Biomedical Innovations Unit 3 Tissues of Life A Focus on Blood
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Transcript of Biomedical Innovations Unit 3 Tissues of Life A Focus on Blood
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Biomedical Innovations
Tissues of LifeA Focus on Blood
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Blood Introduction• Blood is a special Connective Tissue, and is the major component of
the Circulatory System
• Connective tissue is a group of cells that collectively function to support, connect, and/or separate other tissues and organs.
• The Circulatory System is comprised of two sub-systems:
1. Cardiovascular System
• Includes network of blood vessels, blood, and heart
• Major function is to transport nutrients, gases and hormones to cells and wastes from cells for excretion outside the body
2. Lymphatic System
• Includes network of lymph vessels, the lymphocyte white blood cell, and lymphoid organs (tonsils, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes)
• Major functions are to return fluid that escapes from blood vessels back to the bloodstream AND fight infections and give immunity to disease
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Functions Of Blood1. Transportation
• Blood transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and metabolic wastes
2. Protection & Clotting
• White Blood Cells (WBC) protect the body against foreign molecules
• Platelets (cell) and clotting proteins in blood minimize blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged (clot)
3. Regulation
• Blood regulates the pH and electrolyte composition of the interstitial fluids (fluid between cells)
• Blood regulates body temperature: transfers heat via counter-current exchange
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COUNTER-CURRENT EXCHANGE
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Composition of Blood• Contains cellular and liquid components
• Liquid Portion: ~ 55% plasma
• Cellular Portion: ~ 45% formed elements
• Normal blood pH is ~7.35-7.45 (neutral)
• Blood volume
• Varies inversely with body fat
• Blood volume as body fat
• Males typically have 5 to 6 liters (~10.5 to 12.5 pints)
• Females typically have 4 to 5 liters (~8.5 to 10.5 pints)
• How can blood volume be determined?
• How much is a “unit” of donated blood?
Volume:•Assess: Blood pressure•Calculate: Radioactive dye
Units:•1 unit donated = ~ 1 pint (0.5L)•1 unit accepted = ~0.75 pint Packed RBC (prBC)
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Composition of Blood• 55% Plasma
• 92% - Water
• 7% - Proteins (fibrinogen, hormones, albumins & globulins)
• 1% - other solutes (ions, gases, nutrients, wastes, etc.)
• 45% Formed Elements
• 99.9% - erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells - RBCs)
• 0.1% - leukocytes (White Blood Cells - WBCs) & thrombocytes (Platelets)
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Figure 19.1b
Composition of Blood - Plasma
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Figure 19.1c
Composition of Blood – Formed Elements
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ID the Formed Elements
• Be able to identify any of the formed elements to RBC, WBC, or Platelet.
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Lecture 1a - Review Break
• Visualize the Composition of Blood
• Microscopy & Blood Cell Identification Lab
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Lecture 1b – Overview: Composition of Blood
• Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
• measure of % RBC
• Males: 47% ± 5% Females: 42% ± 5%
Figure 17.1
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Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
• Oxygen-transporting cells
• 7.5 µm in diameter (diameter of capillary 8 – 10µm)
• Most numerous of the formed elements
• Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/mm3
• Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/mm3
• Made in the red bone marrow in long bones, cranial bones, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae
• Average lifespan is 100 – 120 days
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RBC Structure And Function• Have no organelles or nuclei
• Significance?
• True for all species?
• Hemoglobin – oxygen carrying protein
• Each RBC has 200-300 million hemoglobin molecules
• Biconcave shape
• Significance?
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Hemoglobin• Comprised of four protein chains, each called a globin.
• Each globin is bound to a red pigment, called a heme molecule.
• Contains a single Fe atom
• Each Fe atom can bind to a single O2 molecule
• How many O2 molecules can each hemoglobin combine with?
• What is the term for when hemoglobin binds with O2?
• CO2?
• Are either a reversible reaction?
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Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)• Protect the body from:
• infectious microorganisms
• Cancerous cells
• Foreign particles
• Typically, function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
• Diapedesis - circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial fluid
• Exception?
• WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than RBCs
• Most produced in bone marrow
• Exception?
• Lifespan of 12 hours to several years
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Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
• Two types of leukocytes
• Granulocytes
• Agranulocytes
• Relative WBC Count
• Never
• Let
• Monkeys
• Eat
• Bananas
Figure 17.5
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White Blood Cells
Type Of White Blood Cells
% By Volume Of WBC Description Function
Neutrophils 60 – 70 % Nucleus has many interconnected lobes; blue granules
Phagocytize and destroy bacteria; most numerous WBC
Eosinophils 2 – 4 % Nucleus has bilobed nuclei; red or yellow granules containing digestive enzymes
Play a role in ending allergic reactions
Basophils < 1 % Bilobed nuclei hidden by large purple granules full of chemical mediators of inflammation
Function in inflammation medication; similar in function to mast cells
Lymphocytes (B Cells and T Cells)
20 – 25 % Dense, purple staining, round nucleus; little cytoplasm
the most important cells of the immune system; effective in fighting infectious organisms; act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
Monocytes 4 – 8 % Largest leukocyte; kidney shaped nucleus
Transform into macrophages; phagocytic cells
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Lymphocyte• Compose 20 – 45% of WBCs
• The most important cells of the immune system
• Nucleus – stains dark purple
• Effective in fighting infectious organisms
• Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
• Two main classes of lymphocyte
• T cells – attack foreign cells directly
• Active in cell mediated immune response
• B cells – multiply to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
• Active in the humoral immune response
Figure 17.4d
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Platelets• Structure
• Small, nearly colorless bodies appearing as irregular spindles or oval disks (~2-4 μm)
• originate in bone marrow from giant cell megakaryocyte
• Functions
• Hemostasis
• Regulation of blood flow
• Coagulation, or blood clotting
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Summary of Formed Elements
Table 17.1
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Review Activity Break
• Blood Disorders
• Blood Types
• Review for Quiz #1
• Basics
• Disorders
• Typing
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Blood Cell Formation
• Hematopoiesis – process by which blood cells are formed
• 100 billion new blood cells formed each day
• Takes place in the red bone marrow of the humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, vertebra and pelvis• Red marrow – actively generates new blood cells
• Contains immature erythrocytes
• Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton
• Yellow marrow – dormant (can become active if needed)
• Contains many fat cells
• Located in the long bones of adults
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Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
• All blood cells originate in bone marrow
• All originate from one cell type
• Blood stem cell (pluripotential hematopoeitic stem cell)
• Lymphoid stem cells - give rise to lymphocytes
• Myeloid stem cells - give rise to all other blood cells
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Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation• Genesis of erythrocytes
(erythropoiesis)
• Committed cells are proerythroblasts
• Remain in the reticulocyte stage for 1–2 days in circulation
• Loss of nucleus
• Formation of leukocytes (leukopoiesis)
• Granulocytes form from myeloblasts
• Monoblasts enlarge and form monocytes
• Platelet formation (thrombopoiesis)
• Form from megakaryoblasts
• break apart into platelets
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The Blood Throughout Life
• First blood cells develop with the earliest blood vessels
• Late in the second month the liver and spleen take over blood formation
• Bone marrow becomes major hematopoietic organ at month 7
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RBC life span and circulation
• Replaced at a rate of approximately 3 million new blood cells entering the circulation per second
• Damaged or dead RBCs are recycled by phagocytes
• Components of hemoglobin individually recycled
• Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin
• Iron is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrin
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Figure 19.5
Red Blood Cell Turnover
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Clotting Mechanisms• Know the general stages of blood clotting
• Stage 1: Source of damage
• Stage 2: prothrombin thrombin
• Calcium, prothrombin activator
• Stage 3: fibrinogen fibrin
• Calcium, thrombin
• Be able to identify the key difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
• Stage 1
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Clotting Cont.
• What two conditions increase clotting?
• What two conditions decrease clotting?
• How are clots removed?
• Fibrinolysis
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Review Activity Break
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You should be able to…
Identify and describe the following blood disorders/conditions:
• Leukemia
• Leukopenia
• Leukocytosis
• Anemia
• Polycythemia
• Blood doping
• Sickle-cell anemia
• Embolus
• Thrombus
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
Identify and describe:
• The different types of tissues
• Functions of the blood
• Blood composition
• Plasma & Formed Elements
• % Hematocrit
• Blood Cell Formation
• The process of clotting
• Blood type based on tests and genetic inheritance
• Antigen vs. antibody
• Coagulation vs. agglutination