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![Page 1: Biomass Comes of Age Introducing BioHubs: The high level sector drivers; The role for “surplus” biomass; and The crucial benefits for MSW managers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070307/551b3ef8550346d31b8b468c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biomass Comes of Age
Introducing BioHubs: The high level sector drivers; The role for “surplus” biomass; and The crucial benefits for MSW managers
Regional BioHub ForumThursday, 13th February 2014
University of New England, Armidale
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The Drivers – The Need & the Opportunity
In the face of the related global agendas of:– Climate change;– Resource depletion, and the need to establish– Sustainable economic systems;
a definitive conclusion is the need to limit the use of fossil fuel resources and so to reduce Greenhouse Gas accumulation in the atmosphere.
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– The only logical source of supply for carbon based molecules in a resource depleted and carbon constrained future.
– The original source of the “solar powered” conversion of atmospheric carbon(CO2) into vegetative biomass – the original source of fossil fuels – that we are being discouraged to use.
– “Waste” biomass – no longer the “ugly ducking”.
Biomass Comes of Age
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Essential Biobased ProductsModern complex economies cannot operate without the carbon based molecules currently supplied by fossil resources, for the full range of uses and “drop in” alternatives, including:
– The complete range of chemicals and products from the integrated petrochemical sector;
– Coke/coal/reductant materials that are essential for the metals manufacturing/smelting sector;
– The agricultural fertilizer/soil productivity sector; and
– Specialised and liquid transport fuels sector, with special focus on aviation fuels.
NB: More than just compost or firewood. Bioenergy as an important by-product.
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Biomass currently presents as 5 generic sources (defined by commercial circumstances at point of presentation):
1. Forestry and Agricultural harvest residues – Characteristics: seasonal or campaign availability but homogeneous by-product of core activity.
2. Forestry and Agricultural processing residues – Characteristics: regularly available, homogenous and geographically concentrated but a supply pushed by-product.
3. Urban waste streams – Characteristics: end of (first) life arisings to be recovered as reliable, but heterogeneous flows via streaming/cascading systems.
4. Land Management & Development Arisings – Characteristics: one off or irregular arisings of potentially high value homogeneous biomass.
5. Specially grown or generated biomass – Characteristics: highest quality, reliably available but most expensive as primary production costs to be recovered in sale of materials. Needs cost effective outlet for by-products.
Biomass Sources
Value adding wastes & residues to make the primary activity more profitable
Will benefit from shared systems & infrastructure over time
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Highest Net Resource Application of Available Biomass
Low carbon energy sources
Features/PropertiesA B C D E F G H I
Renewable On demand supply Heat Power Gas Oil Char
PetroChem industry
manufacturing precursors
Potential to be
Carbon negative
Fossil fuels with sequestration
Hydro Wind Solar – thermal Solar – PV Geothermal Wave/Tidal Nuclear Biomass
Table 1: Comparison of benefits and properties of non fossil sources
Whilst <100yrs biomass can be converted to fulfil all the roles currently provided by fossil resources – there is nowhere near enough – so should be applied to highest and best uses – bioenergy as a by-product.
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Biomass comes in 5 Distinct Types
Input materials that need to be paid for
Input materials that pay a
disposal fee to the facility operator
-$200 0 $200+
1. Agricultural & forest residues 0-----------150 X X2. Downstream processing of agricultural & forest materials (30)-----------100 X X X3. Urban wastes a) MSW organics (100)----------0 X X b) Green/garden wastes (50)----0 X X X c) C&D/C&I wood wastes (60)-----0 X X4. Land management residues a) Development/infrastructure maintenance operations (20)-----50 X X b) Woody weed/land management sources (20)-----50 X X5. Special purpose plantings a) Agroforestry 0------80 X X b) Dedicated plantations 50-------150 X X X c) Algae and similar 50-------150 X X X
Essential prerequisite for all sources if the benefits over using fossil resources are to be fully achieved and monetized.
3 Reliability/predictability of supply or availability
4 Relative quality of material2 $ Value/gate fees likely to be realised at the gate of the initial processing centre (or BioHub)
Biomass Source
1 Sustainability of biomass
yield
365 days/yr
Regular but seasonal
Sporadic, campaign based,
unreliable Homogeneous Heterogeneous
NB: Integration and collaboration across all the biomass sources necessary to achieve cost effectiveness of final products.
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A “scrap yard” for waste or surplus biomass
A receiver of last resort
A “rail head silo” for specifically grown biomass
A first point of receival
The first point of assessment, value adding and/or pretreatment for whatever materials is presented.
What is a BioHub?
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The Main Features of a BioHub Making finished/tailored products from the full range of
available materials to ensure customer satisfaction:• Fertilizers• Metallurgical charcoals• Bioenergy• Supply to high capital processors up the supply chain
Servicing local communities – as part of an integrated network
• Some too much supply – not enough local markets
• Some too much product demand – no biomass supply
• Very few “Goldilocks” opportunities – hence network and collaboration
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Whole of Life Cycle Materials Management
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Whole of Life Cycle Materials Management (contd. )
Key:1 The productive economy1a Primary industry 1b Manufacturing 1c Consumer 2 Point of discard for metropolitan solid waste (MSW) 2a Point of discard for commercial and industrial (C&I) waste3 First point of receival for residual MSW 4 First point of receival for dry recyclables5 First point of receival for organics6 Return of materials into the productive economy — metals7 Return of materials into the productive economy — inerts8 Return of materials to the productive economy — mixed organics and biomass9 Return of materials to the productive economy — high calorific and hydrocarbon-based materials10 Return of materials to the productive economy — source-separated organics11 Point of discard — occasional, bulky, valuable or hazardous materials11a Point of discard — valuable or toxic C&I12 Special value recovery facilities13 Treatment and detoxification facilities14 Return of materials to the productive economy — treated toxics and household hazardous 15 Return of materials to the productive economy — special value recovery
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Lessons learned for biomass fraction:– Paper/cardboard– Glass– Metals
Two stage process:– Waste sector – Fee-for-Service – collect and pretreat– Product manufacturing
• Consumer facing• Based originally on virgin supplies• Lives and dies on product quality
Success requires recovering resources from urban waste streams such that they can beneficially supplement/replace virgin resources in established product manufacturing.
Making “Real” Products from Waste(Creating the market pull for recovered resources back into the
productive economy)
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What an Integrated “Streaming/Cascading” System Could Look Like for New England
Hard Waste
Residual MSW(Red)
6 DROP OFF
HHW
8 Compost TorrefactionPyrolysisThird party supplyGreen power
Return to manufacturer
9 Modular EfW
Organics
Residue
Discard Options
First Point of Receival
Specialist Reprocessing
11 MarketsEnd Uses
Garden
Yellow
5 VATS/AWT
Sell to highest bidder
Treatment (on behalf of originator?)
10 Landfill– Non putrescible– >90% diversion
Confirmed markets / end users
4 MRF
Recy
clab
les
Residues
Inerts
MetalsHCF/synthetics 7 Polymer recovery
PetrochemRDF/PEF
As directed
Scrap
CompostConfirmed char/ charcoal specialty marketsGreen Power
Black Power
Residue
Ash
Residuals
2 C&I (and C&D) pre-sorted
Civil applications
Brand
Market
3 Regional Organics
• Agricultural & forest harvestresidues
• Agricultural & forest processingresidues
• Land management residues
• Special purpose plantings
1
Residues
Reje
cts
Recyclables to market directly or via MRF
Wood/organics
Paper/cardboardColour sorted glassMetalsPolymer sorted plastics
Established markets& end users
and / or
A
B
E
C
D
F
G
H
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Projected Benefits for Councils
– > 90% diversion
– Cap on waste management charges immediately:
Then CPI certainty
Then downward pressure on costs and charges
– No need to take process and market risk
– Opportunity to “invest” in profitable resource recovery operations
– Encourage and facilitate growth and employment
Ultimately financed from the recovered value from the materials under management
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Only Collaboration Can Achieve these Results
– No single industry sector can achieve optimum results on their own
– No council can achieve optimum results on their own
– It requires:
Regional collaboration
Multi council based strategies
Multi product flexibility
Technology as servants not masters
Governments (x3) to support initial scoping, planning and feasibility studies
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Greatly Simplified MSW/AWT
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Green/Garden Waste Management for Best Quality and Value
Demographic Survey Data
Waste Audit Data
Home Multi Occupation Council owned
parks & gardens
Conscientious, motivated,
active
Conscientious, motivated,
inactive
Can’t be bothered
Conscientious and motivated
Can’t be bothered
Conscientious and motivated
30% 40%? 30%? 50%? 50%? 100%? Mixed putrescible (…)%? Vege food preparation (…)%? Small garden (…)%? Large garden (…)%? Wood/stumps (…)%?
*Potential values to be then compared with the status quo and the cost/benefit of the alternative schemes
Likely Quality/Quantity Assessment*