Presented to:

Presented by:

Biomass to Alcohol to Jet/Diesel

Our colleagues from Australia

Dr. Michael Wright NAVAIR

1

Navy Energy Goals

50% Alternative Energy

by 2020

50% Net Zero Installations

by 2020

Energy Efficient Acquisition

Sail the Great Green Fleet

50% Less Petroleum in Commercial

Vehicles by 2015

2012 Green Strike Group Demo

2016 Great Green Fleet Sail

Will require multiple

production pathways

2

Phase 1:

• Chemical And Physical Property Similarity

• Specification

• Fit For Purpose

Phase 2:

•Performance Similarity

• Materials

• Components

• Propulsion/Fuel Systems

• Distribution Systems

Phase 3:

• Operational Similarity

• Weapon System Trials

Phase 4:

• Long Term Operability

• Field Trials

Process developed and

being streamlined based

on HRJ/HRD experience

3

4

Feedstocks Processing Biorefining Distribution/Utilization

Hydroprocessing

Biological Conversion

Gasification

Pyrolysis

Oil seeds

Biomass

Sugars

Algae

Aviation

Expeditionary

Maritime

Alcohols to Fuel

Other…

Biofuel Production Pathways

MSW

4

BLUF

• Multiple Production Pathways/ Sources Required to Meet

SECNAV 2020 50% Alternative Energy Goal

• Biomass to Alcohol to Jet/Diesel pathway opens the door to

potentially large quantities of non-food crop competitive

feedstocks

• NAVAIR’s Alcohol-to-Fuel (ATF) Production Pathway has

potential to be test fuel surrogate for certification of multiple

ATF companies

• Good example of Dual Use R&D with a Transition to the

Private/Commercial Sector: Drives Cost Down (in Theory)

5

Alcohol to Fuel Players

6

Produce fuel

having similar

chemistry

Can be qualified

together

Biomass-to-Biofuel Processes

7

Full Performance SPK Jet Fuel

(Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene, non-

aromatic

*Key Patented Technology

*

*

* *

Outstanding Features

•Feedstock Diversity

•Bioprocess Robustness

•Platform Molecule Centered

•Process Chemistry Scalable/Reproducible

•100% Synthetic Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene

•Fuel Product Versatility

•Cost Parity, Favorable LCA & Energy Balance

Non-food Biomass to CLJ-5 Biojet

Non-food

biomass as

feedstock

Cellulosic

sugars: C5/C6

or C3 sugars

Bio-1-butanol

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

Bio-1-butene

CH3CH2CH=CH2

Overall process for making CLJ-5 Biojet

CLJ-5 Biojet

A Pure Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene

Superb & Tested Fuel Qualities:

Cold Flow (61 deg C)

Cetane Index >50

Meets all ATJ acquisition specs

And

predicts a 70+% reduction in GHG

CLJ-5 when blended with JP-5

creates a safer, full performance, and

cleaner burning Jet fuel product.

NAVAIR

Protected

IP

NAVAIR

Protected

IP

fermentation Sugar

extraction

8

http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/mg-ethanol/http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i01.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/285519983/1_Butanol.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/285519983/1_Butanol/showimage.html&usg=__70LG1oGQDwfA3gTJLeX_Kp414WU=&h=301&w=340&sz=29&hl=en&start=87&zoom=1&tbnid=XGRzO8MZ7PYBsM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=119&ei=xlKZT8CEKaOU2gWB_eGWBw&prev=/images?q=butanol+pictures&start=84&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&prmdo=1&tbm=isch&itbs=1http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tennoji-h.oku.ed.jp/tennoji/oka/OCDB/Hydrocarbon/1-butene-b.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.tennoji-h.oku.ed.jp/tennoji/oka/OCDB/Hydrocarbon/butene.htm&usg=__-p-I5QTljJcNezSnRE4LPiGHERs=&h=714&w=1194&sz=57&hl=en&start=4&zoom=1&tbnid=AhuQB1mFzEkG0M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=150&ei=VlmZT6KEHKGe2QWY-rSzBw&prev=/images?q=1-butene+pictures&hl=en&sa=N&gbv=2&prmdo=1&tbm=isch&itbs=1

Fuel chemistry & processing overview

9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

C8-C12

C16C20

C24+

Wei

ght

Per

cen

tage

Final Fuel Cut

BeforeProcessing

Crude

Oligomeric

Product

Oligomers

of C12 – C32

2-ethyl-

hexene

(dimer)

Mixture of

C16

isomers

Finished

CLJ-5 &

F-76

Fuels

Lights

Bottoms

C12 – C20

H2 & catalyst

C20 – C32

Oligomers

Bio-

White

gas

H2 & catalyst

Bottoms

PAO

lubricants

Growth

accelerators

Secondary products – no waste!

10 10

Data Summary

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Fit for Purpose of Neat Fuel (ASTM & NAVY) 4-1-2012Test Units ATJ5 DLA Req. ATJ-SPK Spec CLJ-5 ASTM

Navy Commercial

COMPOSITION

Acidity mg KOH/g Max 0.015 0.015 0.012 D3242

VOLATILITY

Distil lation Temperature D86

initial boiling point report report 185

10% recovered °C Max 205 205 194

50% recovered °C Max report report 217

90% recovered °C Max report report 247

Final boiling point °C Max 300 300 262.3

T90-T10 °C Min 25 22 53

Flash Point °C Min 60 38 75.5 D93

Density at 15°C kg/m3 Min 760 730 787 D4052

kg/m3 Max 845 770

Freezing Point °C Max -46 -40 < -83 D5972

THERMAL STABILITY

JFTOT (2.5 h at 325°C)

Temperature °C Min 325 325 D3241

Filter pressure drop mm Hg Max 25 0

Tube deposits Visual Method

Data on NAVAIR Test ATJ Fuel

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FRL

Description

Detailed pass/fail criteria Fuel

Quantity

SPK requirements NAVAIR ATJ

Fuel

FRL 5 Lab scale production verified 55 gal 55 gal

MSDS supplied Yes

Thermal Stability Report -

Freeze Point (D5972) < -40 oC 22 oC > 45 oC (lab)

Hydrocarbon type (D6379) 42.8 MJ/kg 44 MJ/kg

Density (D4052) 0.73-0.77 0.78

Flash point (D93) >38 oC 61-105 oC

Aromatics (D1319) < 0.5 vol-% 0 %

Elemental composition Report 85% C, 15% H

Cetane Number - 55

D86 data

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Fuel composition for CLJ-5 : 56% C12, 40% C16, 5% C20

Fractionation 100 torr, fuel cut 100 to 210 oC

182

195 198

202 205

209

214

222

233

245

265

185

198 201

204

210

215

225

240

252

259

271

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00%

CLJ-5 ASTM D86 Curve

JP-5 Max

JP-5 Average

JP-5 Min

50/50 Blend:JP-5/CLJ-5100% CLJ-5

T90-T10 >22 oC

spec

61 oC

NAWCWD

CLJ-5 has 0.01 to 0.1

Olefin content

Olefin content determines

the thermal stability of the

fuel. It also has an effect on

aging of the fuels.

For all fuels, petro or bio-

derived, the finishing

process is critical. Finishing

means treating the fuel with

hydrogen in the presence of

a catalyst.

14 14

CLJ-5 Hydrogen 14.9

CLJ-5 is index is 63

Hydrogen content and Cetane number

Hydrogen is a indirect

measure of aromatic

content. Less aromatics,

more hydrogen content.

For all fuels, petro or bio-

derived, more hydrogen

means a lower maintenance

cost (GE document).

Cetane number speaks to if

the fuel will be a good diesel

fuel. CLJ-5 hit the bullseye!

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JP-

4

Freezing point

Freezing point is a measure

of fuel flow properties at

high flight levels. Usually

branching in the carbon-

chains make for good cold

flow properties.

This is one very unique

aspect for CLJ-5. It is all

iso-paraffinic; thus, has

superb cold flow properties

and does not require a

expensive energy intensive

hydroprocessing step.

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Biomass Feedstock Sustainability

Feedstock Price Stability*

• Total Forest/Wood Waste, Agriculture

and Bioenergy Crop Biomass Resources

– @ $40/ton, estimated dry tons available

in US: • 2012—138 million

• 2017—161 million

• 2022—187 million

• 2030—243 million

– @ $50/ton, estimated dry tons available

in US: • 2012—234 million

• 2017—311 million

• 2022—418 million

• 2030—551 million

– @ $60/ton, estimated dry tons available

in US: • 2012—258 million

• 2017—392 million

• 2022—602 million

• 2030—767 million

Biofuel Yields Based on

Feedstocks**

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* U.S. Department of Energy. August 2011. U.S. Billion-Ton Update-

Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry.

**Based on 30 gal/dry ton biofuel yield

Projected

Feedstock

Availability

(Million Dry

Tons)

Fuel

Production

(Billion Gallons)

2012 258 ~7.8

2017 392 ~11.5

2022 602 ~18

2030 767 ~23

Projected Biofuel Production Cost

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Total Production

Cost

Biomass Cost $/ton

~31 gal/ton

BioButanol

Processing (~$0.95/gal)

Fuel

Processing (~$0.80/gal)

+ + =

Commercialization Timeline

Lab 60 ml batch

Bench Milestone Q4 2008

Pilot Q2 2009 17x 1-month runs

Commercial*

20 MGPY Potential 2015

Bio-1-Butanol Demo Plant Biomass Boiler 500,000 GPY

Q1 2012

Private Capital &

Gov’t

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*$2/gal biobutanol based on ASPEN modeling used to predict CAPEX /OPEX

300 gal/ton

NAVAIR’s ATJ Biofuel Process Checklist

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Environmental

• Approximately 80% reduction in GHG relative to petroleum

• Feedstock diversity promotes eco-balance

• Allows for more effective land/water usage

• Lower requirements for pest control and fertilizer

Energy Scorecard

•1 ton “sugar”

represents 16 GJ

energy and produces

80 gals fuel

•80 gals fuel equates

to ~10 GJ energy

•Net Energy Capture

is approximately 60%

Feedstock

• No competition with food crops

• Poised to utilize all components of biomass

• Sustainable and affordable feedstocks

• Other waste streams such as glycerol viable

Patents pending on the ATJ process

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Charlene Haley, NAWCWD Lead Patent Attorney

Crude

Bio-1-butanol

Pure

Bio-1-butanol

Bio-1-butene

Oligomers

Jet/Diesel Fuel

NC **776

water & contaminant

removal from butanol

NC **821

alcohols to alkenes via

selective catalysts

NC **384

oligomerization of

butene to fuels

NC **302

turbine & diesel fuels

oligomerization

NC **148

oligomerization of

mixed olefins….

NC **782

Oligomerization &

isomerization distill…

NC **558

New Homogeneous ZN

catalysts…..

NC **133

oligomerization &

isomerization….

BLATE

Biomass to alcohol to jet/diesel fuels pathway offers potentially

significant cost and production-capacity advantages

NAVAIR ATJ/D technology positions the Navy to: 1) increase

biofuel supply to support 2020 Energy Goals and 2) provide a

near term source of fuel for qualification

Timely qualification of the Alcohol to Jet/Diesel pathway will

increase qualified candidates for the Navy/DOE/USDA

biorefinery competition.

With current DLA call and transition of the technology to

licensees, this fuel could be flying by the end of the calendar

year or early 2013.

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Points of Contact

• Dr. Michael Wright Senior Scientist

Research Department, Chemistry Division

Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division

1900 Knox Rd. Mail Stop 6303

China Lake, CA 93555

michael.wright@navy.mil

760-939-1640 and 760-939-1617 (fax)

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