Biomass in Mediterranean_commission of the European Communities

8/16/2019 Biomass in Mediterranean_commission of the European Communities

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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR ENERGY AND TRANSPORT

ALTENER PROGRAMME

Cont rac t No : 4 .1030 /C /00-022 /2000

“Bioma in M!"it!rran!an#

Project No 238: “STUDIES ON THE EXPLOITATION OF

CAROB FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION”

D r N i k o l a o s Z o g r a f a k i s

D i m i t r i o s D a s ! a k i s

"a!#ar$ %&&%

REG$ON O% CRETE - REG$ONAL ENERG& AGENC&

1


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CONTENT'

1. 1.

$NTRO()CT$ON2. 2. CAROB TREE AN( %R)$T: (E'CR$PT$ON - )'E'

2.1 Botanica* "!cri+tion o, t! caro tr!!

2.2 Oriin (itrition o, t! caro tr!!

2.3 Eco*o

2.4 Aronom

2. Pro+!rti! o, t! caro

2. )! o, t! caro

3. 3. PRO()CT$ON O% CAROB

4. 4. CAROB TREE AN( %R)$T $N GREECE AN( CRETE: 'PEC$%$C CON'$(ERAT$ON'

. . PRO'PECT' RECOMMEN(AT$ON'

ANNE5E'

ANNE5 $: Ero+!an Conci*6 R!*ation 780/98 o, 20.03.1898 L9/ o, 30.03.1898;

'( INTRODUCTION

T! )aro* tr a !!n ro

a** in mil+ a!+ +r$ ,la)s -it. ,oor soils. $t ?a*! an" t! Ara> Ari@ona> M!ico> Ci*! an" Ar!ntina

'+ani> to +art o, Atra*ia M!"it!rran!an !mirant an" to 'ot A,rica an" $n"ia t!

En*i.

T! )aro* tr i an im+ortant com+on!nt o, t! M!"it!rran!an ?!!tation an" it c*ti?ation in

marina* an" +r!?ai*in ca*car!o oi* o, t! M!"it!rran!an r!ion i im+ortant !/iro!m!tall$

a!+ )o!omi)all$. Tra"itiona**> ra,t!" caro tr!! a?! !!n int!r+*ant!" ra+!>

a*mon" an" ar*! in *o

tro+ica* r!ion. T! tr!! ar! a*o !,* a ornam!nta* an" ,or *an"ca+in>


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1orl+ ,ro+#)tio! is stimat+ at a*o#t 2'& &&& t3$ar ,ro+#)+ from som %&& &&& .a

T! ci!nti,ic nam! o, caro tr!! ( Ceratonia siliqua L.; "!ri?! ,rom Gr!! keras4 orn> an" Latin!"!#$a> a**"in to t! ar"n! an" a+! o, t! +o". T! common nam! oriinat! ,rom t!

!r!< %&'r$?> ,rom c&'r,$. in Tri> an" )'rro*er or )'rro/er in Cata*an. Dario

nam! ar! !" in "i,,!r!nt r!ion o, $ta*: 'ce,e00 a> oce""' Bai*icata; c'rr$a> c'rr$!

'ici*ia;. $n Aia t! ,o**o

3


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Flo-rs ar! r!!n-tint!" r!". T. fr#it i an in"!ic!nt +o"> !*onat!"> com+r!!"> trait or

cr?!"> tic!n!" at t! tr!> 10-30 cm *on> 1.-3. cm 9-10 mm *on> 7-9 mm


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%(% Origi! < Distri*#tio! of t. )aro* tr

T! c!ntr! o, oriin o, C !"!#$' i not c*!ar. $t

T! oriina* "itrition o, C !"!#$' i not c*!ar a it a n"!ron! !t!ni?! c*ti?ation inc!

anci!nt tim!. Caro* is *li/+ to .a/ *! s,ra+ *$ t. Grks to Gr) a!+ Ital$ an"t!n t! Ara a*on t! coat o, nort!rn A,rica into t! ot an" !at o, '+ain> ,rom

As a foo+ so#r)4 )aro* ,o+s )o#l+ * stor+ a!+ tra!s,ort+ lo!g +ista!)s . $n mot o, t!

M!"it!rran!an r!ion ot!rn

Porta*> t! Ba*!aric $*an"> ot!at %ranc!> t! or! o, ot!rn $ta* inc*"in 'ici*> t! A"riatic coat o, Croatia4 t. Aga! rgio! a!+ Crt i! Gr) an" Tr!> a*on t! nort!rn

an" ot!rn ran! o, t! i*! o, C+r> in t! i*an" o, Ma*ta> in t! maritim! !*t o, L!anon

an" $ra!*> t! nort an" ot o, Morocco an" t! coat*in! in Tniia.

T! caro tr!!

Fig( 2( Hor*" caro "itrition an" c!ntr! o, oriin

5


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%(2 E)olog$

T! caro i a *on-*i?!" !?!rr!!n an" t!rmo+i*o tr!! tri?in in aitat an" mi" coata* ar!a. Caro an" oran! tr!! a?! imi*ar t!m+!ratr! r!=ir!m!nt t caro

tolrats ,oorr soils a!+ !+s m#). lss -atr(

Ar!a ita*! ,or caro o*" a?! a tro+ica* M!"it!rran!an c*imat! not co*">

mi*" to an" Ca*i,ornia an"

Ari@ona; an" !t 'ot A,rica an" Ci*!;.

A"*t tr!! r!=ir! no

Caro* trs )a! a+a,t to a -i+ ra!g of soil t$,s from ,oor sa!+$ soils a!+ ro)k$

.illsi+s to +, soils> t t! cannot

'!!" ar! crr!nt* t! mot im+ortant +art o, t! +o" a t! ar! !" to !tract t! ?a*a*!

caro !an m =C8G>( P#l, /al# +,!+s o! its #s *i?!toc ,!!" or man ,oo" in"tr;

an" t! cont!nt o, s#gar > ,ir!> tannin an" ,*a?or.

T! +*+ i t! main contit!nt o, t! +o". P*+ cont!nt in t! +o" ran! ,rom 73 to 8J>


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%( Agro!om$

Tr!! "!niti! in caro orcar" o, M!"it!rran!an contri! a?! tra"itiona** !!n *o< an"

?aria*!> t! r!?a*ation o, t! cro+ a *!" om! ,arm!r to a++*

?ario t+! o, ,!rti*i@!r> !it!r min!ra* or oranic.

$n t! M!"it!rran!an r!ion>

++* o,

moitr! cont!nt i ?aria*! 10-20J; "!+!n"in on ar?!tin con"ition an" atmn rain,a**.

Po" r!=ir! ,rt!r +r$i!g an" t ar! tor!" n"!r !*t!r in "r an" ?!nti*at!" +*ac! to r!"c!

moitr! to aron" 9J an" to a?oi" rottin. I!s)ts in tor!" caro> main* caro mot> can !

contro**!" ,miation. Po" ar! i*!" to !+arat! t! t t!n ar! !+arat!" ,rom t! !rn!*. Ti

,irt coar! rin"in can ! ,o**o

+*ant or at t! ,!!" or ,oo" ,actori!. T! ,!!" ,actor rin" t! "!!!"!" +*+ to "i,,!r!nt i@! in

r!*ation to t! in" o, *i?!toc to ! ,!". T! ,oo" in"tr +roc!! t! +*+ ,rt!r roatin

an" mi**in to otain a ,in! +o inc! t! !!" coat i ?!r ar". T! t


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,rom t! nro!n !n"o+!rm ca*! a i,tin o+!ration. '!=!nt* t! !n"o+!rm i ron"

on ro**!r mi** to t! "!ir!" +artic*! i@! m;. T! )aro* *a! g#m i t! ron" !n"o+!rm

an" t! )aro* grm mal i a -+ro"ct o, t! !!" +roc!in.

Gro-r ,a$o#t is )al)#lat+ mor a!+ mor i! rlatio! to t. kr!l $il+ of t. )#lti/ar

+li/r+ a!+ also o! amo#!t of +*ris( B!,or! caro ar! tor!"> a ra"in am+*! i "ra caro !!" +ric! ar! !?!n mor!

,*ctatin tan caro i*! +ric!. A t! main in"tria* a++*ication i t! CBG ti r!crr!nt

itation a,,!ct caro "!man" an" t it m*ti+*! !.

%(? Pro,rtis of t. )aro*

T! t

Caro* ,#l, is .ig. =:?@> i! total s#gar )o!t!t =mai!l$ s#)ros4 gl#)os4 fr#)tos a!+

maltos> Ta*! 1;. $n a""ition it contain aot 19J c!***o! an" !mic!***o!. T! min!ra*

com+oition in m/ 100 o, +*+; i: K1100> Ca307> M42> Na13> C0.23> %!104> Mn0.4>

n0.8 It ! '"o ,on" t! *i+i" to conit o, a++roimat!* !=a* +ro+ortion o, atrat!" an"

natrat!" aci" an" ,i?! amino aci" in +o" !tract a*anin!> *cin!> *!cin!> +ro*in! an"

?a*in!;> a troin! an" +!n*a*anin!.

8


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Ta*l '( A/rag )om,ositio! of t. )aro* ,#l,

Contit!nt J

Tota* ar 49-

'cro! 32-39G*co! -

%rcto! -7

Pinito* -7

Con"!n!" tannin 19-20

Non-tarc +o*accari"! 19

A 2-3

%at 0.2-0.'orc!: Pan an" Hi!*ina 188;.

%( Uss of t. )aro*

T! caro i on! o, t! mot !,* nati?! M!"it!rran!an tr!!. $n +ro"cin contri!> caro +o"

a?! tra"itiona** !!n !" a a!imal a!+ .#ma! foo+ an" crr!nt* t! mai! #s is t. s+

for g#m 0tra)tio!( Caro* ,o+s +ro?i"! ,o""!r ,or rminant an" nonrminant. $n t!

Mill+ a!+ ).o,,+ )aro* ,oma)> titt! ,or +!at-a!" mitr! in nr!ri!.T! oi*! ! t! ,oo" in"tr o, natra*antioi"ant contain!" on t! caro !!" coat a a -+ro"ct o, t! CBG in"tr r!c!nt* a

rai!" om! int!r!t

T! caro +ro"ct mot !+!cia** ,or t! ,oo" in"tr> i t! )aro* *a! g#m

=C8G>4 or lo)#st *a! g#m =L8G>( Ti m com! ,rom t! !n"o+!rm o, t! !!" an"

c!mica** i a ,ol$sa)).ari+4 a gala)toma!!a!. B aot a tir" o, t! !!" conit o,

m an" it i otain!" ,rom t! !rn!* a,t!r r!mo?a* o, t! coat an" rin"in. On! n"r!" o,

!!" i!*" an a?!ra! o, 20 o, +r! "r m. Caro m i +ro"c!" in ?ario "!r!! o,

+rit "!+!n"in on o<

a a natra* ,oo" a""iti?!> no


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Ta*l ?. Caro !an m ! an" t!cnica* a++*ication

$n"tria* ! A++*ication

Parmac!tica* Antico!*iac +ro"ct> +oma"!> +i**> toot+at!

Com!tic Em*ion an" ,oam> a?in ,oam

T!ti*! Co*orin tic!n!r

Pa+!r %*otation +ro"ct ,or r!co?!rin mat!ria* tic!n!r ,or r,ac!tr!atm!nt

C!mica* G*!> co*orin> +o*iin> "!in> matc!> +!tici"!

P!tro*!m %*occ*ation a""iti?! to incr!a! tai*it an" ticn! o,

Minin %*otation +ro"ct

H!** inin Ha** r!in,orc!m!nt> moitr! aor!nt

Concr!t! To tr!nt!n o*i"i,icationE+*oi?! Hat!r in"!r ,or !+*oi?!

'orc!: A"a+t!" ,rom (rot! 1883;.

3. PRODUCTION OF CAROB

A in"icat!" !ar*i!r )aro* ,ro+#)tio! .as a lo!g tra+itio!4 mai!l$ for a!imal f+i!g> in mot

contri! or"!rin t! M!"it!rran!an !a. Mor! r!c!nt*> it

tota* caro-+ro"ction ar!a in t! Atra*ia> 'ot A,rica> Tr!> )'A> !tc. 'orc!: Bat**! 1887;.

Comm!rcia* $ta*> Porta*> Morocco> Gr)> C+r> Tr!> A*!ria an" ot!r

contri! Ta*! 7;. T!r! i om! +ro"ction in Croatia> Tniia an" Ma*ta an" ma** amont ar!

a*o +ro"c!" in Atra*ia> Ca*i,ornia an" 'ot A,rica. Po" an" !!" +ro"ction in "i,,!r!ntcontri! ar! not +ara**!* !ca! o, "i,,!r!nc! in !!" i!*" o, c*ti?ar an"


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Caro* ,ro+#)tio! i! t. -orl+ .as +)li!+ +ramati)all$ o/r t. ,ast ?& $ars4 from ?&

&&& t i! '? to 2'& &&& t i! ' . T! main r!aon ar! *o< +ric! co+*!" oin "!?!*o+m!nt an" in"tria* !tat!.

Table 7. World carob pod and seed production (1997)

Contr Po" +ro"ction '!!" +ro"ction

t J t J

'+ain 13000 43. 12000 37.

$ta* 4000 14. 4000 12.

Porta* 30000 8.7 300 11.3

Morocco 2000 9.4 4900 1.0

Gr!!c! 20000 . 1900 .

C+r 17000 . 1700 .3

Tr! 1000 4.9 1900 .

A*!ria 7000 2.3 900 2.

Ot!r 1000 4.9 100 4.7

Tota* 310000 100.0 32000 100.0

Atra*ia> 'ot A,rica> )'A> !tc.

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( CARO8 TREE AND FRUIT IN GREECE CRETE9 SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS

A it i r!*t!" ,rom t! +r!?io t!matic an" com+r!!ni?! r!?i!< o, t! "ata conc!rnin a**

t! a+!ct o, t! caro tr!! an" caro ,rit> )aro* tr i a ?!r im+ortant !*!m!nt o, t! Gr!!

an" t! Cr!tan contri"! c!n!r> an" t! )aro* fr#it a !!n !" in !?!ra* t! int!r+!r!" tr!! an" t! caro +ro"ction in Gr!!c!.

Fig( ?( Caro +ro"ction in Gr!!c! 1898 - 188

Ta*! 8. Nm!r o, caro tr!! an" +ro"ction o, caro in Gr!!c!

Gro#, of

Comm#!s

Com,a)t Pla!tatio!sN#m*r of

i!trs,rs+

trs

N#m*r of trs of

,ro+#)ti/ag

Pro+#)tio!

=i! to!s>

A/ragEffi)i!)$

=i!kg3strmma>

Ara

=i!strmmas>

N#m*r of trs A/rag+!sit$

"e/e" 1.3 180.0 12>42 317.129 01.379 3.94 7>1

e-!1-o$,t'!,o$

13.310 228.81 17>27 33.38 4.20 .31 11>27

-o$,t'!,o$

21.71 300.040 13>92 33.027 40.734 9.1 1>91

Total ?&(2& %&(&? '42& '(&'(??' '(&(2% '( ''4?'

'orc!: E'&E 1889

12

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

)

199 1990 1991 1992 1993 199! 1995


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T

.as *! r+#)+ to ?&&& tn anna** Ta*! 10; caro tr!! tri?! in marina* an" "i,,ic*t oi* a it a !!n "!cri!" in

+r!?io ca+t!r an" "!man" no c*ti?ation car! !c!+t ar?!tin;.

Caro* trs i! Crt4 )a! a!!#all$ ,ro+#) '& < ?&& kg 3 tr> accor"in t!ir a! an" +!ci!.

T! on tr!! +ro"c! 10-20 /tr!! an" !ar

T! )aro* ,ri) a !?!ra* ,*ctation !.. i! %&&& it -as a*o#t &(' E#ro3kg -.il i! %&&'

it ra).+ &(%&? E#ro3kg "! to t! incr!a! o, t! ?!!ta*! anima* ,oo" "!man" a,t!r “ma"co o+> ac!> !tc+> "i!t ,oo" !tc.;. Ti tanc! "!+it!

it a"?anta! ,ac! a !rio com+!tition o, c!mica* tanc!


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.alt.$; a!+ lig.t; )om,o!!t of +ri/ati/s of t. )aro* ,#l, =)o!f)tio!r$4 *akr$ a!+

+ri!ks> s.o#l+ * f#ll$ 0,lor+.

T! caro tr!! o r!"c!" orcar"

mana!m!nt> !tc. an" it i a*o

Agri)#lt#ral s#stai!a*ilit$ a !!n incr!ain in im+ortanc! o?!r t! !ar. A*to caro

+ro"c! r!"c!" i!*" in o*" +*antation 100-3000 /a;> in mo"!rn orcar" +ro"ction

+ot!ntia* i i!r 000-7000 /a;. $n a""ition> in o+timm con"ition )aro* r#irs a

mi!im#m of i!,#ts )om,ar+ -it. most ot.r fr#it> nt or ?!!ta*! cro+. $n man !mi-ari"

r!ion an" marina* oi*

M!"it!rran!an c*imat! ,or "i?!ri,ication o, coata* aric*tr!.

A*to it !!m tat t! o/rall -orl+ )aro* ,ro+#)tio! tr!+ is rat.r statio!ar$ . $n om!

contri! +ontan!o io*at!" tr!!. T! main +ro"ction i a** ar?!t!" !?!r !ar. Ti i a*o

a++!nin in om! ot!r M!"it!rran!an ro it i main* ro( I! a++itio!4 t. )aro* tr -as i!)l#++ i! forstr$

a)tio!s of t. EU =E#ro,a! Rg#latio! !#m*r %&&3%>(

ANNEJ I

E#ro,a! Co#!)il;s Rg#latio! &3 of %&(&2('4

L?3 of 2&(&2('

2'R&&

QSSUVWXY Z[Q; \U]. 780/98 ^_ `_W_b_ ^dY 20eY f\^_ 1898 gU ^S h]\UVWX ^dY

h^6he V_Wbd\jW^UheY kSVl_VdY gU ^d VV^Vd \gSVkjS \gjgS h]Y hU

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^_ S^^_ \_ ^dY kSVl_VdY gU ^d kb^jVd ^dY UX^d^Y hU ^dY kW\Y V^S ^W ^jS

h\S Wk hb_pY hU l\_US

45679 494;6 L ?8@ 3??38 G ??? 1 ???

46

ZhÛWS^Y:

XÛ d h^y he V_Wbd\jWÛhe kSVl_Vd _ \\…kÛ S kS]\\SkU ^d VV^Vd

\gSVkjS \gjgS h\S Wk hb_pY e/hU l\_US \kU S h]\…kÛ Wk ^\X

V^k S ^kbk \gWÛhX hSd^\ bW„SS^Y _X€d> pkSXY> ^ b lWdbX VV^X ^dY

\gjgeY _ U^]kÛ V^ kWX\U WVj ^jS \gSVkjS ^jS \gjgS hU> pk^\_> ^

WUh\X Wgk]Y ^jS _pUV^WSjS \gSVkjS>

XÛ XVS p\„ ^dS kSVl_Vd gU ^d kb^jVd ^dY UX^d^Y hU ^dY kW\Y> _ \bkÛ

V^ „\]\ 14 ^_ hSSUVW Z[Q; \U]. 103/72> ^ S^^ X\U ^dY l\dW^ÛheY

V_WWk^leY ^_ h\„^_Y Wb_Y hU ^dY QUSX^d^Y \kU S h]\…kÛ Vk \kbUVÛhX €Y _] bW„SkU _X€d ^ VUhX V^Xl ^dY gkSkÛheY hU hbbUk\gdÛheY kb^jVdY hU ^dY h^VdY

^dY kS\hbbU\gkUY _ W\k h„]k l\XS S ^kbVkU SÛhkWkS \„VdY>

Z†Z‡z`Z u[s |{[su Qs[s`f[:

ˆ\]\ 1

~ h^y he V_Wbd\jWÛhe kSVl_Vd gU ^d VV^Vd \gSVkjS ^jS \gjgS h\S

Wk hb_pY e/hU l\_US _ \bkÛ V^ „\]\ 14 ^_ hSSUVW Z[Q; \U].

103/72> h]\…kÛ jY k‰eY:

- 0 Ec S„ ^XS gU VX^d^ WUh\X^k\d X 1 000 ^XS_Y>- 70 Ec S„ ^XS gU VX^d^ X 1 000 jY 2 000 ^XS_Y>

- 7 Ec S„ ^XS gU VX^d^ _ _k\SkU ^_Y 2 000 ^XS_Y>

15


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h\S Wk hb_pY e/hU l\_US _ U^]kSÛ V^ kWX\U X ^dS \g„SjVd \gjgS

h^„ ^dS \^d k\ kW\Y.

ˆ\]\ 2

u S^^ X\U S„ kh^„\U _ Sp\kÛ V^ „\]\ 14 \„g\pY 2 ^_ hSSUVW Z[Q;

\U]. 103/72> h]\…kÛ Vk 300 Ec gU ^ \^ S^k ^d hU Vk 210 Ec gU ^ S^k kXWkS

^d.

ˆ\]\ 3

[ \S hSSUVWXY \l…kU S UVlkU ^dS ^\^d dW\ Wk^„ ^d dWVk_Ve ^_ V^dS ZVdWd

ZpdWk\ ^jS Z_\j‚hS QUSê^jS.

Zp\WX…kÛ X ^dS 1d `k^kW\_ 1898.

[ \S hSSUVWXY kSU kVWk_ÛhXY jY \Y Xb ^ W\d ^_ hU UVlkU „WkV Vk h„]k

CONSLEQ 1 h\„^Y WbY.

w\_‰bbkY> 20 f\^_ 1898.

ŠU ^ `_WbU

[ |\Xk\Y

C. ROMERO ERRERA

1; ZZ \U]. L 119 ^dY 20. . 1872> V. 81.

2; wbk Vkb 3 ^dY \VY ZVdWdY ZpdWk\Y. 8R?? 1 ?@ 1 8 G

vk]_SY gU ^dS Ulk\UVd kSU d E)R-OP

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Biomass in Mediterranean_commission of the European Communities

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