Biomass (Final Ppt)

Energy Generation From Energy Generation From Thermo-Chemical Thermo-Chemical

conversion of Biomassconversion of Biomass

Energy Generation From Energy Generation From Thermo-Chemical Thermo-Chemical

conversion of Biomassconversion of Biomass

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Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass for energy this is often

used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and

vegetable derived material.

What is Biomass ?

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Essentially, biomass is stored solar energy which man can convert to electricity, fuel

and heat. Through photosynthesis, the energy from the sun is stored in the chemical

relations of the plant material. Typically, biomass energy comes from three sources: agricultural crop residues, municipal and industrial waste, and energy plantations

Examples of this energy source include: • Fast growing trees and grasses

• Agricultural residues like used vegetable oils, or corn

• Wood waste like paper trash, yard clippings, sawdust, or wood chips

• Methane that is captured from landfills, livestock, and municipal waste water

treatment.

CONTD.

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Why is there a need to use Biomass ?

Environmental

Biomass - Wood Renewable Energy Cycle Biomass - Wood Renewable Energy Cycle

Political

Commercial

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Conversion Technologies

Thermal conversion

Combustion

Combustion is the process with which everyone is familiar by which flammable materials are allowed to burn in the presence of air or oxygen with the release of heat.

Combustion is the process with which everyone is familiar by which flammable materials are allowed to burn in the presence of air or oxygen with the release of heat.

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CONTD.

Pyrolysis is the precursor to gasification, and takes place as part of both gasification and combustion. It consists of thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen. It is essentially based on a long established process, being the basis of charcoal burning.

Pyrolysis

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Gasification

The newest method for generating electricity is

gasification. This method captures 65-70% of the energy present in solid

fuels by converting it first to combustible gases. These gases are then burnt as we currently burn natural gas, and

create energy.

The newest method for generating electricity is

gasification. This method captures 65-70% of the energy present in solid

fuels by converting it first to combustible gases. These gases are then burnt as we currently burn natural gas, and

create energy.

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Energy crops and plants industry are not established!

Straw from agriculture 650 Mton, 50% can be

used as energy,210 MTCE

Straw from agriculture 650 Mton, 50% can be

used as energy,210 MTCE

Forest industry and timber work waste:

270Mton, 30% can be used as energy, 50MTCE

Forest industry and timber work waste:

270Mton, 30% can be used as energy, 50MTCE

Biogas from livestock excreta and waste water 100MTCE

Biogas from livestock excreta and waste water 100MTCE

Municipal solid waste 155 Mton, about 25MTCE

Municipal solid waste 155 Mton, about 25MTCE

Biomass Energy Potential:385 MTCE

Biomass Energy Potential:385 MTCE

1.Biomass resources in China1.Biomass resources in China

Promote rural economy

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1.1 Agricultural waste The amount of straw that can be utilized as

modern energy increased by 1~2% every year. 60% of the total amount can be used as energy. After 2030, about 400~500 mil. tons of straw can

be used as energy, 200~300 M TCE. The consumption of straw for different purposes(2004)

Unit: million tons

Total 546

Consumption Potential as fuel

Return to soil Feedstuff

Paper making

290

Burned as fuel The rest

82 153 21 152 138

Power generation is the most efficient technology before the maturation of liquefaction technologies

Power generation is the most efficient technology before the maturation of liquefaction technologies


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1.2 Forestry residues 1.2 Forestry residues

125 million tons71.66 M TCE

Logging and timber processing77.60M tons44.23 MTCE

Firewood48.13 M tons27.43 M TCE

The preferential option for forestry residues should be raw materials for industries, then be used as fuel

The preferential option for forestry residues should be raw materials for industries, then be used as fuel


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1.3 Livestock excreta It is estimated that by the year of 2010 and 2020, the

excreta yield will be 2.5 and 4billion tons.

The collectable resource will be 180 and 290 M TCE

Complex composition and high water content

Low energy utilization Efficiency

Environmental protection requirement

Complex composition and high water content

Low energy utilization Efficiency

Environmental protection requirement


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1.4 Industrial organic wastes 50 billion m3 biogas can be produced from

food processing wastes– 35 MTCE

1.5 Municipal solid waste MSW production increased by 8% each year.

More than 80% of the total was treated by landfill.

Average calorific value of MSW : 4~5 MJ/kg According to the data of 2004 (150 M tons)—

25 M TCE. If 10% used for energy—2.5 M TCE


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1.5 Waste Vegetable Oil & Tallow

Waste oil and fat1 million tons/year

Cottonseed Oil1 million tons/year of cottonseed oil can be collected for biodiesel

production

1.6 million tons of cottonseed oil

9 million tons of cottonseed

4.86 million tons/year cotton production

Biodiesel: 2 million tons/year


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1.6 Energy crops

Marginal Land Availability in China32-75 million ha.

Marginal Land Availability in China32-75 million ha.

Set-aside land:7.34~9.37 million ha.

Energy crops

Set-aside land:7.34~9.37 million ha.

Energy crops

Cropland not in use in wintertime: -8.66 million ha.Set aside woodland:

- 16~57 million ha.Woody crops

Cropland not in use in wintertime: -8.66 million ha.Set aside woodland:

- 16~57 million ha.Woody crops

Existing oil plant forest

3.43 million ha.Biodiesel resource

Existing oil plant forest

3.43 million ha.Biodiesel resource


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Estimation: Energy crops production

Set-aside land7.34~9.37 million ha.

Set-aside land7.34~9.37 million ha.

Oil plant

Cropland not in use in wintertime -8.66 million ha.

Cropland not in use in wintertime -8.66 million ha.

9.53 MTCE/yr 9.53 MTCE/yr


Energy Crops Production Ethanol equivalence PotentialProductivity (ton/ ha) (ton/ ha) (MTCE/ yr)

Sweetsorghum

40%

60-80(haulm)3-5(grain)

4-6 18.35

Sweetpotato 20%

15-20 2-3 3.67

Cassava20%

20-30 4-6 7.34

Sugar cane10%

60-70 4-6 3.67

Total 33.03

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Estimation: Woody crops

Woody oil plant 4.1 million ha.

.Woody crops8.9 million ha.

2010: 800 thousand ha. of woody oil plant

2020: 13 million ha. of woody plant, 54 million tons dry material

35 million TCE/yr

6.7 million tons of biodiesel


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Biomass resource potential evaluation: MTCE

Item 2006 2010 2020 2030 2050Existing biomass resource 500 500 500 500 500

Utilized 220 200 180 150 100Available 280 300 320 350 400

Increment of biomass resource 0 30 230 470 580Agriculture and forest industy 20 140 300 400

Energy crops 10 40 70 80Marginal land planting 0 50 100 100

Total 500 530 730 970 1080Practically Available 280 330 550 820 980


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a. Waste material Large amount-clean

energy

b. Energy crops Scale-up

c. Non-edible species Food security-

Marginal land for production

The potential biomass development capacity:about 1 billion TCE

Types of BiomassFundamentalsFundamentals

Marginal land development-Protect existing cropland, forest and grassland

Development of energy crop agriculture and energy forest industry-enlarge the supply of biomass resource

Priority: Resource utilization and environmental protection


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AAPower generation

BBLiquid fuel

CC

Gas fuel

DDPelletized fuel

Types of Biomass Energy

Utilization

2. Status of Biomass Energy Utilization2. Status of Biomass Energy Utilization

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Characteristics of Biomass utilization: About 14% of the primary energy consumption in

the world: Outside China: Power generation>Fuel ethanol>Biodiesel>Industrial biogas In China: Household biogas>Fuel ethanol>others including power

generation The motivation differences:

Developed countries: CO2 emission reduction, environmental protection;

Developing countries: Energy supplements, promote agriculture development


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2. Status of Biomass Energy Utilization2. Status of Biomass Energy UtilizationM

atur

ity o

f tec

hono

lgy

Mat

urity

of t

echo

nolg

y

Market competition forceMarket competition force

High subsidy technologiesHigh subsidy technologies

Low subsidy technologiesLow subsidy technologies

Stage IIStage II

Stage IStage I Stage IVStage IV

Stage IIIStage III

Biodiesel from oil plantsBiodiesel from oil plants

Bioethanol from sugar and starchBioethanol from sugar and starch Pr

ofita

ble

poin

tPr

ofita

ble

poin

t

Biodiesel from waste oilBiodiesel from waste oil

PelletingPelletingBiogasBiogas

H2 from biomassH2 from biomass

Bioethanol from celluloseBioethanol from cellulose

Synfuel from gasificationSynfuel from gasification

Gsification power generationGsification power generation

Direct combustion power generationDirect combustion power generation

Polygeneration utilizationPolygeneration utilization

CHPCHP Engineering demonstrationEngineering demonstration

New technologies need to be exploredNew technologies need to be explored

Advanced technologies Advanced technologies

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There stages of biomass utilization technology: Commercialized technologies: High subsidy technologies: Biodiesel from oil plants, bioethanol from

sugar and starch Low subsidy technologies: Biogas, pelleting, direct combustion power

generation Engineering demonstration Fuel ethanol from cellulose, gasification power generation, synfuel from

gasification, direct liquefaction, combined cooling-heating-power generation(CHP);

Technologies under development Algae utilization, biosynthesis, H2 from biomass

Technologies need to be explored Polygeneration, et al.


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2. Status of Biomass Energy Utilization2. Status of Biomass Energy UtilizationThe trend of biomass energy utilizationThe trend of biomass energy utilization

Mat

urity

of t

echo

nolg

yM

atur

ity o

f tec

hono

lgy

Fuel ethanolFuel ethanol

20102010 20202020

PelletingPelleting

BiogasBiogas

Combustion power

generation

Combustion power

generation

Indirect liquefaction

Indirect liquefaction

Gasification power

generation

Gasification power

generation

Biodiesel from plant oil

Biodiesel from plant oil

Bioethanol from celluloseBioethanol from cellulose

Direct liquefaction

Direct liquefaction

H2 from biomassH2 from biomass

Engi

neer

ing

dem

onst

ratio

nEn

gine

erin

g de

mon

stra

tion

Indu

stry

de

mon

stra

tion

Indu

stry

de

mon

stra

tion

Com

mer

cial

izat

ion

Com

mer

cial

izat

ion

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In the near future

Just started Mainly from

corn

Status in ChinaStatus in China

Marginal land for the production of cassava,

sweet sorghum

Mid to long term directionMid to long term direction

Promote the development of fuel ethanol from cellulose Promote the development of fuel ethanol from cellulose

Bio-ethanolBio-ethanol


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Trend of biomass power generationDevelopments of different kinds of technologyCHP and comprehensive utilizationSmall to medium scale and stand alone power system


At present, power generation is still the main technology for biomass waste utilization At present, power generation is still the main technology for biomass waste utilization

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2. Status of Biomass Energy Utilization

Factors affect the generation capacity Factors affect the generation capacity Factors Direct

combustionGasification Remarks

Generation eff. >25MW >6MW Part of 12MW direct combustioncan also use high parametergeneration system

Biomass cost <10MW <10MW <60,000ton/yrInvestment&management

>6MW >3MW

6MW-10MW, the bigger the better;

The capacity for direct combustion: 6-12MW

The capacity for gasification(BIGCC): 4-12MW;

6MW-10MW, the bigger the better;

The capacity for direct combustion: 6-12MW

The capacity for gasification(BIGCC): 4-12MW;

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Resource cultivation and exploitation

Promote the development of

liquid fuel- substitution of

fossil fuel

Clean fuel for rural area : Fuel gas and solid fuel

Power generation, comprehensive utilization

Basic principles for the energy utilization of biomassBasic principles for the energy utilization of biomass

3.Targets of R&D in China3.Targets of R&D in China

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In the near future(2010):Biomass power generation: 600MWBiomass liquid fuel: 2 million ton/yr3~5% of agriculture and forestry waste can be used

In the near future(2010):Biomass power generation: 600MWBiomass liquid fuel: 2 million ton/yr3~5% of agriculture and forestry waste can be used

Mid-term target(2020)Biomass power generation: 3000MWBiomass liquid fuel: 15 million ton/yr15~20% of agriculture and forestry waste can be used




3.Targets of R&D3.Targets of R&DM

issi

ons

of d

evel

opm

ent

Mis

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s of

dev

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men

t

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3.Targets of R&D3.Targets of R&D Direction of Development

Development of Resources: Short to mid-term: mainly agriculture and forestry waste; Give

attention to energy crops and energy plants； Long term: Mainly energy agriculture and energy forestry;

Give attention to new resources, such as energy algae…..

Route of Technology Development: Short to mid-term: Biogas, pelleting, fuel ethanol, biodiesel,

power generation, CHP…. Mid to long term: Synfuel from gasification, ethanol from

cellulose, biochemical engineering; Long term: Algae technology, ocean biomass, H2 production…

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Component separation

Non-edible oil & fat

Hydrolysis

Pretreatment

Fermentation

Esterify

Pyrolysis & catalytic cracking

Gasification

Product separation

Refining

Heat & Power

Liquid fuel

Chemicals

CH4/H2

Power

Synthesis

Combustion

Residue

Separation

Microbe

Gas fuelNon-edible sugar and

starch

Cellulose

Summary of technologies

4.Technology Road Maps

High moisture content biomass

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EtheneAcetic acid

Heat/Power

SiO2

Fertilizer

Technologies for bio-conversionTechnologies for bio-conversion

Feedingstuff

Straw & sugar crops

Ethanol

Butanol……H2

CH4

Pre

-tr

ea

tme

nt

Hyd

roly

sis

Se

pa

rati

on

&

Co

nc

entr

ati

ng

Ch

em

ical

c

on

ve

rsio

n

Co

mb

ust

ion

Residue

Cellulose enzyme

Residue

Drying

Bacteria reconstruction

Micro-algae

Ste

pp

ed

Fer

men

tati

on

Sy

nc

hro

fe

rme

nta

tio

n


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Road Map for Biomass Bio-ConversionRoad Map for Biomass Bio-Conversion

DemonstrationDemonstrationPilot scalePilot scale IndustrializationIndustrializationExplorationExplorationNearly zero

emissionNearly zero

emissionLarge scale applicationLarge scale application

Lar

ge s

cale

hig

h-g

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ean

fu

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pp

licat

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PretreatmentPretreatment

Residue combustion tech

Residue combustion tech

Cellulose fermentation fuel ethanol 3000t/Y

Cellulose fermentation fuel ethanol 3000t/Y

Cellulose ethanol 10000t/Y

Cellulose ethanol 10000t/Y

SiO2 from ashSiO2 from ash Coupled Vaporized tech.

Coupled Vaporized tech.

Solid state fermation

Solid state fermation

Large scale application Large scale application Cellulose enzyme

solid state fermentation

Cellulose enzyme solid state

fermentation

2005 2010 2015 2020 2005 2010 2015 2020

Bench scale H2 from micro-algae

Bench scale H2 from micro-algae

H2 from micro-algae:

demonstration

H2 from micro-algae:

demonstration

Genetic tech. for bacteria cultivatio

Genetic tech. for bacteria cultivatio

Large scale bio-gas

application

Large scale bio-gas

application

Coupled tech. for CH4/H2 production

Coupled tech. for CH4/H2 production

100M3 CH4/H2 Demonstration

100M3 CH4/H2 Demonstration

Continuous fermentation for

biogas

Continuous fermentation for

biogas

Large scale biogas10000M3

Large scale biogas10000M3


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So

lid

bi o

mas

s

Pyrolysis liquefaction

Catalytic de-oxygen liquefaction

Bio-oil

Fuel gas

Separation Chemicals

Chemical modulation

Boiler Fuel

Catalytic synthesis

Combustion

Diesel

Gasoline

Heat & Power

Methanol

Technologies for solid biomass thermal-Technologies for solid biomass thermal-chemical conversionchemical conversion

Fractionation

DME

CH4Gasification H2

Syngas

Reforming

RefiningVehicle fuel


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Road Map for biomass thermal chemical conversion

Advanced gasificaiton

Advanced gasificaiton

Gas refineryGas refinery

Demonstration >3000t/a

Demonstration >3000t/a

Indirect liquefation>10000t/a

Indirect liquefation>10000t/a

Pilot scale1000t/a

Pilot scale1000t/a

Syngas synthesis >3000t/a

Syngas synthesis >3000t/a

2007 2010 2015 2020 2007 2010 2015 2020

Industrialization of BIGCC

Industrialization of BIGCCBIGCCBIGCC Large scale applicationLarge scale application

CO2 rich synthesis

CO2 rich synthesis

Pilot scale 1000t/a

Pilot scale 1000t/a

1000t/a1000t/aSelectivity liquefaction

Selectivity liquefaction

Bio-oil separation & refinery

Bio-oil separation & refinery 1000t/a1000t/a

3000t/a3000t/a Direct liquefaction>10000t/a

Direct liquefaction>10000t/a

200t/a200t/a



emissionNearly zero


Lar

ge s

cale

bio

mas

s en

ergy

ap

plic

atio

nL

arge

sca

le b

iom

ass

ener

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pp

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Lip

id

ab

stra

cti

on

Feedingstuff

Glycol ……

Oil

pla

nt

&

alg

ae

Oth

er

lipid

High value conversion

Esterification

acetone

Chemicals Enzyme

Se

pa

rati

on

Catalyst

Fertilizer

High value conversion Medicine

……

Technologies for biodiesel

BiodieselLipid

Residue

Glycerin


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Continuous reaction

Continuous reaction

Residue high value conversion

Residue high value conversion

Pilot plant 3000t/YPilot plant 3000t/Y 30000t/Y 30000t/Y

Medicine component abstraction

Medicine component abstraction

Pilot scale comprehensive

utilization

Pilot scale comprehensive

utilization

500t/Y500t/YLarge scale

polygeneration process

Large scale polygeneration

process

Glycerin high value conversion

Glycerin high value conversion

2005 2010 2015 2020 2005 2010 2015 2020

Magnetism nano-catalytic reaction

Magnetism nano-catalytic reaction

Road Map for Biodiesel



emissionNearly zero


Lar

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hig

h g

rad

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app

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Biomass (Final Ppt)

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