You Are What You Eat! A Unit on Biomolecules Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids & Nucleic Acids.
Biomolecules: A Complete Summary - UCLA · Biomolecules: A Complete Summary Carbohydrates Lipids...
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Biomolecules: A Complete Summary Carbohydrates Lipids Amino Acids Proteins Nucleic Acids Formula/ Composition Cn(H2O)n Varies – Look for glycerol and nonpolar regions – alcohol OH common Contains Amine (NH2/ NH3 + ) and Carboxylic Acid (COOH/COO ‐ ) and side chain Polymer of Peptides Pentose Sugar, Phosphate Group, and Nitrogen containing base Structure Mono‐, Di‐, or Poly‐ saccharides D or L and α or β Cyclic or Acyclic Saturated or Unsaturated N‐terminus and C‐terminus of amino acid S or R Hydrophilic, Charged; Hydrophilic, Uncharged; Nonpolar, Uncharged Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary α‐helix or β‐ pleated sheet Purines (2 rings) or Pyrimidines (1 ring) Linkage(s) Linkage at Anomeric Carbon (glycosidic linkage) Varies – Generally Hydrophobic Interactions/ Ester Linkage Peptide Bond Peptide Bond Disulfide Bridges Phosphodiester Linkages Biological Function Energy/ Fuel Metabolic, Thermal, and Barrier Functions Building Blocks of Peptides and Proteins Forms protein primary structure Functional Unit Made from Genes Most biological functions are from proteins Carries Genetic Information Examples Starch, Cellulose, Aldoses, Amylose Of 8 Categories; phospholipid bilayer, feathers, testosterone The 20 amino acids ‐ Glycine, Proline, etc. Myoglobin, Enzymes, Hormones Adenosine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
Transcript of Biomolecules: A Complete Summary - UCLA · Biomolecules: A Complete Summary Carbohydrates Lipids...
Biomolecules:ACompleteSummary
Carbohydrates Lipids AminoAcids Proteins NucleicAcids
Formula/Composition Cn(H2O)n
Varies–Lookforglyceroland
nonpolarregions–alcoholOHcommon
ContainsAmine(NH2/NH3+)andCarboxylic
Acid(COOH/COO‐)andsidechain
PolymerofPeptides
PentoseSugar,PhosphateGroup,andNitrogen
containingbase
Structure
Mono‐,Di‐,orPoly‐
saccharides
DorLandαorβ
CyclicorAcyclic
SaturatedorUnsaturated
N‐terminusandC‐terminusofaminoacid
SorR
Hydrophilic,Charged;
Hydrophilic,Uncharged;Nonpolar,Uncharged
Primary,Secondary,Tertiary,andQuaternary
α‐helixorβ‐pleatedsheet
Purines(2rings)orPyrimidines(1ring)
Linkage(s)
LinkageatAnomericCarbon
(glycosidiclinkage)
Varies–Generally
HydrophobicInteractions/EsterLinkage
PeptideBond
PeptideBond
DisulfideBridges
PhosphodiesterLinkages
BiologicalFunction Energy/Fuel
Metabolic,Thermal,andBarrierFunctions
BuildingBlocksofPeptidesand
Proteins
Formsproteinprimarystructure
FunctionalUnitMadefromGenes
Mostbiologicalfunctionsarefromproteins
CarriesGeneticInformation
Examples
Starch,Cellulose,Aldoses,Amylose
Of8Categories;phospholipidbilayer,feathers,
testosterone
The20aminoacids‐Glycine,Proline,etc.
Myoglobin,Enzymes,Hormones
Adenosine,Thymine,Cytosine,
Guanine,Uracil
Carbohydrates:
• Canexistindifferentforms(modelkitwillsaveyourbuttsforthis):
• MonosaccharidestoKnow D‐(+)‐Glucose D‐(‐)‐Ribose
• DisaccharidestoKnow
Maltose Lactose Sucrose
• PolysaccharidestoKnowo FormsofStarch:
Amylose Amylopectin
Lipids:
HowtoFindMe Function Types/Example Quirks
FattyAcidsCarboxylicAcidwithHydrocarbon
Chain
BuildingBlocksofOtherLipids
SaturatedandUnsaturated
EvennumberofCarbons
Waxes
UsuallyEstersformedfromFattyAcidandLong‐ChainAlcohol
Barriers BirdFeathers InsolubleinWater
Triacylglycerols Glycerol+3FattyAcids EnergyStorage FatsandOils Hydrophobic
andLipophilic
PhospholipidsGlycerol+2FattyAcids+Phosphate
Group
CellMembraneBilayer N/A
HydrophilicHeadsandHydrophobic
Tails
Prostaglandins ProstanoicAcidSkeleton
BiologicalSignalsandRegulators
Vasoconstrictor/Dialator
Upper(7C)andLower
(8C)Chains
Steroids 20Carbonsin4Rings Hormones Testosterone,
Estrogen
VarybyFunctionalGroup
LipophilicVitamins
Ruleoutallotherbiomoleculesand
lipids
Nutrients,Antioxidants VitaminsA,E,C
FunFact–Thereexistanti‐vitamins!
AminoAcids,Peptides,andProteins:
• AminoAcidsBuildingBlocksofPeptides
ClassifiedbasedonthecharacteristicsoftheirR(sidechain)groups.
–9havehydrophobic,nonacidicsidechains –2havehydrophobic,acidicsidechains
–4havehydrophilic,nonacidicsidechains–2havehydrophilic,acidicsidechains–3havehydrophilic,basicsidechains–CysteinehasaterminalS‐Hgroup
–GlycinehasanHatomastheRgroupandistheonlyachiralaminoacid Formpeptidesviapeptidebonds–akaprimaryproteinstructure
• PeptidesBuildingBlocksofProteins
– N‐terminus(fromNH3+/NH2)andC‐terminus(fromCOOH/COO‐)– Cancontributetopeptideconjugation–increasedbarriertorotation
• Proteins– Primarystructure–SkeletonofAminoAcids– SecondaryStructure–Folding:α‐helixorβ‐pleatedsheet– TertiaryStructure–SideChainOrientationandPosition– QuaternaryStructure–CombinationofSubunits
MyoglobinQuaternaryStructure‐noticethecoloredαhelices
NucleicAcids:
• Heterocyclicbasesbondedviahydrogenbonding• PrimaryStructureofNucleotides–arrangementofnucleotidescontainsgenetic
code• Translatesintoproteinform
WorksCitedImagesFrom:
• Life:TheScienceofBiology:NinthEditionTextbook• Wikipedia–www.wikipedia.com
