From Anglo-Saxon (658-1154 C.E. ) to Middle English (1154-1485 C.E.)
Biometrics How Do I know Who You...
Transcript of Biometrics How Do I know Who You...
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Biometrics How Do I know Who You Are?
How Do I know Who You Are
Anil K. Jain
Michigan State University
http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu
October 29, 2014
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Outline
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• Why biometrics?
• What is biometrics?
• Automatic biometric recognition
• Research opportunities
• Where is biometrics heading?
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Bank ATM
Input to ATM:
Card
PIN: 6-digit (4-digit in US)
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Machine does not know who is inputting the card and PIN
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Is This ATM Secure?
6-digit PIN
#1 000000
#2 111111
#3 112233
#4 123123
Most popular 6-digit PINs Stolen or duplicate ATM cards, CCTV
4 http://aq.cebnet.com.cn/2014/0916/295234.shtml
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How to Make ATM More Secure?
Biometric ATM in Lanzhou
Finger Vein recognition
module
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High security (Card, PIN and Finger Vein) or Convenience (finger vein only)
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Credit Card Data Stolen, July 2014
• JP Morgan says data
belonging to 83M
customers was stolen
• 88% of stolen data
used within minutes
USA Today, October 3-5, 2014 6
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Cash, Credit or Apple Pay?
Apple Pay, Oct 20, 2014 (your fingerprint is the password) USA Today, Oct. 21 2014
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Mobile Payment
M-Pesa allows deposit, withdraw & transfer money with a mobile; $882M USD/month
Joseph Van Os/Getty Images World population is 7.3B; ~4.5B have mobiles
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Security Threats • People can not be trusted based on ID documents
• INTERPOL has data on 40M lost/stolen travel documents
• Some of the 9/11 hijackers had multiple driver licenses
幽灵户口:江西神秘中介叫卖幽灵户口 假身份证或涉诈骗犯罪 http://stock.591hx.com 2014年01月24日 10:36:06 新京报
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US VISIT (OBIM) Program, 2004
U.S. border security through fingerprint identification 10
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What is Biometrics?
11 Recognize a person based on body traits, not ID card or PIN
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Biometric Traits
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Biometrics is Not New!
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Friction Ridge Patterns
Cummins and Midlo, Finger Prints, Palms and Soles, Dover, 1961 14
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Early Days of Fingerprints
Fingerprint on a fragment of Palestinian lamp (400-500 C.E.)
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A thumb print on a Chinese clay seal (300 B.C.E)
A Chinese deed of sale signed with a finger print (1839 C.E.)
Cummins and Midlo, Finger Prints, Palms and Soles, Dover, 1961
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Fingerprint Types and Features
: core point : delta point
Arch Loop Whorl
Ridge ending Ridge bifurcation
Scotland Yard first used fingerprints for catching criminals in 1905; FBI in 1924 16
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10 print
Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
• Find duplicates in database and catch criminals
• First AFIS (FBI, 1980): Fingerprints of 70M criminals & 34M civilians
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Assumption 1: Uniqueness
Even identical twins have different fingerprints 18
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Assumption 2: Persistence
1881, age 7 1890, age 17 1913, age 40
Herschel showed fingerprints can be matched even with a large time gap
W. J. Herschel, “The Origin of Finger-printing”, Oxford University Press, 1916 19
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Fingerprint Recognition at Disney Parks
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India’s Aadhar Program
• Provide a 12-digit unique ID number (UID) to all Indian residents
• De-duplication (one person, one UID) using 10 fingers & 2 iris
• ~700M residents have received a UID since 2009 21
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Biometric Systems in China
Face & fingerprint verification at Lo Wu Face verification at Beijing Olympics
Face recognition at Beijing Airport Iris recognition for coal mine workers 22
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Biometric Recognition System
Feature Extractor
Template Database
Verification
Enrollment
Matcher
(similarity score)
Yes: score > T
No: score < T
Preprocessor Preprocessor
T: threshold or system operating point
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Verification: 1:1 matching (you claim who you are) Identification: 1:N matching (you do not claim your identity)
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Reference fingerprint
How to Match Two Fingerprints?
Who made this impression?
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Similarity = 0.9 Match!
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Fingerprint Similarity Score Distributions Fr
equ
en
cy
Similarity score
T = 0.18
Score: 0.10 False Reject
Score: 0.39 True Accept
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Fingerprint Similarity Score Distributions Fr
equ
en
cy
Similarity score
T = 0.18 Score: 0.05 True Reject
Score: 0.21 False Accept
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Face Recognition
Probe Gallery
MATCH
Challenge: What is the best set of features and similarity measure?
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How to Match Two Faces?
Face detection and normalization
Face detection
Face detection
Landmark detection
Landmark detection
Face normalization
Face normalization
Probe Gallery
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How to Match Two Faces?
MLBP feature extraction and matching
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 100000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Feature dimensionality0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Feature dimensionality
Similarity = 0.6 Match!
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Score: 0.50 False Reject
Score: 0.92 True Accept
Face Similarity Score Distributions
T = 0.52
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Face Similarity Score Distributions
T = 0.52 Score: 0.05 True Reject
Score: 0.55 False Accept 31
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State of the Art Performance
Users
Imag
ing
Co
nd
itio
ns
Cooperative Co
nst
rain
ed
100% TAR @ FAR=0.1%
99.4% TAR @ FAR=0.01%
FVC2002 FRGC, Exp. 1
Un
con
stra
ined
Altered fingerprint
97% TAR @ FAR=0.1%
FERET’06
75% Rank-1 accuracy
Uncooperative
99% TAR @ FAR=1.0%
72% Rank-1 accuracy
NIST SD27 LFW
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FVC2004 MBGC
92.2% TAR @ FAR=0.01%
MBGC
98% TAR @ FAR=0.1%
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Research Opportunities
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Intra-person Variability
Same woman arrested at different times
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Inter-person Similarity
Identical twins Father and son
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Latent (Partial) Fingerprint Matching
Latent fingerprint Segmented and enhanced latent fingerprint
Mated rolled fingerprint
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Unconstrained Face Detection & Recognition
37 Not all faces can be detected by the best algorithm!
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Face Recognition in Video
20M surveillance cameras in China (3M in Beijing & Shanghai) 38
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Recognize Person of Interest
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Boston marathon bombing, April 15, 2013 Suspects Photo in database
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Soft Biometrics: Scars, Mark & Tattoos
http://wtvr.com/2012/05/04/pictures-investigators-seek-shirtless-heavily-tattooed-suspect/ 40
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Tattoos to Distinguish Identical Twins
Haircuts help to avoid confusion among the four identical six-year-old twins
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-57508537-503543/chinese-mom-shaves-numbers-on-quadruplets-heads/
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Does the matching accuracy decrease with time?
June 2001 January 2003 January 2005
August 2007 April 2010 July 2013
Longitudinal Study of Fingerprints
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Capacity of a Biometric Trait
Can we recognize all the 1.3B faces in China?
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Biometric Spoof Attacks
2D fingerprint image 3D virtual spoof
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2D image of spoof 3D printed spoof 2D fingerprint image
Spoof Vs. Real Fingerprint
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Where is Biometrics Heading? • Biometric recognition will be everywhere: on-line
payment, airports & train stations, network access,…..
• Recognition will be made not just based on body trait(s) but also on “what you are doing” (context)
• Challenges:
– Recognize persons in unconstrained conditions
– Prevent spoof attacks & secure user templates
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Biometrics For Lifetime
Inked finger of an Afghan woman after voting in Bamiyan, Afghanistan
Fingerprint capture of a baby at a health clinic in Cotonou, Benin
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Beyond Person Recognition
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