1Biometrics Journal http://stat.tamu.edu/Biometrics/

BIOMETRIC FUTURES

By Edward D. Campbell, JDThis is taken from a paper originally developed for Amida Biometrics, L.L.C.,in 2002, by Edward D. Campbell, and edited for use on the IBMBS web site in

September, 2003.

BIOMETRICS FUTURE & PROFIT

The International Behavioral and Medical Biometrics Society, exists to foster the

development of talent and foresight, to explore and understand the entire field of character and

medical diagnostics and human resource valuations through the skillful use of the computer data

processing and biometric scanning and observing comparative biological markers and behavioral

patterns and health conditions, for use in daily living, private industry, civil service, education, law

enforcement, military, medicine and psychology, throughout all aspects of human life. This paper

outlines some of the field, the potentials and the goals, including more immediate goals and hints

at the products that can be produced over the coming years.

Biometrics, A Definition:

The terms "Biometrics" and "Biometry" have been used since early in the 20th century to

refer to the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysisof problems in the biological sciences. Statistical methods for the analysis of data from agricultural

field experiments to compare the yields of different varieties of wheat, for the analysis of data from

human clinical trials evaluating the relative effectiveness of competing therapies for disease, or for

the analysis of data from environmental studies on the effects of air or water pollution on the

appearance of human disease in a region or country are all examples of problems that would fall

under the umbrella of "Biometrics" as the term has been historically used. More recently the terms

have been used to refer to identification technologies.1

Currently the principal use of the hardware and software dedicated to human biometrics is

for identification purposes. This requires recording in some fashion an image of the subject that can

later be utilized as a template to identify another image of the same part of that subject. It depends

upon a digital form of matching. In the future, behavioral and medical diagnostics will utilize much

the same type of equipment and pattern recognition and matching.

IBMBS TECHNOLOGICAL DIRECTIONS

IBMBS would like to see the expansion of the current identification technology to

recognize basic patterns that may be identified with certain character evaluations and/or medical

diagnoses. We believe that this will have immediate and potentially wide scale application in health

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care delivery and human resource assessment

applications from career and educational planning to

medical diagnostics, job placement and labor skills

auditing. For example many of us believe that

applications could, develop home modules and be as

common as the current use of PCs for delivery of

health care and human services significantly

improving the future delivery systems, effectiveness

and profit potentials of HMO’s health insurance,

pharmaceuticals, and reducing the costly risks of

mistakes that now plague the industry. Others see

the vast use in career development both in

educational curriculum planning and job

placements, while still others can see the potential

use of this in government, military and in profiling in

this age where security is of such importance.

Fortunately, we do not have to reinvent the

wheel. Much of the information to implement these

applications is already available, even if not well

known. New processing programs are required to

fully integrate and test this data already available and

easily accessible.

Your author has

been studying, developing

a n d w or k i n g w i t h ,

speaking and writing

about parts of these

protocols for close to

twenty years. In late 1998

or early1999 he was asked

by an intelligence agency

contractor if he would be

interested in developing a

program for one of the

s e r v i c e s w i t h h i s

knowledge in the area, as the major problem was not

with the very good equipment we possessed, but in

choosing the human teams that use it. While that did

not proceed swiftly in a budget tight time during the

Clinton administration, it is a use that perhaps the

Russians have subsequently considered.2

We have also spoken with another

intelligence contractor who reports that at least one

of the agencies tried to do what we propose in either

the 80's or perhaps early 90's but was not successful

with its attempt. At that time, the state of the art as

published in the west depended upon an

incompatible approach to character analysis, failing

to take into account the other observers who had

more than a couple of thousand years of observations

to their credit and who knew from this long

experience certain basic information that could be

derived from the observed human anatomy, and

where this information could be found [hand analysts

- serious palmists].

How ever, scientists, working in the field

known as dermatoglyphics, had opened the door to

more scientific and commercial use of the

information, through their repeated findings of

correspondences between the observed skin patterns

and the human condition. Those of us familiar with

both approaches have found many more. A couple

of the author’s experiences may help explain.

Some years ago Gloria came to see me.

Gloria had a very interesting middle finger. She had

been born with no pattern (Figure 24) on her middle,

the number 3 finger. In a subsequent examination, I

mentioned to her companion, a chiropractor, that in

palmistry this finger was known as the balance or

judgment finger. Gloria was notorious for being

flighty, not knowing from day to day even where in

the country she would be. The Chiropractor replied

that my observation about balance was interesting,

because every time Gloria shut her eyes, she lost her

balance. The eyes, the inner ears and the

proprioceptors control balance. His observation was

a clear indication to me that there this no print

developed by the 16 th week of gestation was a very

probable indication of some abnormality in the base

of the brain where the proprioceptor information is

processed, because that area of the brain was being

developed during the period that the print was

developing. Prints are influenced by both

environment and genetics.

The next interesting print was seen on two

persons, and involved distortions to the thumb print.

The first was on a lady who was accompanied by her

husband. The nail phalange of the thumb is related2 See Appendix II, Selecting Military

Specialists

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to attention in palmistry, the attention needed for

taking action. I inquired if she ever found herself in

the midst of doing something and suddenly couldn’t

recall why she was doing it. Her husband agreed this

was common, as if it were far more common that is

usually experienced by most people. The next no-

print was seen on a young man in his mid or late

thirties. When I asked him about problems with

attention, he volunteered that he had been diagnosed

as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Disorder). The brain’s basil ganglia, consisting of

the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus,

subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, besides

being known for influencing movement and muscle

tone, are also integral circuits mediating higher

functions of attention and affective states.

Anomalies have been reported in male-predominant

pediatric disorders such as ADHD through brain

scans.3

We will explore in this paper the current

uses of human biometric hardware and software with

comments on how that may be expanded and even

some comments on the future of the markets,

because these developments will spawn many

markets while boosting others, most beyond the

scope or the current paper.

Current Uses of Human Biometrics4

These use technologies that attempt to

identify or authenticate persons based upon their

physical characteristics stored as graphical

information and/or digital data and templates about

a person for identification or verification purposes.

I. FACIAL SCANNING

A digital pattern image of certain facial

landmarks, chin, nose, mouth, etc, for later matching

with the subject. Currently they are captured

through a series of photographs. Common

distinctive features are extracted and recorded.

Accuracy High but not fool proof. Masks,

change of hairdo, surgery or accidenta l

disfigurement, weight gains or losses, and simple

disguises can currently thwart this technique.

METHODS

Eigenface ("One's Own Face") MIT

patented technology based upon a series of gray

scale two dimensional frontal images.

Feature Analysis Similar to Eigenface, but

it can better accommodate minor changes in

appearance or facial expression.

Neural Network Mapping. Depends more

on matching and identification than scanning but

relies heavily on accurate facial scans to begin with.

Can modify identification procedure to allow for

weight or facial expression changes.

Automatic Face Processing (Afp) Very

basic process built on rations distances, directions

and sizes of key facial features. Not high quality but

can use poor quality photographs for ID purposes.

USES

Current uses include Forensics, to identify

persons of interest, Security as at ATM’s in Banks

and governmental buildings, and Immigration

Patrol to watch for people who try to come into the

country.

Health and Character Use Facial features

can also be observed for health conditions and

3 Toga, A. W., Mazziotta, J. C., Brain

Mapping, The Systems, ©2000, Academic

Press, Harcourt Science and Technology

Company, pp 578-579.

4 Sources for current biometric

technologies unless otherwise noted: Jenn

Rosenberg,

http://www.colby.edu/~jbrosenb/STS%20Proj

ect/web/; Nanavati S, Thieme M, Nanavati,

R, Biometrics, Identity Verification in a

Networked World, ©2002, Wiley Computer

Publishing

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character evaluation. One of the oldest character

signs was the smile, or frown. Many immediate

conditions of the body can be read on the face.

Schools have arisen to tell character from the face,

the tongue and the ears.5 While in the West the

doctor might have the patient stick out his tongue, in

the east they have developed diagnosis from the

appearance of the tongue to a fine art.6 The face,

eyes, lips and ears are observed for diagnostic

purposes in the practice Ayurvedic medicine.7

II. IRIS SCANNING

Based upon the iris of the eye, recording the

fibers patterns, rings, furrows and/or freckles,

pigment spots, is currently the most accurate of the

biometric recognition programs. Digital images of

these features are compared for recognition. The

actual scan takes about 30 seconds and is taken by a

camera at about 3 feet from the subject while

recognition takes only a couple of seconds.

Accuracy is the highest as the IrisScan

program recognizes about 266 points in the template

as opposed to other biometric scans that rely on 13 to

60 points. Only one Iris must be observed. The

Identification Technologist rely on the argument that

the differences between the left and right eyes is

statistically insignificant and that the error rate is

something like 1 in a million of 1.2 million,

something like 1 in 10^52. Iridologist will point out

that there can be and may be found significant

differences in the left ane right irises and use these

differences to measure such things as hemispheric

dominance. But the technologists point out that even

a scan taken during blinking, with the eyelid

covering two thirds of the eye, the error rate is still

only 1/100,000. Of course the scan can be redone in

under a minute.

Uses. Currently uses include security,

monitoring prisoner movements, on line purchasing

and banking, and it is envisioned as a replacement

for other identifications, such as driver’s and other

licenses, and ticket less air travel.

Fraud. Because both iris and retinal

(below) scanning involve images of the human eye,

they are both highly resistant to fraud. Contacts will

certainly be considered that might effect iris

scanning.

Health Signs The Iris has been used in

Europe and North America as a diagnostic tool for

well over a half century. It has been considered a

window into the health of the vital organs, and an

indicator of diseases of

the gastro-intestinal tract,

liver and gall bladder,

p a n creas , resp i ra to r

organs, cardiovascular

s y s t e m , l y m p h a t i c

system, spleen, genitalia,

a u t o n o m i c n e r v o u s

s ys te m , b ra i n a nd

disorders of the spinal

column. It has also been

considered a marker of

personality traits. While Iridology will not name

diseases from signs in the eye, iris examination is

useful in determining the general health level,

constitution, inherent weakness or strength ,

biochemical deficiencies, toxins and their location(s)

and stages of inflammation.8 Two other forms of

noninvasive eye examinations are Sclerology and

pupil tonus observations. From recent

correspondence on Sclerology we have seen claims

of the sclera clearly identifying what was medically

5 Example: Lee Siow Mong, TheChinese Art of Studying the Head, Face and

Hands ©1989, Eagle Trading Sdn Bhd,

Malaysia.

6 Lad, Vasant, Ayurveda, The

Science of Self Healing ©1984, Lotus Press,Santa Fe, N.M., 60-62; Ros, Frank, The Lost

Secrets of Ayuvedic Acupuncture, ©1994,

Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, WI. 108-112.

7 Ib Lad 62-68; and Ros, 112-115.

8 See Appendix IV and

http://cnri.edu/index.htm .

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diagnosed as liver cancer that had metastasised from

the bowel. The sclera is the white area of the eye.

Of course the pupil is that dark spot in the middle

that we look through and its shape and size, with

total or partial deformations may be observed as a

sign of many things, including impending Cerebral

hemorrhages or clotting that could be accompanied

by coma or paralysis. These are all capable of

biometric analysis.

III. RETINA SCANNING

This technology has been around since the

1930 and is still one of the

most accurate around,

depending on the scanning

retinal patterns through

the pupil by a viewer

placed about ½ inch from

the eye. The eye follows a

green light that illuminates

the inside of the eye to

reveal the unique pattern

blood vessels.

Uses. Retina

scans have historically be used for high end security

applications. They benefit from having the smallest

of the templates used in biometrics. They may be

more easily disturbed by eye damage that iris

scanning.

IV. FINGER SCANNING

Finger Scanning as understood by

identification technologists and fingerprinting need

to be distinguished. The scanning equipment is still

required to take an image of the entire fingerprint,

but the full print is not stored. Only certain key data

from the print is stored that is sufficient to match it

to a later acquired image of the print, or partial print.

From an original scan identified features are

converted to a digital template and stored for later

use through mates by the computer software. This

differs from the need of the Health Technologists

who would require the storing for comparison

complete patterns for reference with pattern types for

diagnostic purposes.

Current Uses. Finger scans can accomplish

for use in identification in two to three seconds.

They are used in forensics, security and even at

home uses such as to lock ones computer.

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems

(AFIS) are used throughout the country and

Lockheed Martin recently completed a one hundred

million dollar contract for the FBI to install and

implement this program for its vast records.

Methods and Accuracy of Finger

Scanning. Three methods of scanning are currently

used, silicon plates, optical and ultrasound. The

ultrasound may be the most accurate as it reads

through the dirt and grime. The silicon plate is very

cost effective and can be incorporated into small-

scale devices. It depends on identification of the

patterns from the the DC current passing between

the finger and the silicon capacitor plate. Optical is

the oldest method.

One aspect of finger scanning has long been

used in medicine. That is the observation of

fingernails. Using the fingernails for medical

diagnostics is found in basic Physical Examination

handbooks. See Appendix II, Nail Diagnosis.

V. HAND SCANNING

A typical hand scan is produced by a digital

camera taking a 100 digital measurements of the size

and proportions of the hand and converting them into

a template Typically it reads the top and sides,

identifying shapes, sizes and internal measurements.

In health technologies the scan would go beyond this

not only to identify these features, but also the

complete palmar surface, details of the fingernails,

and add in the fingerprints. So health uses would

require some expansion of the current scanning

modalities.

Part of hand scanning involves comparisons

of finger lengths. It has long been suspected by hand

analysts that when the ring finger exceeds the length

of the index finger that reaches a normal length, it is

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a sign of a risk taker.9 Interesting support for this

observation can be seen from the recent reports that

the length of the ring finger is specifically influenced

by the availability of testosterone during gestation.10

Uses of Hand Scanning. Currently this

method is used for lower level security clearances

where security is desired, but must live with

convenience and ease of use. Thus it is used in the

INSPASS (Immigration and Naturalization Service

Passenger Accelerated Service System) at airports to

speed frequent travelers and bypass passport control.

Israel is considering or implementing such

technology (Basel) in turnstiles at check points

between its territory and Gaza and the West Bank.

Even Disneyland is considering using such a

technology to speed crowds. But it is new, not as

accurate yet as other methods nor is it the most

inexpensive.

Health and Character Analysis. Parts of

the hand have long been observed as a diagnostic

tool in medicine, and gesture has traditionally been

observed in making character assessments. So using

the hand as a biometric diagnostic tool is not new.

Doctors are trained to observe the fingernails for

signs of disease. (See nail diagnosis Appendix II).

The dermatoglyphics, those furrows and ridges on

the palm side of the hand

and the soles of the feet,

have long been the subject

of diagnostic inquiry.

Appendix III contains a

long list of conditions that

have been related to

markers in the hands, such as bipolar mood disorder,

cancer, congenital defects, coronary heart disease

and diabetes just to get us

to D in the alphabet.

The reason for this

c a n b e f o u n d i n

understanding the way

these patterns develop. At

the top of each palm below

the fingers, in the areas that

the palmists call the mounts

of Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo

and Mercury, are the apical

pads. At the end of the

fingers, opposite the nails, on the distal phalange, the

fingerprints form. On each site, the formation begins

at about the 10th week of gestation at two places in

each of these areas, at the tip, or distal end, and in the

proximal (lower) third. In those locations we begin

to see ridge development. The prints grow in a radial

manner from these two central foci. On the

fingertips will form the arches, whorls, loops or other

pints as the twin growths interact and are influenced

no only by their genetics, but by the surrounding

environment. This allows for the tremendous variety

of possible patterns. Prints can reflect problems that

occurred during development as possibly illustrated

in figures 15, 16, 19, 21, 22 and 24 below (Appendix

I). Theoretically one could count the number of

different prints, estimated from three to 48 or more,

and vary their location on the five fingers of each

hand and estimate there would be a near infinite

variety of fingerprint hand types. But practically far

fewer combinations have been found.11 Estimates

based on population studies appear to indicate that

considering the actual varieties of fingerprints

displayed in populations in combinations over all ten

fingers, there will typically be for a little over of

7,000 differential pairs of hands based on fingerprint

types. Some prints are very rare, and even more

9. Campbell, E.D., Encyclopedia of

Palmistry, ©1996, Perigee Division Berkley

Putnam, N.Y. p. 60.

10 Manning, J.T. and P.E. Burdred (A

new predictor of disease predisposition?

Medical Hypothesis 54:855-7. 2000; and J. T.

Manning, J.T., Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright,

S., and G. Sabders, G., The 2nd to 4th digit

ratio in autism. 2001, Developmental Medicine

and Child Neurology 42:160-64.

11 Avdeychik, Oleg S.& Lagerstrom,

Kenneth A., Dispensation of Dermatoglyphic

Whorl Patterns on the Hands' Nail Phalanges

© 1999

http://www.humanhand.com/dispensation.html

-6-

common prints are rare rarer on certain fingers. To

see some of the wondrous prints that can be

produced, refer to the Appendix I.

The time of formation is critical. The

proximal and middle phalanges begin to develop

their papillary ridges in the 12th week of gestation.

There is strong evidence that the afferent neural

development plays an important role in the spatial

and temporal sequence of the papillary ridge

formation, thus, the dermatoglyphic map of the

hand.12 The flexion creases have established before

the prints.13 Dermatoglyphics are formed during the

last part of the embryonic period under genetic sway

and do not change thereafter. They also reflect

environmental factors present at the time. They thus

give indication of the stability or otherwise of

development at that early stage. As such we believe

they form markers for nonspecific insults during the

embryonic period that destabilizes the developmental

control systems and may result in congenital

malformations of any organ undergoing current

epigenesis.14

The new born baby is not a tabula rosa, a

blank slate to be written upon by life’s experiences,

or a blank hard drive to be programed.15 The child

comes into the world with a full set of basic drives,

character traits and abilities to react and programs

designed for his or her survival and propagation. He

or she has established biological templates of

character at least since the establishment of the

flexion creases by the tenth or eleventh week of

gestation, and the dermatoglyphics set as early as the

tenth to thirteenth week of gestation. We can read

them in the fingerprints, the palmar dermatoglyphics

and the flexion lines.16 The hand forms a true spring

board into modern biometric analysis of psychology

and general health from the very birth of the child.

Individual identity is either a small part or the sum

total of all that, but current technologies are only

focusing on the very smallest part of that puzzle.

Hand scanning for aptitudes and character

traits has many advantages over most other major

psychological assessments.17 The major tests can

12Moore, SJ, Munger, BL, The Early

Ontogeny of the Afferent Nerves and Papillary

Ridges in Human Digital Glabrous Skin, Brain

Res Dev Brain Res 1989 Jul 1; 48(1):119-41

See also Dermatoglyphic books below and

Stevens CA, Carey JC, Shah M, Bafley GP,

Development of Human Palmar and Digital

Flexion Creases, J Pediatr 1988 Jul; 113(1 PT

1):128-32.

13Kimura S, Kitagawa T,

Embryological Development of Human

Palmar, Plantar, and digital Flexion Creases,

Anat Rec 1986 Oct; 216(2):191-7. See also

Lacroix B, Wolff-Quenot MJ, Haffen K, Early

Human Hand Morphology: an Estimation of

Fetal Age, Early Hum Dev 1984 Feb;9(2):127-36

14Glodberg CJ, Fogarty EE, Moore DP,

Dowling FE, Fluctuating Asymmetry and

Vertebral Malformation. A Study of Palmar

Dermatoglyphics in Congenital Spinal

Deformities

Spine 1997, Apr 22:775-9; A. C. Bogle, T.

Reed, and R. J. Rose, Replication of

Asymmetry of a-b Ridge Count and

Behavioral Discordance in MonozygoticTwins, Behavior Genetics, 24 (1) Jan. 1994,

pp. 65-72.

15 For example, see generally Ridgley,

Mat, Nature via Nurture, Genes, Experience,

& What Makes Us Human ©2003, HarperCollins, N.Y., N.Y.

16 Encyclopedia of Palmistry, supra.,

and bibliography therein, and

http://www.edcampbell.com/PalmD-History.ht

m

17 For descriptions of leading current

psychological assessments see generally

Major Psychological Assessment Instruments

2nd Ed. Sharles S. Newmark ©1996, Simon &

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typically take from twenty five minutes to an hour

and a half to administer. A hand scan should be

administered in under a minute. Most psychological

tests will depend on some language and

communication skills, which can bring in the need

for interpreters , or make them unfeasible

administering to persons who do not speak the

language of the tester. Hand scans do not depend on

language. Hand analysis, like other biometric

observations, does not depend upon the subject’s test

taking skills or reading or mathematical

comprehension in tests. The tests do not need to be

designed to identify untruthfulness, refusal to

respond, lack of attention of the subject during the

test. Just check the hand for foreign objects, such as

paste on fingerprint patterns.

VI. VOICE SCANNING

A template of ones voice can be created

based upon its distinctive qualities such as tone,

pitch and volume. It is new in the digital

identification technologies uses, but the process of

using voice assessment has quite a history and was

used in the Soviet judicial system for years. That

scanning technology and should be amenable to

further health and character identification purposes.

Again, this is nothing new. Mothers have been

listening for the different sound from their children

since time immemorial to understand the needs.

VII. SIGNATURE SCANNING (Dynamic

Signature Verification)

This is based on a variation of the long

established and accepted practices of handwriting

analysis, graphology, both used judicially and in

Human Resource practices. It requires a digital print

of the signature that records key aspects, including

pressure, speed of writing or stroke direction to

create a template for later use.

FUTURE MARKETS

A full home health care appliances and

software are possible long range future markets,

either in modules or as complete units, probably

directly interfacing with primary care organizations.

This advance could follow the clinical and

institutional market saturation of medical history and

diagnostic applications. Future work of members of

IBMBS could bring health care back into the home

with full doctor visits as necessary. Future persons

who would join in the market would be HM O’s, the

insurance industry, labor and industry departments

and employers who need to monitor health of

employees, as well as clinics and hospitals around

the world.

Biometric analysis could play an

indispensable roll in many future pharmaceutical

developments and applications, from discovery and

testing to prescriptions and follow up. We expect

that this type of rapid analysis will aid the

pharmaceutical industry as an easily applicable

research tool in establishing which patients are more

likely to respond favorably to what drugs and who

may be more likely to suffer adverse effects, and

perhaps assist on reducing time from development to

market.

Entire new structures for data management

and storage of health information will be necessary,

with appropriate care for related laws concerning

various levels of privacy protection. As our work

underpins more and more the organic basis of mental

infirmities, we will see behavioral biometrics used

extensively to understand and classify the nature of

the internal-external conflicts, socially unacceptable

drives and failures to thrive. We will also see

behavioral biometrics used in career placement in

government and industry, and extensive use in career

counseling and individual curriculum development.

All of these benefits not only will result in a vast

decreases in certain non productive current costs

because of poor placement of human resources, but

allow more focused and productive use of human

effort and capital in the future. Indeed, industry and

accounting could begin to look to human resources

not as a total expense item. but as part of the

capitalization of the enterprise as the result ofShuster; and Psychological Testing 6th Ed.

Anne Anastasi ©1988, Prentice Hall.

i

developing auditable values of these resources using

the knowledge gained through the study of

behavioral and medical biometrics. In this era of

globalization it will add human resources as a very

tangible part of the balance sheet of any enterprise.

GROSS REVENUES

The total gross revenue from Biometric

Disciplines, without the input of Behavioral and

Medical Biometrics, are expected to grow from $399

million in 2000 to $1.9 billion by 2005. 18 We

estimate that current technologies cover less than

.5% of potential applications for biometrics over the

next ten to fifteen years, and most of the growth will

not be in identification but in analysis of the subjects

scanned.

THE LABOR - HR MARKET

This discussion does not include any detailed

analysis of the potential markets for behavioral and

medical Biometrics products and services in

medicine, education, defense, law enforcement, civil

service and government, all of which are large, and

some of which will dwarf the human resource

markets.

Business HR Market: In the United States

there are almost 600,000 firms employing over

twenty people and together they employ over 80% of

the private workforce, approximately 90 million

people.19 Behavioral Biometrics could offer the

only way verifiable way for CEO’s, plant and

division managers and head hunters to evaluate and

track any detailed comparable analysis of the values

of the aptitudes, character and potential reliability of

these employees to his or her business, as

individuals, team members and in the aggregate.

Such a survey, breakdown and individual evaluation,

through the use of the speed gained through

biometric scanning and computer analysis and is not

dependent on the language of the employee, so it is

applicable to persons of all nationalities. CEO’s

familiar with the general human resource needs of

their enterprises, could experience great relief from

being at the mercy of their manager’s families,

friends and cronies in who is hired, fired and

promoted.

INTERESTED IN FURTHER

INFORMATION?

Contact Ed Campbell, 206 783 3410, or

www.edcampbell.com, or write to Ed Campbell,

9534 14th Avenue NW,

Seattle, WA 98117-2308

or send an inquiry through

this web site. See

Appendix II for further

reference to scientif ic

journals and literature on

these subjects. Return to

o r i g i n a l w e b s i t e

www.ibmbs.org.

APPENDIX I – NAIL DIAGNOSIS

TAKING A CLOSER LOOKAT YOUR NAILS

Changes in toenails and fingernails may indicate

specific types of illnesses. Following are some of

the more common nail problems and what they

could mean:

Nail bending - Rheumatoid arthritis.

Brittle nails - Vitamin A, calcium or iron

deficiency, thyroid problems, impaired

kidney function or circulation problems.

Clubbed purple nails (rise upward and

curl around the fingertip) - Lung, liver,

colon or heart disorders.

Deep blue nails - Pulmonary obstruction

such as asthma or emphysema.

18 Revenues: http://www.finger-scan.com/finger-scan_mark

et_report.htm

19

http://www.bizstats.com/businesses.htm

ii

Flat, spoon- shaped nails - Vitamin B. 12

deficiency, anemia or thyroid disease.

Horizontal ridges (Beau's lines) - Flu,

malnutrition, hormonal disorders or

anemia.

Horizontal- white streaks 'Sickle cell

disease, heart disease. Hodgkin's disease

or kidney failure.

Lengthwise grooves -Kidney disorders

iron deficiency; also associated with-

general aging.

Pitted nails - Psoriasis,-eczema or

parasites.

Splitting-vertical "nails Calcium

deficiency-tendency to develop arthritis.

Thick nails - Blood is not circulating

properly.

Vertical red streaks Rheumatoid arthritis,

high blood pressure or psoriasis.

White spots , Zinc deficiency

White nails - Liver or kidney disorders or

anemia,

Yellow nails - Diabetes, liver problems,

trouble with the respiratory-or lymph

systems.

White moon area turns red - Heart

problems.

White moon area turns slate blue - Lung

trouble or overexposure to silver.

Downw ard curved nail ends - Heart,

liver or respiratory problems.

Nails that chip or crack easily -

Nutritional and/or mineral deficiency.

Source: Medical Resource Center, See also

Mosby’s Guide to Physical Examination, Seidel,

Ball, Dains & Benedict ©1987, p 112-115.

APPENDIX II

DERMATOGLYPHIC REFERENCES

STUDIES SHOWING SIGNIFICANCE OF

DERMATOGLYPHICS

FOR POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC USE

and/or Associational Reference

Affective Disorders

Dermatoglyphic Studies in Affective

Disorders> An Appraisal

Balgir RS: Biol Psychiatry 1982 Jan;

17:69-82

Ankle and Foot Surgery Treatment SuccessDynamic Footprints: Adjuvant Method forPostoperative Assessment of Patients afterCalcaneal Fractures.Dudkiewicz I, Levi R, Blankstein A, et al.: Isr Med Assoc J (Israel), May 2002, 4(5)p349-52

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Dermatoglyphics and Ankylosing

Spondylitis

Gömör B, Petrou P: Clin Rheumatol 1994

Jun 13:265-8

Autistic Children

Comparative Dermatoglyphic Study of

Autistic, Retarded, and Normal Children

Hartin, PJ, Barry, RJ, J. Autism Dev

Discord 1979 (:233-46)

Bipolar Mood Disorder

Dermatoglyphic analysis in Malay subjects

with Bipolar Mood Disorder

Charraborty D, Mazumdar P, Than M,

Singh B, Med J. Malaysia 2001 Jun 56:223-6

Cancer

Dermatoglyphics and Cancerous Diseases

Polzik EV, Katsnel’son BA, Iakusheva

Miu, Lezhnin VL, Kazantsev VS: Tsitol

Genet 1994 Jul-Aug 28:72-9

iii

Relationship between genetic anomalies of

different levels and deviations in

dermatoglyphic traits. Part 7:

Dermatoglyphic peculiarities of females

with cervical and endometrial carcinoma.

Bejerano M, Yakovenko K, Katznelson

MB, et al.: Z Morphol Anthropol

(Germany), 2001, 83(1) p75-108

Cerebral Palsy

Quantitative Analysis of Digitopalmar

Dermatoglyphics in Male Children with

Central Nervous System Lesion by

Quantification of Clinical Parameters of

Locomotor Disorder Cyjeticanin M,

Polovina A, Acta Med Croatica 1999,

53:5-10

Childhood (prepubescent) Behavioral Patterns

Prepubescent children show the adult

relationship between dermatoglyphic

asymmetry and performance on sexually

dimorphic tasks.

Sanders G, Kadam A: Cortex (Italy), Feb

2001, 37(1) p91-100

Chromosome Aberrations

Screening for Autosomal Aberrations

Hqurashi M, Segewa M, Matsui I, Ihbuma

K, Nakagome Y, Acta Peadiatr Scand

1977 Jul 66:501-4

Congenital Defects

Dermatoglyphics in Cleft Lip and Cleft

Palate Anomalies

Nalgir RS, Indian Pediatr 1993 Mar

30:341-6

Fluctuating Asymmetry and vertebral

Malformation. A Study of Palmar

Dermatoglyphics in Congenital Spinal

Deformities

Glodberg CJ, Fogarty EE, Moore DP,

Dowling FE, Spine 1997, Apr 22:775-9

Coronary Heart Disease

Genetic Markers of susceptibility to

Myocardial Infarct

Polzkk EV, Sidorovich SB, Kazantwev

VS, Khalfina ME: Kardiologiia 1993

33:43-5

Deaf-Mutism, Congenital

Characteristics of the Dermatoglyphics of

the hand in Congenital Deaf-mutism

Gagaeva, LF: Tsitol Genet, 1977 Mar-

Apr 11:109-13

Diabetes

Palmar Flexion Creases and

Dermatoglyphics Among Diabetic Patients

Eswaraiah G, Ball, RS: Am J Phys

Anthropology 1977 Jul 47:11-3

DOOR Syndrome

DOOR Syndrome: Aditional Case and

Literature Review

Bos CJ, Ippel PF, Beemer FA: Clin

Dysmorphol 1994 Jan 3:15-20

Down’s Syndrome

Dermatoglyphics in Down’s Syndrome

Rajangram S, Janakiram S., Thomas IM:

J Indian Med Assoc 1995 Jan; 93:10-3

Dyslexia

Palmar Dermatoglyphics of Dyslexia

Jamison CS: Am J Phys Anthropol 1988

Aug 76:505-13

Epileptic Disorders

The Mechanisms of the Occurrence and

Development of the Epileptic Range of

Disorders

Bogdanov NN, Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S

Korsakova, 1999; 99:37-47

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Dermatoglyphic Abnormalities in the Fetal

Alcohol Syndrome

Quzi QH, Masakawa A, McGann B,

Woods J: Teratology 1980 Apr;

21(2):157-60

Dermatoglyphic Asymmetry in Fetal

Alcohol Syndrome

Wilber E, Newell-Morris L, Streissguth

AP: Biol Neonate 1993;64(1):1-6

iv

Fetal Developmental InstabilitiesDermatoglyphic Morphology in Some DiseasesLopuszanska M, Jankowska E: PolMerkuriusz Lek (Poland), Sep 2001,11(63) p282-6

Hypertension

Palmar Dermatoglyphics in Essential

Hypertension

Pursnani ML, Elhence GP, Tibrewaia L:

Indian Heart J 1989 Mar-Apr 41:119-22

Relation of Fingerprints and Shape of the

Palm to Fetal Growth and Adult Blood

Pressure

Godfrey KM, Barker DJ, Peace J, Cloke J,

Osmond C: BMJ 1993 Aug 14;

307(6901):405-9

Caveat On the Association Between

Adult Blood Pressure and

Dermatoglyphics as Prenatal Markers of

Development (WW II twins: pairs and co-

twins)

Reed, T, J. Hypertension 1995 Jun;

13(6):595-601

Disproportionate Fetal Growth and

fingerprint Patterns

Wheeler T, Godfrey K, Atkinson C,

Badger J, Kay R, Ownes R, Osmond C,

Br. J: Obstet Gybaecol 1998 May;

105(5):562-4

Idiopathic Intellectual Disability

Dermatoglyphics and Abnormal Palmar

Flexion Creases as Markers of Early

Prenatal Stress in Children with Idiopathic

Intellectual Idiopathic Intellectual

Disability

Rosa A, Gutiérrez B, Guerra A, Arias B,

Fañanás L, J Intellect Disabil Res 2001

Oct 45:416-23

Imunology

Correlation of Dermatoglyphic and

Cellular Immunity parameters in Children

with Early Stage of Primary Tuberculosis

Khodzitskaia VK, Zosimov AN: Probl

Tuberk 1993 :33-5

Klinefelter’s and Turner’s Syndromes

A study of Dermatoglyphics in Gonadal

Dysgenesis: A Computerised Analysis

Applicable in Under-developed Countries

Richards, B, Mandasescu S: Stud Health

Technol Inform 1997 43 Pt A:290-4

Leprosy

Palmar Flexion Creases and

Dermatoglyphics in Leprosy Patients

Eswaraiah G, Ball, RS: Int J Lepr Other

Mycobact Dis 1978 Jan-Mar 46:56-60

Male Infertility

Study of Finger and Palmar

Dermatoglyphics in Primary Infertile Males

Makol N, Kshatriva G, Basu S:

Anthropol Anz 1994 Mar 52:59-65

Parental Dermatoglyphics relative to

Congenitally Malformed Children

Dermatoglyphics of the Relatives of

Children with Congenital Defects in Development

Usoev, SS: Genetika 1975 11:151-5

Personality Clasification

Medical Anthropological Aspects of Hand

Phalanx Dermatoglyphics

Zviagin VN: Shpak Liu: Sud Med Ekspert

2000 Jul-Aug 43:16-20

Psychotic Disorders

Congenital Dermatoglyphic Malformations

and Psychosis: a Twin Study

Rosa A, Fañanás L, Bracha HS, Torrey

EF, van Os J: Am J Psychiatry 2000,

Sept; 157:1511-3

Respiratory Hypersensitivity

Dermatoglyphics in Nasobronchial

Allergic Disorders

Joshi P, chavan VD, Mulev PY: Indian J.

Chest Dis Allied Sci 1992 Oct-Dec 34:185-90

Rheumatic Diseases

Dermatoglyphics in Patients with

Rheumatism

v

Belov BS, Miakotkin VA: Ter Arkh 1988

60:101-4

Selecting Military Specialists

Prospects for Using Dermatoglyphics for

Evaluating the Mental Status of Service

Members

Kolkutin W, Krymova TG: Voen Med Zh

(Russia) 2001 Nov 322:9-12, 96

Sex Offenders

Dermatoglyphics in Individuals with

Asocial Behavior

Gustavson, KH, Modrzewska K, Sjöquist

KE: Ups J Med Sci 1994 99:63-7

Sexual Orientation

Dermatoglyphics, Handedness, Sex, and

Sexual Orientation.

Mustanski BS, Bailey JM, Kaspar S: Arch

Sex Behav (United States), Feb 2002, 31(1)

p113-22

Schizophrenia

Palmar Dermatoglyphics of Schizophrenic

Patients

Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova

1975 75:891-7

Dermatoglyphic Evidence of Fluctuating

Asymmetry in Schizophrenia

Mellor CS, Br J Psychiatry 1992 Apr;

160:467-72

Second-Trimester Markers of Fetal Size In

Schizophrenia: A Study

Bracha HS, Torrey EF, Gottesman II,

Biglow LB, Cunniff C: Am J Psychiatry

1992 Oct 149:1355-61

Genetic Loadings in Schizophrenia: A

Dermatoglyphic Study

Balgir RS, Murphy RS, Wig NN: Isr J

Med Sci 1993 May 29:265-8

Further Evidence for Anomalies in the

Hand-prints of Patients with

Schizophrenia; a Study of Secondary

Creases

Cannon M, Byrne M, Cotter D, Sham P,

Larkin C, O’Callaghan E, Schizophr Res

1994 Sept; 13(2):179-84

Preliminary Evidence for an Association

Between Minor Physical Anomalies and

Second Trimester Neurodevelopment in

Schizophrenia

Green MF, Bracha HS, Satz P, Christenson

CD, Psychiatry Res 1994 Aug; 53(2):119-

27

Caveat Dermatoglyphic Patterns in

Schizophrenic Patients

Varma SL, Chary TV, Singh S, Azhar MZ,

Dharap AS: Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995

Mar; 91(3):213-5

Prenatal Development of Monozygotic

Twins and Concordance for Schizophrenia

Davis JO, Phelps JA, Bracha HS:

Schizophr Bull 1995; 21(3):357-66 for

Erratum see Schizophr Bull

1995;21(4):559

Dermatoglyphic A-b Ridge Count as a

Possible Marker for Developmental

Disturbance in Schizophrenia: Replication

in Two Samples

Fañanás L, van Os J, Hoyos C, McGrath J,

Mellor CS, Murray R, Schizophr Res 1996

Kul 5; 20:(3):307-14

Prenatal Growth Markers in

Schizophrenia: a Monozygotic Co-Twin Control

Study

Davis JO, Bracha HS, Am J. Psychiatry

1996 Sept; 153(9):1166-72

Minor Physical Anomalies and Their

Relationship to the Aetiology of

Schizophrenia.

Murphy KC, Owen MJ: Br J Psychiatry

1996, 168: 139–142.

Schizophrenia: A disorder of

Neurodevelopment?

Commentary, Harrison, PJ: Current

Opinion in Neurobiology 1997, 7:285-289

vi

Dermatoglyphics in Schizophrenia:

Qualitative Aspects

Sivkov S, Akabaliev V: Folia Med

(Plovdiv) 1998 40:44-50

Dermatoglyphics in Schizophrenia:

Qualitative Aspects

Sivkov S, Akabaliev V: Folia Med

(Plovdiv) 1998; 40(3):44-50

Schizophrenia as a Developmental

Disorder of the Cerebral Cortex [Review article]

Thomas J Raedler, Michael B Knable,

Daniel R Weinberger

Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1998,

8:157-161

Minor Physical Anomalies,

Dermatoglyphic Asymmetries, and

Cortisol Levels in Adolescents with

Schizotypal Personality

Weinstein DD, Diforio D, Schiffman J,

Walker E, Bonsall R, Am J. Psychiatry

1999 Apr; 156:617-23

Relevance of Sequential Development of

Dermatoglyphics to Schizophrenia

Ponnudural R, Psychiatry Res 1999 Dec

89:59-67

Neurodevelopmental Risk Factors in Schizophrenia.

Lobato MI, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Knijnik

D, et al.: Braz J Med Biol Res (Brazil),

Feb 2001, 34(2) p155-63

Is Reduced Dermatoglyphic a-b Ridge

Count a Reliable Marker of

Developmental Impairment in Schizophrenia?

Fearon P, Lane A, Airie M, et al.:

Schizophr Res (Netherlands), Jul 1 2001,

50(3) p151-7

Dermatoglyphic Fluctuating Asymmetry

and Atypical Handedness in Schizophrenia.

Reilly JL, Murphy PT, Byrne M, et al.:

Schizophr Res (Netherlands), Jul 1 2001,

50(3) p159-68

Differentiating Between Low and High

Susceptibility to Schizophrenia in Twins:

the Significance of Dermatoglyphic

Indices in Relation to Other Determinants

of Brain Development.

van Oel CJ, Baare WF, Hulshoff Pol HE,

et al.: Schizophr Res (Netherlands), Dec 1

2001, 52(3) p181-93

SIDS

Dermatoglyphics in Sudden Infant Death

Syndrome

Kozakewich H, Fox K, Plato DC, Cronk

D, Mandell F, Vawter GF: Pediatr Pathol

1992 Sept-Oct 12:637-51

Turner’s and Klinefelter’s Syndromes

A study of Dermatoglyphics in Gonadal

Dysgenesis: A Computerised Analysis

Applicable in Under-developed Countries

Richards, B, Mandasescu S, Stud Health

Technol Inform 1997 43 Pt A:290-4

Wilson’s Disease

Dermatoglyphics of Homo- and

Heterozygotes for Wilson’s Disease

(Hepatolenticular Degeneration) (Author’s

Translation)

Vormittag W, Weninger M, Willvonseder

R, Wewalka F: Human Genet 1976 Feb;

31:221-8

SOME BOOKS IN THE AREA

Alter, Milton, and Blanka Schaumann,

Dermatoglyphics in Medical Disorders,

Springer-Verlag, 1976.

Bagga, Amrita Dermatoglyphics of

Schizophrenics,1989, Mittal Publications.

Barsley, Michael, Left Handed People (1967)

Originally published as The Other Hand ©1966,

wilshire Book Company, No. Hollywood, CA.

Berry, Dr. Theodore J., M.D., F.A.C.P., Hand As

A Mirror of Systemic Disease, The, 1963, F.A.

Davis Company, Philadelphia

vii

Cummins, Harold, and Midlo, Charles, Finger

Prints, Palms and Soles An Introduction to

Dermatoglyphics, ©1943 The Blakiston Company

- Philadelphia

Durham, Norris M and Plato, Chris C., editors

Trends in Dermatoglyphic Research (Studies in

Human Biology Vol. 1, Kenneth M. Weiss, Editor)

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Hoston

London, ©1990

Durham, Norris M., Kathleen M. Fox and Chris C.

Plato, The State of Dermatoglyphics, the Science

of Finger and Palm Prints, Mellen Studies in

Anthropology, Vol. 2, Edwin Mellen Press,

Lewiston • Queenston • Lampeter ©2000.

Elbualy, Musallam and Schindeler, Joan D.,

Handbook of Clinical Dermatoglyphs,

University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Fla.,

1971.

Holtzman, Arnold, Applied Handreading, (1983)

The Greenwood Chase Press, Toronto. For more

updated information oh is work see

http://www.pdc.co.il

Loesch, Danuta Z., Quantitative

Dermatoglyphics, Classification, Genetics, and

Pathology, Oxford Monographs on Medical

Genetics, Oxford University Press ©1983

Mavalwala, Jamshed Editor, Dermatoglyphics,

An International Perspective, 1978, Moulton

Publishers,

Mosby's Guide to Physical Examination, Henry

M. Seidel, M.D., Jane W. Ball, R.N., C.P.N.P., Dr.

P.H., Joyce E. Dains, R.N., Dr. P.H., G. William

Benedict, M.D., Ph.D. with illustrations by George

J. Wassilchenko, C.V. Mosby Company, St. Louis,

Washington D.C. and Toronto, 1987.

Napier, John, Hands, Pantheon Books, New York

©1980 (Not a palmistry book but a scientific book

on hands).

Poizner, Howard; Klima, Edward S.; and Bellugi,

Ursula, What the Hands Reveal About the Brain

©MIT 1987, MIT Press.

Willson, Frank R. MD, The Hand, ©1998,

Vintage Books, division of Random House (1999)

Wolff, Dr. Charlotte, Studies In Handreading,

with preface by Aldous Huxley, Alfred A. Knopf,

New York, 1937.

Wolff, Charlotte, Human Hand, The, Alfred A.

Knopf, 1943.

Wolff, Charlotte, Hand in Psychological

Diagnosis 1952 Philosophical Library, New York

APPENDIX IV – IRIDOLOGY

IRIDOLOGY REFERENCES

Bamer, Donald R., Applied Iridology and

Herbology © 1982, Bi World Publishers, Orem,

Utah

Deck, Josef, Principles of Iris Diagnosis ©1965,

English ©1985 published by author, U.S.

Distributor Medicina Biologica, Portland, Or.

Deck, Josef, Differentiation of Iris Markings

©1980, English © 1983 published by author, U.S.

Distributor Medicina Biologica, Portland, Or.

Griffin, LaDean, Essentials of Iridology © 1984,

Woodland Books, Provo, Utah

Jensen, Bernard, The Science and Practice of

Iridology © 1952 published by author (12th

printing 1981)

Johnson, Deny, What the Eye Reveals, ©1984,

Rayid Model Publications, Goleta, CA.

Kriege, Theodor, Fundamental Basis of Iris

Diagnosis, English Translation © 1969 by A. W.

Priest, Camelot Press Ltd., Southhampton, U.K.

Kriege, Theodor, Priest, A.W., Disease Signs In

the Iris, Interpretation and Medication, © 1985,

L. N. Fowler & Co. Ltd., Romford, Essex, UK

viii

Hall, Dorothy, Iridology, How the Eyes Reveal

Your Health and Your Personality , © 1980,

Keats Publishing, Inc., New Canaan, CN.

Schimmel, H.W., Constitution and Disposition

from the Eye, © 1984 PASCOE, Giessen

Wolf, Harii, Applied Iridology, Vol One,

Wolf, Harii, Vahjen, James, Instructional Iris

Analysis, Vols 1 ©1979

Wolf, Harii, Instructional Iris Analysis, Vols 2

and 3 and ©1983

Zadoc, Clifford, Clinical Iridology: Neuro-Optic

Reflex Analysis And Its Application in the Field

of Nutrition, A Ph.D. Dissertation presented to

Donsbach University, 1983.

Seattle, Washington

© 2002, 2003 Edward D. Campbell, JD

Amida Biometrics, L.L.C.

9534 14th Avenue Northwest

Seattle, Washington 98117-2308

Phone (206) 783 3410

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