we eat to obtain Carbs?• Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes, PLANTS!• Process to form carbs?• Dehydration Synthesis• Process to break carbs down?• Hydrolysis