Biomass, Batteries and Balancing the Future

Biomass, Batteries and Balancing the Future

Rachel Lee

University of Sheffield

With thanks to

EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Energy Storage and Its Applications

Content• We’ve always stored energy so…

• What’s changed - some current challenges

• What can biomass and batteries contribute?

• How might we design a future system?

• Conclusions


Historical Energy Storage


What’s Changed?It depends on the time scale….


Sub-second sensitivity

High/Low Events Standard Deviation

System Frequency

Thanks to Sam Homan, University of Sheffield


48.7

48.8

48.9

49.0

49.1

49.2

49.3

49.4

49.5

49.6

49.7

49.8

49.9

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

Time (s)

23200

23400

23600

23800

24000

24200

24400

24600

24800

25000

Gen

erat

ion/

Load

(MW

)

Frequency (High Inertia) Frequency (Low Inertia) Generation (High Inertia)Generation (Low Inertia) Load (High Inertia) Load (Low Inertia)

Aside on Inertia – Why it’s important1800M

W G

eneration Loss

Frequency Nadir with 200GVA-s Inertia

Frequency Nadir with 100GVA-s Inertia

Automatic Load-

disconnection Threshold


Daily Dramas and Duck Curves

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7D

eman

d (N

orm

alis

ed t

o Ea

rly H

ours

Mea

n)

2014 - Total Demand 2014 Exc. Solar2015 20162017 2018


0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7D

eman

d (N

orm

alis

ed t

o Ea

rly H

ours

Mea

n)

2018 2018 - Total Demand

Daily Dramas and Duck Curves


Winter highs


Reflections on Wind?


Inter-Seasonal WoesDecarbonising Heat

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

TWh

per D

ay

Heat Pump Additional Demand at CoP=2.5

Base Daily Electricity Demand

Additional Electrolyser Demand (MeanMonthly @ 65% x 90% efficiency)


What can Biomass and Batteries Contribute?


Some perspective….

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

02468

101214161820

Current UKBatteries

DinorwigPumpedHydro

Drax BiomassStorage

65% of15Million EV

Batteries

Pow

er O

utpu

t (Pe

rcen

tage

of m

ean

dem

and)

Stor

age

Capa

city

(Hou

rs o

f mea

n de

man

d)

Hours of Storage at Mean DemandPower Output (% of mean demand)


Biomass & Batteries together?

Note: ‘ ‘ means very unlikely not always impossible!

Gri

d B

atte

ries

EV

Bat

teri

es

Cold

B

iom

ass

Pla

nt

Hot

B

iom

ass

Pla

nt

True Inertia

Synthetic Inertia ? N/A N/A

Frequency Response ?

Short-Term Reserve (Minutes-Hours)

Medium term Balancing (Hours – Days) ?

Long Term Balancing (Days – Week(s)) ?

Inter-Seasonal Balancing / Heating ? N/A


How might a summer week look?

Biomass?

Biomass?


Future systemsDesign and Operation


Biomass & batteries: balancing

Waste Boiler

Waste Store GHeat

Pump

GBiomass

BoilerBiomass

Store

Thermal Store


Biomass & batteries:sub-second sensitivity

Waste Boiler

Waste Store GHeat

Pump

G

EfW ~5-10% reqd. inertia(20Mt waste @ 12GJ/t)

Low InertiaGeneration

Grid BatteriesSynthetic Inertia

Sync. Compensators+ Flywheel/turbine

Biomass Boiler

Biomass Store


Biomass & batteries:Daily Dramas and Duck Curves

Waste Boiler

Waste Store GHeat

Pump

G

Thermal Store


Biomass & batteries:Winter Highs

Waste Boiler

Waste Store GHeat

Pump

GBiomass

BoilerBiomass

Store

Thermal Store


Biomass & batteries:Inter-seasonal Woes

Waste Boiler

Waste Store GHeat

Pump

GBiomass

StoreBiomass

Boiler

Thermal Store

Geo-thermal Store


Biomass & batteries:Inter-seasonal Woes

Waste Boiler

Waste Store GHeat

Pump

GLiquid or Gas Biofuel

Thermal Store

Geo-thermal Store

After Claverton Energy Group Members


Conclusions


Take away messages• Biomass and batteries could be good partners

• Biomass plant could contribute inertia and other services when offline• Potential revenue stream during summer shut-down months

• EV V2G could give time to get biomass plant online

• EfW with CHP & District Heating:• summer base heat load for domestic/commercial hot water• Power to industrial heat pumps to top-up DH / thermal stores• Will contribute to grid stability / inertia

• Biomass provides inter-seasonal storage possibilities• Can also top-up thermal/geo-thermal store during ‘shoulder periods’

• Biomass will always be a niche solution – there isn’t enough to go round……• Focus on solving niche problems?

Biomass, Batteries and Balancing the Future

Discussion….

Biomass, Batteries and Balancing the Future

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