Biolubricants: technical and market survey - ValBiom · Biolubricants: technical and market survey...

Author: Julie Roïz, [email protected], +32 81 62 23 50. ValBiom – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech – Université de Liège

Document « FARR-Wal » - Avec le soutien de la Région wallonne – DGO3 Réf. 2012_JR_05

Biolubricants: technical and market survey

January 2012 – July 2012

PATENT: new patents on biolubes (C10M) since January 2012…………....….01-14 TECHNICAL SIDE: what’s new from labs?.……………………………………………..15-50 LCA...................................................................................................................../ POLICY…………………………………………………………………………………………………..51 LEGISLATION………………………………………………………………………………………….../ ON THE WEB................................................................................................52-59 ECO-LABELS IN EUROPE………………………………………………………….…………..60-62



01-- PATENT: ESTER OILS

Publication number: WO2012024808 (A1) Publication date: 2012-03-01 Inventor: LAEMMLE PATRICK [CH]; WALTERSPIEL BERNARDO [CH]; WOYDT MATHIAS [DE] Applicant: PANOLIN AG [CH]; LAEMMLE PATRICK [CH]; WALTERSPIEL BERNARDO [CH]; WOYDT MATHIAS [DE] Category: C10M105/36; C10M105/38 According to a first aspect, an ester oil, in particular for producing a hydraulic fluid and/or a lubricant, containing an esterification product from the esterification of at least one monoalcohol with at least one polycarboxylic acid, is characterized in that the monoalcohol and/or the polycarboxylic acid originates from renewable raw materials. According to a second aspect, an ester oil, in particular for producing a hydraulic fluid and/or a lubricant, containing an esterification product from the esterification of at least one monocarboxylic acid with at least one dialcohol, is characterized in that the dialcohol

and/or the monocarboxylic acid originates from renewable raw materials. 02-- PATENT: VEGETABLE OIL OF HIGH DIELECTRIC PURITY, METHOD FOR OBTAINING SAME AND USE IN AN ELECTRICAL DEVICE Patent number: US2012061629 (A1) Publication date: 2012-03-15 Inventor: PULIDO SANCHEZ ALBERTO JOSE [MX]; URZUA HERNANDEZ CARLOS MANUEL [MX]; CAZARES MENDEZ SERGIO FRANCISCO [MX]; VILLARREAL RIOS JERONIMO R [MX]; CONTRERAS DE LEON JOSE EULALIO [MX]; GUERRA ZUBIAGA DAVID APOLINAR [MX] Applicant: / Category: C10M101/04; H01B3/20 A dielectric high purity vegetable oil-free from antioxidants and/or external additives to be used in electric equipment such as transformers, as isolating element and as cooling

means and a method for obtaining the same in which the dielectric high purity vegetable oil-is obtained by means of the optimization of the bleaching steps-and deodorizing-from the Refining process-known as Modified Caustic Refining Long-Mix (RBD). 03-- PATENT: LUBRICANT ADDITIVES Patent number: US2012108480 (A1) Publication date: 2012-05-03 Inventor: BLOOM PAUL [US] Applicant: ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO [US] Category: C10G3/00; C10M129/70; C10M145/22 Processes are described for producing liquid, biobased lubricant additives containing from 50 to 100% biobased carbon according to ASTM D6866 from heat-bodied oils by transesterification with biobased or petroleum based alcohols and by hydrotreatment of at least the resulting diesters, triesters and polyesters.

04-- PATENT: BIOLUBRICANT ESTERS FROM THE ALCOHOLS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS Patent number: MX2011013133 (A) Publication date: 2012-02-13

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Inventor: MILLER STEPHEN JOSEPH [US]; ELOMARI SALEH; ZHOU ZHEN

Applicant: CHEVRON USA INC [US] Category: C07C29/10D4; C07C29/147; C07C67/08; C07C69/30; C10M129/74 The present invention is generally directed to triester-based lubricant compositions. The present invention is also directed to methods of making these and other similar lubricant compositions. In some embodiments, the methods for making such triester-based lubricants utilize a biomass precursor comprising mono-unsaturated fatty acids, wherein such mono-unsaturated fatty acids are reduced to mono-unsaturated fatty alcohols en route to the synthesis of triester species for use as/in the triester-based lubricant compositions. Subsequent steps in such synthesis may employ carboxylic acids and/or acyl halides/anhydrides derived from biomass and/or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. 05-- PATENT: SYNTHESIS OF BIOLUBRICANT ESTERS FROM UNSATURATED FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES Patent number: MX2011013030 (A)

Publication date: 2012-02-08 Inventor: MILLER STEPHEN JOSEPH [US]; ELOMARI SALEH A; ZHOU ZHEN Applicant: CHEVRON USA INC [US] Category: C07C29/132; C07C29/147; C07C67/08; C10M105/38; C11C3/00; C11C3/12 The present invention is generally directed to diester-based lubricant compositions comprising one or more isomeric mixtures of diester species. The present invention is also directed to methods of making these and other similar lubricant compositions. In some embodiments, the methods for making such diester-based lubricants utilize a biomass precursor material from which mono-unsaturated free lipid species can be provided or otherwise generated, wherein such mono-unsaturated free lipid species are converted to isomeric diol species en route to the synthesis of diester species for use as/in the diester-based lubricant compositions. 06-- PATENT: STABILISER AND ADDITIVE COMPOUND FOR COMBUSTION

ENGINES Patent number: CH703950 (B1) Publication date: 2012-04-30 Inventor: SCHAEFER VOLKER DR [DE]; BOTZ OTTO HEINRICH [CH] Applicant: NATOIL AG [CH] Category: C10M129/00; C10M141/06 Use of stabilizer composition comprising (A) at least one epoxidized natural oil and/or fatty acid ester (a1) and (a2) at least one epoxidized natural fatty acid glyceride, as component (A) with a sterically hindered phenol as component (B), for the stabilizing crude oil, at least partially refined oil or synthetic esters, is claimed. An independent claim is included for an additive composition comprising the components (A) and (B). 07-- PATENT: LUBRICANT FOR POWDER METALLURGY Patent number: US2012031233 (A1)

Publication date: 2012-02-09 Inventor: RAPP LINDENAU RENE [DE]; WIMBERT LARS [DE] Applicant: / Category: B22F1/00A4N; C04B35/632; C10M105/38; C10M105/40; C10M169/04

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A lubricant for use in a powder mixture is disclosed. This lubricant contains carnauba wax

and at least one plant- or animal-based fat. A powder mixture using this lubricant can be used to compact green parts have higher densities and helps to improve the life of the tools compacting the powder. 08-- PATENT: CONVERSION OF VEGETABLE OILS TO BASE OILS AND TRANSPORTATION FUELS Patent number: WO2012030646 (A2) Publication date: 2012-03-08 Inventor: MILLER STEPHEN J [US] Applicant: CHEVRON USA INC [US]; MILLER STEPHEN JOSEPH [US] Category: C10G3/00; C10G45/58; C10G50/00; C10G57/02; C10G65/04D; C10G69/12P; C10L1/08; C10L1/16B; C10M101/00; C10M105/04; C10M107/10; Y02E50/13. The present invention is directed to methods (processes) and systems for processing triglyceride-containing, biologically-derived oils to provide for base oils and transportation

fuels, wherein partial oligomerization of fatty acids contained therein provide for an oligomerized mixture from which the base oils and transportation fuels can be extracted. Such methods and systems can involve an initial hydrotreating step or a direct isomerization of the oligomerized mixture. 09-- PATENT: NON-AQUEOUS LUBRICANT AND FUEL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING FATTY ACID ESTERS OF HYDROXY- CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AND USES THEREOF Patent number: WO2012056191 (A1) Publication date: 2012-05-03 Inventor: WEST KEVIN RICHARD [GB] Applicant: CASTROL LTD [GB]; WEST KEVIN RICHARD [GB] Category: C10L1/19; C10L1/19F; C10L10/08; C10M129/70; C10M129/76; C10M129/78 The use as an anti-wear additive and/or friction modifier in a non-aqueous lubricant

composition and/or in a fuel composition of at least one long chain fatty acid ester of a hydroxy carboxylic acid in which the long chain fatty acid has at least 4 carbon atoms and the ester is an oil-soluble ester of a mono- or poly- hydroxy carboxylic acid having 1 to 4 groups which are independently carboxylic acid groups or lower hydrocarbyl esters thereof and in which, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a mono-hydroxy carboxylic acid, the ester has a long chain fatty acid ester moiety of the hydroxy group of the hydroxy carboxylic acid and, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid, the ester has independently long chain fatty acid ester moieties of one or two of the hydroxy groups of the poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid. Also, a non-aqueous lubricant composition and a fuel composition for an internal combustion engine which comprises at least one of said long chain fatty acid esters. 10-- PATENT: ASYMMETRIC ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS USEFUL AS LUBRICANTS Patent number: EP2444388 (A1)

Publication date: 2012-04-25 Inventor: GARCIA COLOMER ALBERT [ES]; GRANERO TORNE FRANCESC [ES]; BELTRAN GIRALT LLUIS [ES]; PLANAS SAUTER ANTONI [ES] Applicant: IND QUIMICA LASEM S A [ES] Category: C10M105/42; C10M129/78





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Composition comprising at least one ester of one or more saturated C 18 fatty acids and

an alcohol, wherein the fatty acids have between 1 and 3 pairs of vicinal ester groups of formula R 1 COO-, the two vicinal ester groups in each pair being different, R 1 is a radical independently selected from linear or branched (C 1 -C 18 ) alkyl; and the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of a (C 1 -C 15 ) linear or branched monohydric alcohol and a (C 2 -C 6 ) polyhydric alcohol having between 2 and 4 hydroxyl groups obtainable by a process comprising: a) epoxidizing a product comprising at least an ester of an unsaturated C 18 fatty acid and of an alcohol; followed by ring opening of the epoxide and b) reacting the compound obtained in step a) with a (C 1 -C 18 ) linear or branched carboxylic acid different from the one used in step a). The composition obtainable by the process of the invention is useful as lubricant base stock oil or as an additive to modulate the viscosity and/or the pour point of lubricant compounds. 11-- PATENT: ALKOXYLATED CARBOHYDRATE ESTERS AND THEIR USE Patent number: EP2439187 (A1)

Publication date: 2012-04-11 Inventor: MAINX HANS-GEORG [DE]; HOFER PETER [DE]; BUSCH STEFAN [DE]; MAHNKE EIKE-ULF [DE] Applicant: COGNIS IP MAN GMBH [DE] Category: C07C67/03; C07H13/06; C10M105/38 Suggested are new adducts of on average 1 to 80 moles ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide to esters of carbohydrates selected from the group consisting of dextrose, saccharose, maltose and maltotriose. 12-- PATENT: ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS Patent number: EP2420553 (A1) Publication date: 2012-02-22 Inventor: MACPHERSON IAN [US]; PETTIGREW ANN [US] Applicant: AFTON CHEMICAL CORP [US]

Category: C10M161/00; C10M171/00 A lubricant additive composition having environmentally compatible characteristics as defined by European Council Directive 67/548/EEC is disclosed. Such a composition may include components selected from non-persistent materials, non-bioaccumulative materials, or non-toxic materials. 13-- PATENT: ESTOLIDE DERIVATIVES PREPARED FROM TRIGLYCERIDES Patent number: WO2012040175 (A1) Publication date: 2012-03-29 Inventor: NAIR SREEJIT [IN]; KAUJALGIKAR SAURABH [IN]; VINCI DANIELE [BE] Applicant: DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC [US]; NAIR SREEJIT [IN]; KAUJALGIKAR SAURABH [IN]; VINCI DANIELE [BE] Category: C10M105/42 A process to prepare an estolide derivative composition comprises reacting a triglyceride

having an unsaturation level of less than 0.1 m Eq/g and an alcohol having from 2 to 22 carbon atoms, under conditions such that a product including an oligomerized ester having residual hydroxyl groups is formed; and reacting the product with a capping agent under conditions such that an estolide derivative composition is formed. The compositions may exhibit desirably low pour point, desirable viscosity and thermoxidative


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stability, and a high level of renewable carbons, making them suitable for use as

biolubricants, process fluids, plasticizers, or starting materials for polyurethane polymers. 14-- PATENT: MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL LUBRICANTS Patent number: US2012129746 (A1) Publication date: 2012-05-24 Inventor: ENECKE HERMAN PAUL [US]; GARBARK DANIEL B [US]; VIJAYENDRAN BHIMA RAO [US]; CAFMEYER JEFFREY [US] Applicant: BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE [US] Category: C10M105/42; C10M109/02; C11C3/00; C11C3/04 Lubricants based on renewable feedstocks and methods of making them. 15-- TECHNICAL SIDE: MICROWAVE-BASED MANUFACTURING FOR LOWER-COST BIOBASED LUBRICANTS AND CHEMICALS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROWAVE-BASED PROCESSES FOR MANUFACTURING BIOBASED GREASE IS REVIEWED,

AND THE ECONOMIC IMPACT THESE PROCESSES COULD HAVE IS PRESENTED (REVIEW) International News on Fats, Oils and Related Materials Volume 23, Issue 6, June 2012, Pages 388-394 L. Honary A new technique to heat oil, based on the same principle as the household microwave oven, could be used to manufacture biobased greases efficiently and with less danger of fire. 16-- TECHNICAL SIDE: MICROWAVE BARREL REACTOR USE IN TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE OLEATE SYNTHESIS BY CANDIDA ANTARCTICA LIPASE IN A BIPHASIC NON-SOLVENT PROCESS Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article Publication date 30 May 2012

Manuel Happe, Pascal Grand, Sébastien Farquet, Sandrine Aeby, Jean-Claude Héritier, François Corthay, Eric Mabillard, Roger Marti, Ennio Vanoli, Alain-François Grogg, Samuel Nussbaum, Alain Roduit, François Tièche, Sam Salem, Carole Constantin, Esther Schmitt, Silvan Zahno, Christoph Ellert, Ahmed Habib, Julien Wyss and Fabian Fischer A novel microwave barrel reactor (MBR) was constructed and used in lipase catalyzed biolubricant synthesis. The MBR is thought as a versatile process tool for biotransformation and green chemistry that overcomes current size limitations in microwave reactors. A lipase mediated biotransformation in the MBR was compared to a state of the art jacketed reactor with external heat exchanger. Oleic acid and trimethylolpropane converted quantitatively (96%) into biolubricants using microwave induction. The heat dissipation in the MBR was analyzed by thermal imaging and inside thermometry. Conversion rates, rate constants and pseudo reaction orders were in line with conventional processing and no microwave effect was detected. The MBR is a

versatile new reactor for non solvent, minimal and common solvent processing in the microwave field. While the subject of investigations was biolubricant synthesis in the MBR, the technology described is of wider potential interest in the field of biomass processing and sustainable chemical manufacture.





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17-- TECHNICAL SIDE: SYNTHESIS OF TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE ESTERS WITH

IMMOBILIZED LIPASE FROM CANDIDA SP. 99-125 Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic Volume 74, Issue 3-4, February 2012, Pages 151-155 Tao, Y. , Chen, B. , Liu, L. , Tan, T. The lubricants of the future have to be more environmentally adapted, have a higher level of performance. Synthesis esters (SEs) which can be used as raw materials for biodegradable lubricant base oils are increasing in popularity due to superior technical properties. Direct esterification of trimethylolpropane (TMP) with fatty acid in a solvent free system, by immobilized lipase from Candida sp. 99-125 was studied. Investigations of important factors were carried out involving temperature, time, enzyme amount, substrates molar ratio and water content. For 2 g caprylic acid, under the optimal conditions, with 0.4 g immobilized lipase, at substrates molar ratio 1:10 (TMP to acid), temperature 40 °C and water content controlled under 0.8% (w/w), the total conversion of fatty acid with TMP reached up to 96% and the formation of trisubstituted TMP esters

reached 93%. Water content controlled during esterification process was found to be critical for high yield of direct esterification. 18-- TECHNICAL SIDE: PRODUCTION OF CHEMOENZYMATIC CATALYZED MONOEPOXIDE BIOLUBRICANT: OPTIMIZATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Volume 2012, 2012, Article number 693848 Salimon, J. , Salih, N. , Abdullah, B.M. Linoleic acid (LA) is converted to per-carboxylic acid catalyzedby an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435). This per-carboxylic acid is only intermediate and epoxidized itself in good yields and almost without consecutive reactions. Monoepoxide linoleic acid 9(12)-10(13)-monoepoxy 12(9)-octadecanoic acid (MEOA) was optimized using D-optimal design. At optimum conditions, higher yield (82.14) and

medium oxirane oxygen content (OOC) (4.91) of MEOA were predicted at 15L of H2O2, 120mg of Novozym 435, and 7h of reaction time. In order to develop better-quality biolubricants, pour point (PP), flash point (FP), viscosity index (VI), and oxidative stability (OT) were determined for LA and MEOA. The results showed that MEOA exhibited good low-temperature behavior with PP of - 41 C. FP of MEOA increased to 128 C comparing with 115 C of LA. In a similar fashion, VI for LA was 224 generally several hundred centistokes (cSt) more viscous than MEOA 130.8. The ability of a substance to resist oxidative degradation is another important property for biolubricants. Therefore, LA and MEOA were screened to measure their OT which was observed at 189 and 168 C, respectively. 19-- TECHNICAL SIDE: NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANT ADDITIVES FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF NEW BIOLUBRICANT FORMULATIONS J Agric Food Chem.

2011 Dec 28;59(24):12917-24. Epub 2011 Dec 1. Quinchia LA, Delgado MA, Valencia C, Franco JM, Gallegos C. Knowledge of the oxidative stability of vegetable oils for lubricant applications is a key point, because vegetable oil oxidation potential is the main disadvantage for its use as a lubricant. Oil degradation after an oxidation process can seriously affect its lubricating


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function and increase wear. In this work, two different methods for evaluating the

oxidation stability of lubricating vegetable oils, the oxidation onset temperature, characterized through DSC measurements (ASTM E 2009-08), and the pressure drop in the oxygen pressure vessel (ASTM D 942-02), have been used. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis and FTIR studies have also been carried out. High-oleic sunflower (HOSO) and castor (CO) oils were selected and blended with natural ((+)-α-tocopherol (TCP), propyl gallate (PG), l-ascorbic acid 6-palmitate (AP)) or synthetic antioxidants (4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert- butylphenol) (MBP)), with the aim of formulating biodegradable vegetable-based lubricants according to REACH regulation.(1)The results showed that the most effective biodegradable antioxidant is PG, comparable to MBP, whereas lower effectiveness was obtained for TCP and AP. In relation to the methods tested, DSC measurements achieve accurate data more quickly for evaluating the oxidation stability of these basestocks, showing a linear correlation with the traditional method based on the oxygen bomb test. The empirical equation obtained depends on the mechanism involved in the antioxidant activity.

20-- TECHNICAL SIDE: FULLERENE C 60 AS AN INHIBITOR OF HIGH TEMPERATURE LIPID OXIDATION Carbon Volume 50, Issue 10, August 2012, Pages 3943-3946 Czochara, R., Ziaja, P., Piotrowski, P., Pokrop, R., Litwinienko, G. Non-isothermal oxidation of a model saturated lipid (stearic acid) in the bulk phase in the presence of fullerene C 60 at concentrations of 1-8 mM was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry in order to determine the kinetic parameters that describe the global first order oxidation process. The activation energies, pre-exponential factors, and rate constants calculated by the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method for the first detectable exothermic effect of oxidation, indicate the antioxidant behavior of C 60 over a wide range of temperatures that makes it a non-corrosive agent effectively increasing the oxidative stability of lubricants and biolubricants.

21-- TECHNICAL SIDE: POLYSULFIDE AND BIOBASED EXTREME PRESSURE ADDITIVE PERFORMANCE IN VEGETABLE VS PARAFFINIC BASE OILS Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research Volume 51, Issue 1, 11 January 2012, Pages 262-273 Biresaw, G. , Asadauskas, S.J., McClure, T.G. Twist compression tribotester (TCT) and 4-ball extreme pressure (EP) methods were used to investigate commercial polysulfide (PS) and biobased polyester (PE) EP additives in paraffinic (150N) and refined soybean (SOY) base oils of similar viscosity. Binary blends of EP additive and base oil were investigated as a function of additive concentration. In addition to weld point (WP), 4-ball EP produced a set of preweld data, notably peak torque and wear scar diameter, which were found to correlate with WP results. TCT gave a 5-fold larger time-to-failure (TTF) for neat SOY than for neat 150N, whereas 4-ball EP gave similar WP (120 kgf) values for both neat oils. This difference

was explained by invoking boundary contribution to TCT but not to 4-ball EP method. Both additives improved the WP and TTF of the base oils, which further increased with increasing additive concentration. However, the extent of the improvements was highly dependent on the chemistries of the additive and base oil of the blends. Thus, at similar concentrations, the WP of PE was higher in the 150N than in the SOY base oil, while the













WP of PS was higher in the SOY than in the 150N base oil. Similarly, TTF of 150N was

higher with blended PE than PS; whereas for SOY, it was higher with blended PS than PE. This chemistry effect was attributed to relative compatibility between EP additives and base fluids. The results suggest that a substantial reduction (up to 4-fold) in EP additive usage in commercial lubricant formulations can be achieved through proper selection of compatible base fluids and additives. 22-- TECHNICAL SIDE: TRIBOLOGICAL STUDY OF BORON-CONTAINING SOYBEAN LECITHIN AS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY LUBRICANT ADDITIVE IN SYNTHETIC BASE FLUIDS Tribology Letters 2012, DOI: 10.1007/s11249-012-9994-8 Li, W., Wu, Y., Wang, X. , Liu, W. Environmentally friendly boron-containing soybean lecithin (BSL) was synthesised. Constant temperature and humidity box was applied to evaluate the hydrolytic stability of

the novel lubricant additive. The friction-reducing, anti-wear, and extreme pressure performance of BSL in synthetic base fluids were studied by an optimol SRV-I oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester and four-ball tester. The hydrolytic resistance test results reveal that BSL possesses good hydrolytic stability. Tribological tests show that the friction-reducing performance of BSL in A51 is inferior to PAO10. The incorporation of BSL in synthetic basestock can dramatically reduce the wear volume of the lower steel disc under different test conditions. BSL can also enhance the load-carrying capacities of the synthetic base fluids. Morphology and chemical composition of the wear surface were characterized by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicated that excellent tribological performance of the BSL can be attribute to the formation of chemisorption and chemical reaction protecting films composed of Fe 2O 3, iron polyphosphates, organic amines, and BN, etc. 23-- TECHNICAL SIDE: STUDY ON VISCOSITY MODIFIERS FOR BIODEGRADABLE

ESTER BASED LUBRICANTS (NOTE) NLGI Spokesman Volume 76, Issue 2, May 2012, Pages 33-34 Vargo, D.M., Devore, D.A. The compatibility between several polymers and ester oils, e.g., synthetic ester and vegetable oils, were studied. The relationship between the structure of the polymer and the ester and their solubility characteristics in the ester oil was investigated. The ester oils include typical synthetic esters, e.g., mono ester, adipate ester, phthalate ester, tnmellitate ester, polyol ester, and trimethylopropane ester, and natural esters, e.g., soybean oil, canola oil, and castor oil. Mutual compatibility required similarities in structure of the polymer and the base oil, e.g., the presence of double bonds and/or the presence of ester functionality. Polymers that contain ester functionality, e.g., alkyl-diester copolymer copolymers and polymers that contain double bonds, e.g., polybutadiene were the most soluble in various synthetic ester and vegetable base oils.

24-- TECHNICAL SIDE: TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF SOME LONG-CHAIN DIMERCAPTOTHIADIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL LUBRICANT ADDITIVES IN VEGETABLE OIL AND INVESTIGATION OF THEIR TRIBOCHEMISTRY USING XANES












Tribology Letters

Volume 45, Issue 3, March 2012, Pages 465-476 Chen, H. , Yan, J., Ren, T. , Zhao, Y., Zheng, L. A series of novel long-chain dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives are prepared and used as antiwear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) additives in vegetable oil, and their tribological performance is tested by using a four-ball tester. In order to understand the friction process further, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy is adopted to analyze the chemistry of tribofilms under AW/EP regime, and meanwhile thermal films are also considered for comparison. These derivatives are capable in improving the tribological characteristic of the base stock, and disubstituted derivatives are more effective than other derivatives. Though disubstituted derivatives and disubstituted polysulfur derivatives all fail in improving tribological performance at 0.1 wt%, they are still helpful at other additive concentrations. All these long-chain thiadiazole derivatives, in particular the disubstituted polysulfur ones, are good at improving the EP characteristic of the base colza oil. Thermal films generated from these derivatives are composed of ferrous sulfate

and a small amount of adsorbed organic sulfide. During the heating process, these long-chain derivatives easily undergo thermal oxidation to generate high-valent sulfate on the metal surface. Ferrous sulfide is the main component of tribofilms generated by these derivatives, while ferrous sulfate in these films almost vanishes at 1.0 wt%. These long-chain derivatives tend to react with metal surface to generate low-valent sulfide under rubbing conditions. On the other hand, ferrous sulfide is also the main component of EP films generated by monosubstituted derivatives and disubstituted polysulfur derivatives at 1.0 wt%. But the EP films formed by disubstituted derivatives are composed of ferrous sulfide and ferrous sulfate. 25-- TECHNICAL SIDE: A SEARCH FOR ECOFRIENDLY DETERGENT/DISPERSANT ADDITIVES FOR VEGETABLE-OIL BASED LUBRICANTS Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 2011, Pages 1-11

Singh, A.K. , Singh, R.K. Carbonaceous deposits in automotive engines are the major problems associated with oil aging. Efficient detergents and dispersants have been used for several decades to solve this problem particularly in petroleum oils. But future lubricants and new engine hardware require development of new nontoxic detergent/dispersant additive technologies. Environmental concerns limit the formulation of the future lubricants. It requires not only the base oil to be ecofriendly but the additives also. In the present work, some of the potential ecofriendly chemical's molecules were identified. Specific detergents applications along with effects of chemical modifications were evaluated by Blotters Spot and Panel Coker Tests. Among the studied compounds, the PIB (polyisobutylene) succinimides are showing promising results at lower temperature, while at higher temperature piperazine derivatives citrate and oleate have the best potential to be develop as ecofriendly detergent/dispersant additives.

26-- TECHNICAL SIDE: EVALUATION OF PALM OIL METHYL ESTER AS LUBRICANT ADDITIVE USING MILLING AND FOUR-BALL TESTS International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Volume 6, Issue 3, December 2011, Pages 374-379 Dayou, S., Liew, W.Y.H. , Ismail, M.A.B., Dayou, J.




















This paper examines the effectiveness of POME (palm-oil methyl ester) as lubricant

additive based on the results obtained in the four-ball and milling tests. The results produced in the four-ball tests showed that small amount of POME as an additive in the mineral oil resulted in shorter running-in period, lower steady-state friction coefficient and degree of adhesion, and higher weld load. The presence of POME enhanced the effectiveness of the mineral oil in suppressing coating delamination and delaying the occurrence of cracking and fracture on the flank face of the tool during milling of stavax ® (modified 420 stainless steel). The results obtained in the four-ball tests suggested that this was due to a reduction in the cutting forces and lesser degree of welding of asperities brought about by the presence of POME. 27-- TECHNICAL SIDE: APPLICATION OF ECLS AND TODAY’S LEGISLATION Journal of ASTM International Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2012 Laemmle, P. , Rohrbach, P.

Environmentally considerate lubricants (ECLs)-the so called "bio oils"-were introduced in the mid 80s to minimize impact of lubrication on the environment. In the early 1990s the German RAL (Blue Angel) and the Swedish Standard organisations defined corresponding specifications for ECLs, other Eco-Labels followed. In 2005 the European Community released the directive 2005/360 defining the toxicity and ecotoxicity profile for ECLs, which qualifies them for the Euro-Marguerite. For more than 20 years top tier ECLs were used in mobile and stationary hydraulic equipment.Well documented field experiences not only demonstrate these lubricants contribute to the fulfillment of the new laws but also meet technical requirements for this equipment. In this paper important EC Directives related to lubricants and the protection of the environment are discussed and how they are implemented into national laws. In addition the benefits of ECL in hydraulic equipment are addressed. 28-- TECHNICAL SIDE: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STUDY ON PARTIALLY BIO-

BASED LUBRICANT BLENDS: THERMALLY MODIFIED SOYBEAN OIL WITH POPULAR COMMERCIAL ESTERS International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 5 (1), 2012, 33-37 Doll, K. M., Sharma, B. K. Thermally polymerised soybean oil (SBO) is compared with several other vegetable oils, including ordinary SBO and high-oleic SBO (HO SBO). Acid values (AVs) and kinematic viscosities of the oils were measured over 28 days on oils stored at 85°C. As expected, the AVs and viscosities increased with time and the HO SBO demonstrated similar but smaller effects. The thermally modified oil was not better than ordinary SBO necessitating the need for an optimised blending strategy. Lubricant blends were prepared by mixing thermally modified SBO with a series of compatible ester-based synthetic fluids. These displayed oxidative stabilities, by pressurised differential scanning calorimetry, similar to the bio-based oil. Furthermore, the kinematic viscosity and pour

point of the lubricant blend could be accurately controlled by careful tuning of the blend ratio. 29-- TECHNICAL SIDE: EVIDENCE CONTRARY TO THE ACCEPTED DIELS-ALDER MECHANISM IN THE THERMAL MODIFICATION OF VEGETABLE OIL







JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Volume 89, Issue 6, June 2012, Pages 987-994 Arca, M., Sharma, B.K., Price, N.P.J., Perez, J.M., Doll, K.M. A fatty methyl ester product has been made using two routes. Soybean oil was thermally polymerized anaerobically without a catalyst at 330 °C and the material was then transesterified using base catalyst and methanol. Alternatively, a similar product can be obtained by heating methyl linoleate to the same temperature in a pressure reactor. The product structure was studied by NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and mass spectrometry. It is a dimeric product which does not contain substituted cyclohexane structures. This evidence shows that the Diels-Alder reaction has not occurred under these conditions. This is in contradiction to many literature reports, but in agreement with a neglected paper from 1971. This correction has implications in both biodiesel and industrial oil products. 30-- TECHNICAL SIDE: ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF BLENDS OF BIO-

BASED ESTERS WITH POLYALPHAOLEFIN IN THE LOW FILM THICKNESS REGIME JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society Volume 89, Issue 6, June 2012, Pages 1091-1099 Bantchev, G.B. , Biresaw, G. , Cermak, S.C. The film thickness in elastohydrodynamic (EHD) conditions for soybean oil (SBO), oleic estolide ester (EST) and their binary blends with polyalphaolefins (PAO2 or PAO40) were studied at 30 and 100 °C. Changes with time, for up to 200 min, were monitored. SBO and its blends with the lower viscosity PAO2 showed initially good agreement with the Hamrock-Dowson (H-D) equation down to 1-3 nm film thickness. 60 min or more after the start of the measurements, boundary layers with thickness up to 4.7 nm were observed. The blend of SBO with the more viscous PAO40 showed initially a good agreement with H-D at 100 °C. Negative deviations in film thickness were observed 15 min after the start of the measurements. At extended periods of time, up to 200 min, they were less pronounced but still detectable. EST-PAO2 blend showed initially

formation of boundary layers with thickness around 2 nm. The boundary layer at 30 °C did not change for 200 min, while at 100 °C showed a decrease in thickness and/or viscosity with time. The EST and the EST-PAO40 blends showed good agreement with the H-D equation and did not display a boundary or fractionation layer within 200 min. 31-- TECHNICAL SIDE: EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF REFINED, BLEACHED, AND DEODORIZED PALM OLEIN AND PALM STEARIN IN COLD EXTRUSION OF ALUMINUM A1050 Tribology transactions 2012, vol. 55, no2, pp. 199-209 Syahrullail, S., Kamitani, S., Nakanishi, K. The performance of palm oil as a lubricant in a cold metal forming process was tested and evaluated by carrying out plane strain extrusion experiments and experimental analyses using a visioplasticity method. In the present research, two types of refined

palm oil, refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm olein and RBD palm stearin, were tested as lubricants. The workpiece material was aluminum JIS-A1050. The experiments were carried out at room temperature (22°C). Paraffinic mineral oils with varying degrees of viscosity were tested for comparison. The experiment used an extrusion apparatus in which the taper dies were facing together, with zero frictional constraint at the contact















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plane (corresponding to the plane plate tool) conducted, and results were compared with

those extruded with lubricants. Extrusion load and surface roughness of the billets were measured and compared. The distribution of the material flow velocity and effective strain in the exit zone of the billets were calculated using the visioplasticity method, and these data were also compared. The results confirmed that RBD palm olein and palm stearin provide sufficient lubrication performance in the cold work metal forming process. 32-- TECHNICAL SIDE: LOW-TEMPERATURE FLOW BEHAVIOUR OF VEGETABLE OIL-BASED LUBRICANTS Industrial Crops and Products Volume 37, Issue 1, May 2012, Pages 383–388 Quinchia, L. A., Delgado, M. A., Franco, J. M., Spikes, H. A., Gallegos, C. Low temperature performance is one of the main constraints concerning the use of vegetable oils as lubricants, more than mineral or synthetic oil-based lubricants. In this work, the low-temperature behaviour of a variety of vegetable oil basestocks for

lubricating applications, as well as their blends with some viscosity improvers and pour point additives, was studied through pour point determinations, thermal analysis (DSC) and viscosity measurements at low temperature. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was found a predominant parameter influencing the low-temperature properties of vegetable oil-based lubricants. The pour point depressant (PPD) additives used had a positive influence by lowering the pour point and increasing the low-temperature performance of the vegetable oils studied, which was found dependent on vegetable oil fatty acid composition. In this sense, the most striking result was shown by the sunflower (SO)/PPD blend, whose pour point temperature reached -36°C in comparison to -18°C for the neat oil. By contrast, the worst result was obtained for the high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO)/PPD blend (-21°C) in comparison with HOSO (-18°C). On the other hand, it was found that the ethyl cellulose (EC), used as viscosity modifier, induces a delay in HOSO crystallization, producing a similar effect than PPD tested, besides increasing the viscosity. However, the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)

induces an undesirable increase in HOSO viscosity at around 13°C. 33-- TECHNICAL SIDE: TRIESTER DERIVATIVES OF OLEIC ACID: THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ON LOW TEMPERATURE, THERMO-OXIDATION AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Industrial Crops and Products Volume 38, Issue 1, July 2012, Pages 107-114 Salimon, J. , Salih, N. , Yousif, E. Due to the strict regulations imposed on mineral oil-based lubricants because of their non-biodegradable wastes, the development and applications of biolubricants are increasing daily. Plant oils are being investigated as a potential source of environmentally favorable lubricants because of their biodegradability, renewability, viscosity-temperature relationship, low volatility and excellent lubrication performance. However, the use of plant oils has some restriction, the most critical being oxidative stability and low-

temperature problems. This paper presents systematic modifications to improve the physicochemical and tribological properties of plant oil derivatives. Thin-film micro-oxidation testing and pressure differential scanning calorimetry were used to compare the thermo-oxidative stabilities. The results showed that among the oleic acid-based triester compounds, 2-ethylhexyl 9-(myristoxy)-10-(heptanoyloxy)octadecanoate (9) had

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09266690

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the lowest pour point (-47.19 °C) while 2-ethylhexyl 9-(caprooxy)-10-

(heptanoyloxy)octadecanoate (5) had the highest onset temperature (103.10 °C) and the lowest amount of volatile loss and insoluble deposits at 89.17% and 78.51%, respectively. Overall, the data indicate that the biolubricant basestocks based on this chemical modification offer great potential for the development of industrial products. 34-- TECHNICAL SIDE: EFFECTS OF BLENDED VEGETABLE-BASED CUTTING FLUIDS WITH EXTREME PRESSURE ON TOOL WEAR AND FORCE COMPONENTS IN TURNING OF AL 7075-T6 Lubrication Science Article first published online: 25 JUN 2012. Early View (Online Version of Record published before inclusion in an issue) Kuram, E., Ozcelik, B. , Huseyin Cetin, M., Demirbas, E., Askin, S. In this study, performances of four different types of vegetable-based cutting fluids (VBCFs) over a commercial mineral cutting fluid were evaluated for machinability of Al

7075-T6. Lubrication properties of VBCFs were improved with additive of extreme pressure. Cutting force and tool wear data were obtained for performance analyses of cutting fluids during longitudinal turning of Al 7075-T6. Cutting, feed and radial forces indicated 1.70-38.25% improvements for VBCFs over the commercial mineral cutting fluid. The lowest average values of flank and nose wears obtained with blended cutting fluid containing 12% of extreme pressure were 0.09 and 0.10mm, respectively, whereas these values for the commercial mineral cutting fluid were 0.18 and 0.15mm. The scanning electron microscope results showed adherence of workpiece material occurred on rake and flank faces, and flank and nose wears were the dominant wear modes. It was found that performances of VBCFs during turning of Al 7075-T6 were better than that of the commercial mineral cutting fluid. 35-- TECHNICAL SIDE: TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-FERROUS COATING LUBRICATED WITH RAPESEED OIL CONTAINING LUBRICANT ADDITIVES

Lubrication Science Article first published online: 18 JUN 2012. Early View (Online Version of Record published before inclusion in an issue) Xin Feng, Yanqiu Xia With the increasing requirements of environmental protection, using lead, hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals will be prohibited in different surface coatings. In this paper, the non-ferrous CrN coatings and the rapeseed oil were chosen as friction pair and biodegradable lubricant. The tribology properties were investigated using SRV-IV reciprocating friction wear test. The worn surface of CrN coatings was observed and analysed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate that the rapeseed oil containing 1wt.% MoZn (MoDTC (molybdenum dithiocarbamate)+ZnDTP (zinc dithiophosphate) (1:3)) exhibits better friction-reducing properties than the rapeseed oil containing 1wt.% PN (an amine salt of an alkoxylphosphate) additives, whereas the rapeseed oil containing 1wt.% PN additive

exhibits better wear resistance properties than the rapeseed oil containing 1wt.% MoZn additives. This is partly attributed to the tribophysical and tribochemical reactions between the lubricant and the CrN coating sliding surfaces.


http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1557-6833/earlyview













36-- TECHNICAL SIDE: LUBRICATION MECHANISMS OF LAMELLAR FATTY ACID

FLUIDS Tribology Letters Volume 46, Issue 3, June 2012, Pages 285-297 Fay, H., Cayer-Barrioz, J., Mazuyer, D., Mondain-Monval, O., Ponsinet, V., Meeker, S. The lubrication mechanisms of different lamellar fluids are investigated as they are introduced in the thin contact zone between two macroscopic surfaces in motion in a friction measurement set-up. We simultaneously measure the film thickness and its lubricative properties under controlled contact kinematics. The lamellar phases consist of nanometric flat bilayers of fatty acid surfactant molecules organized in periodic stacks separated by a water/ethylene diamine solution. First, we examine the film forming capability of these phases when the two surfaces are moving at the same velocity, i.e. in ''pure rolling'' conditions. We observe the growth of a thick film in the contact which eventually reaches a stable value. The relatively high viscosity of the film leads to a

situation of so-called ''starved lubrication''. By modelling the film build-up process, we determine the viscosity of the lubricant and its piezoviscosity. As shear is applied between the surfaces, the lubricant film exhibits a constant thickness and a rather low frictional response. We correlate this behaviour to the combination of a relatively high viscosity value together with a low piezoviscosity. Through the addition of a hydrophobic liquid (naphthenic oil) to the initial system, we increase the bilayer thickness whilst keeping the lamellar characteristic packing distance constant. This changes both the film forming capability and frictional behaviour of the lamellar fluid. We propose a model to account for the observed friction responses of both lamellar phases and discuss the shear localization in the lubricant film. 37-- TECHNICAL SIDE: SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF TRIBOCHEMICALLY FORMED BOUNDARY FILMS OF REFINED AND UNREFINED CANOLA OILS

International News on Fats, Oils and Related Materials Volume 23, Issue 6, June 2012, Pages 383-384 Chua, W. , Chapman, P., Stachowiak, G.W. The paper reports the investigation of tribochemically formed boundary films of canola oils using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This is the first time that metallic surfaces lubricated by plant oils have been studied using this technique. The results of this work provided strong evidence that fatty acids were liberated from the triglyceride structure during sliding to form a fatty acid soap layer on the silver surface. The study also revealed that the fatty acid chains of the unrefined canola oil were more disordered and most likely in a gauche conformation, while that of the refined canola oil were tightly packed and oriented perpendicular to the surface. It is believed that the greater presence of polar minor components in the unrefined oil, such as phospholipids, interfered with the ability of free fatty acids to form a tightly packed monolayer on the silver surface.

38-- TECHNICAL SIDE: HOW FRIENDLY ARE BIO-BASED GREASES WITH OTHER GREASES? (NOTE) NLGI Spokesman Volume 76, Issue 2, May 2012, Page 18 Kumar, A., Mallory, B.

















Advances in bio-based fluids and their additive chemistries have considerably improved

the quality and performance of these lubricants, bringing it at par to mineral oil-based greases. The compatibility of lubricating greases is an important property that plays a crucial role at the manufacturing stage and in end use application. Compatibility studies of various greases based on different thickeners have been carried out. However, the compatibility charts available are based on thickener types and the role of base oil on compatibility is not clearly defined. In light of this, the compatibility of aluminum complex and lithium complex greases prepared in canola oil was studied with different types of mineral and synthetic oil based greases. The bio-based greases covered were based on canola oil only. The canola oil greases examined were with and/or without additives. 39-- TECHNICAL SIDE: IMPROVEMENT OF POUR POINT AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SYNTHETIC ESTER BASESTOCKS FOR BIOLUBRICANT APPLICATIONS

Arabian Journal of Chemistry Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2012, Pages 193-200 Salimon, J. , Salih, N., Yousif, E. For environmental reasons, as well as the dwindling source of petroleum, a new class of environmentally acceptable and renewable biolubricants based on plant oils is available. Even though plant oils possess excellent lubricant-related properties, there are some concerns about using it as biolubricant base oil. In this study we present a series of structures derived from oleic acid to be used as synthetic biolubricant basestocks. Measuring of pour point (PP), flash point, viscosity index (VI), oxidation onset temperature (OT) and signal maximum temperature (SMT) was carried out for each compound. Furthermore, the friction and wear properties were measured using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The resulting product structures were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The results showed that ethylhexyl 9-(octanoyloxy)-10-(behenoxy)octadecanoate with behenyl mid-chain ester exhibited the

most favorable low temperature performance (PP -48. °C) and ethylhexyl 9-(octanoyloxy)-10-(octyloxy)octadecanoate octyl mid-chain ester exhibited higher oxidation stability (OT 142. °C) than the other synthetic ester oils. On the other hand, the highest ball wear scan diameter was obtained for ethylhexyl 9-(octanoyloxy)-10-(behenoxy)octadecanoate while the lowest value was obtained for 9-hydroxy-10-octyloxyoctadecanoic acid. Overall, it was concluded that these synthetic ester oils have potential in formulation of industrial fluids for different temperature applications. 40-- TECHNICAL SIDE: SYNTHETIC BIOLUBRICANT BASESTOCKS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY RAW MATERIALS

Journal of King Saud University – Science In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 February 2011 Nadia Salih, Jumat Salimon, Emad Yousif This work outlines modifications in the epoxidation, oxirane ring opening, esterification

and acylation reactions to produce oleic acid based triester derivatives. Measuring of pour point (PP), flash point (FP), viscosity index (VI), oxidation onset temperature (OT) and signal maximum temperature (SMT) was carried out for each compound. The resulting product structures were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The results showed that butyl 9-(decanoyloxy)-10-(behenoxy)octadecanoate with bulky ester






http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018364711000164?_alid=1860925171&_rdoc=5&_fmt=high&_origin=search&_docanchor=&_ct=28&_zone=rslt_list_item&md5=3e9d261a4f4e0c7eb84379a0699c235d

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behenyl mid chain exhibited the most favorable low-temperature performance (PP −47

°C). On the other hand, butyl 9-(decanoyloxy)-10-(octyloxy)octadecanoate exhibited higher oxidation stability (OT 173 °C) than the other synthetic esters. In conclusion, an increase in mid chain substituent length improves the PP and conversely lowers the OT. 41-- TECHNICAL SIDE: ASSESSMENT OF BIODEGRADABILITY AND OXIDATION STABILITY OF MINERAL, VEGETABLE AND SYNTHETIC OIL SAMPLES Advanced Materials Research Volumes 455-456, pp 1182-1188 Bo Wu, Chang Lu Wang, Ya Qiong Liu, Dong He, Mian Hua Chen, Yu Rong Wang, Feng Juan Li A castor oil-based detection method for the analysis of biological degradation was established on the base of CEC-L-33-A-93 test method and the domestic conventional experimental methods. Difference of the test samples between the experimental and published values was less then 0.50%. Maximum error of degradation rate was 1.92% in

parallel experimental. Compared to the domestic conventional methods, degradation rate obtained by the improved analysis methods of castor oil-based is approximately higher than 5.0%. Meanwhile, analysis and detection method of DIOS with advantage of high accuracy, conveniency and good reproducibility is established and showed stability by studying the correlation of parallel samples that the coefficient of variation is less than 5%. 42-- TECHNICAL SIDE: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OLEIC ACID ETHER DERIVATIVES AS BIOLUBRICANT BASESTOCKS (NOTE) Journal of Oleo Science Volume 60, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 613-618 Salimon, J. , Salih, N. , Yousif, E. Petroleum is a finite source as well as causing several environmental problems. Therefore

petroleum needs to be replaced by alternative and sustainable sources. Plant oils and oleochemicals derived from them represent such alternative sources; the use of oleochemicals as biobased lubricants is of significant interest. This article presents a series of chemical modification on oleic acid to yield synthetic biolubricant basestocks. Measuring of density, volatility, cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), fl ash point (FP), viscosity index (VI), onset temperature (OT) and signal maximum temperature (SMT) was carried out for each compound. Furthermore, the friction and wear properties were measured using high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The results showed that octadecyl 9-octadecyloxy-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate exhibited the most favorable low-temperature performance (CP -26°C, PP -28°C) and the lowest ball wear scan diameter (42 μm) while propyl 9-propyloxy-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate exhibited the higher oxidation stability (OT 156°C). 43-- TECHNICAL SIDE: FRICTION AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE

VEGETABLE OIL CONTAMINATED LUBRICANTS International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Volume 6, Issue 3, December 2011, Pages 431-436 Kalam, M.A. , Masjuki, H.H., Varman, M., Liaquat, A.M.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669010003328?_alid=1861025860&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_origin=search&_docanchor=&_ct=224&_zone=rslt_list_item&md5=9a0dc44cf09a95d3aa039e4244ef9e69

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669010003328?_alid=1861025860&_rdoc=13&_fmt=high&_origin=search&_docanchor=&_ct=224&_zone=rslt_list_item&md5=9a0dc44cf09a95d3aa039e4244ef9e69

http://www.scientific.net/author/Bo_Wu_17

http://www.scientific.net/author/Chang_Lu_Wang

http://www.scientific.net/author/Ya_Qiong_Liu_1

http://www.scientific.net/author/Dong_He_3

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http://www.scientific.net/author/Feng_Juan_Li_1















In this paper, a four-ball tribotester was used with standard test method IP-239 to

evaluate friction and wear characteristics of normal lubricant, additive added lubricant and waste vegetable oil (WVO) contaminated lubricants. The balls used in four-ball tribotester were based on carbon-chromium steel ball bearings. The results obtained to present friction and wear characteristics are coefficient of friction (μ), wear scar diameter (WSD), flash temperature parameter (FTP), viscosity index (VI) and total acid number (TAN). Each test was conducted for five different loads from 50 kg to 90 kg with an interval of 10 kg. The lubricant was contaminated with WVO from 1% to 5%. The normal lubricant (as sample A) was used for comparison purposes. The test results showed that WVO contaminated lubricants with suitable anti-wear additive can reduce wear and friction coefficient. The objective of this investigation is to develop a new lubricant based on waste palm oil (such as WVO). 44-- TECHNICAL SIDE: KINETIC STUDY OF JATROPHA BIOLUBRICANT FROM TRANSESTERIFICATION OF JATROPHA CURCAS OIL WITH

TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE Industrial Crops and Products Volume 38, Issue 1, July 2012, Pages 87-92 Gunam Resul, M.F.M., Mohd. Ghazi, T.I. , Idris, A. Jatropha curcas oil has good potential as the renewable energy as well as lubricant feedstock. The synthesis of jatropha biolubricant was performed by transesterification of jatropha methyl ester (JME) with trimethyl-ol-propane (TMP) and sodium methoxide (NaOCH 3) as the catalyst. The effects of temperature on the synthesis were studied at a range between 120°C and 200°C with pressure kept at 10mbar. The conversion of JME to jatropha biolubricant was found to be the highest (47%) at 200°C. However, it was suggested that the optimum temperature of the reaction is at 150°C due to insignificant improvement in biolubricant production at higher temperature. To maintain forward reaction, the excess amount of JME was maintained at 3.9:1 ratio to TMP. The kinetics of the reaction was studied and compared. The synthesis was found to follow a second

order reaction with an overall rate constant of 1.49×10 -1(%wt/wtmin°C) -1. The estimated activation energy was 3.94kJ/mol. The pour point for jatropha biolubricant was at -6°C and the Viscosity Index (VI) ranged from 178 to 183. The basic properties of jatropha biolubricant, pour point, oxidative stability, wear scar and viscosities are found comparable to other plant based biolubricant, namely palm oil and soybean based biolubricant. 45-- TECHNICAL SIDE: DIESTERS BIOLUBRICANT BASE OIL: SYNTHESIS, OPTIMIZATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012, Article number 896598 Salimon, J. , Salih, N. , Abdullah, B.M. Diesters biolubricant base oil, oleyl 9(12)-hydroxy-10(13)-oleioxy-12(9)- octadecanoate

(OLHYOOD) was synthesized based on the esterification reaction of 9,12-hydroxy-10,13-oleioxy-12-octadecanoic acid (HYOOA) with oleyl alcohol (OL) and catalyzed by sulfuric acid (SA). Optimum conditions of the experiment to obtain high yield of OLHYOOD were predicted at ratio of OL/HYOOA of 2:1mol/mol, ratio of SA/HYOOA of 0.7:1mol/mol, reaction temperature 110()C, and 7h of reaction time. At this condition, the yield of














OLHYOOD was 88.7. Disappearance of carboxylic acid (C=O) peak has been observed by

FTIR with appearance of ester (C=O) peak at 1738cm -1. 13C, and 1HNMR spectra analyses confirmed the result of OLHYOOD with the appearance of carbon-ester (C=O) chemical shift at 173.93ppm and at 4.05ppm for 13C and 1HNMR, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics of the OLHYOOD were also determined, which showed improved low temperature properties (PP) -62°C, viscosity index (VI) at 192 and also increased oxidative stability (OT) up to 215.24°C. 46-- TECHNICAL SIDE: BIOLUBRICANT BASESTOCKS FROM CHEMICALLY MODIFIED RICINOLEIC ACID Journal of King Saud University - Science Volume 24, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 11-17 Salimon, J. , Salih, N., Yousif, E. This paper presents a series of chemically modified biolubricant basestocks derived from ricinoleic acid. The reactions were monitored and products were confirmed by NMR and

FTIR. The synthesis protocol is carried out in three stages: (1) epoxidation of ricinoleic acid; (2) synthesis of 10,12-dihydroxy-9-acyloxystearic acid from epoxidized ricinoleic acid; (3) esterification of the acyloxystearic acid products with 2-ethylhexanol to yield 2-ethylhexyl-10,12-dihydroxy-9-acyloxystearate. The viscosity index, flash point, pour points (PP), and oxidative stability of the resulting products were measured. The resulting esters could plausibly be used as bio-based industrial materials in biolubricants, surfactants, or fuel because they have improved physicochemical properties. 47-- TECHNICAL SIDE: CHARACTERISTICS OF BASE FLUID IN ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE LUBRICANTS Journal of ASTM International Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2012 Kusak, B. , Wright, G. , Krol, R. , Bailey, M. The main component in environmentally acceptable lubricants and grease is the base

fluid. Typically it comprises greater than 70% of grease and 90% of a lubricant. Many biodegradable fluids have specific characteristics, which make formulating finished products difficult. Through a stepwise approach these characteristics will be discussed. The fluids for testing will comprise natural and synthetic esters and some petroleum based synthetics. The testing will find the extremes of performance at high and low temperatures and the effects of common additives to improve performance. Testing will include pour point, elastomer compatibility, oxidation and thermal stability. Based on the testing a blended fluid will be made to offset the drawbacks of the individual fluids and the performance discussed. This blend will serve as the base fluid to formulate environmentally acceptable lubricating grease. 48-- TECHNICAL SIDE: 10-UNDECENOIC ACID-BASED POLYOL ESTERS AS POTENTIAL LUBRICANT BASE STOCKS Industrial Crops and Products

Volume 35, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 237-240 Padmaja, K.V., Rao, B.V.S.K., Reddy, R.K., Bhaskar, P.S., Singh, A.K., Prasad, R.B.N. A new class of polyol esters were prepared by esterification of 10-undecenoic acid (UDA) with three polyols namely trimethylolpropane (TMP), neopentyl glycol (NPG) and

























pentaerythritol (PE) in 92-96% yields. The esters were characterized by IR, 1H NMR,

HPLC and mass spectral studies. Polyol esters were evaluated for basic lubrication properties and found to be: viscosity at 40°C, 11.2-36.1cSt; at 100°C, 3.2-7.3cSt; viscosity index (VI), 162-172; pour point +3 to -36°C; flash point, 254-296°C. All the three polyol esters synthesized exhibited good thermal stability with TGA onset temperatures above 260°C. The lubricating properties of the products compared well with polyol esters based on oleic acid. 49-- TECHNICAL SIDE: DEVELOPMENT OF ECOFRIENDLY/BIODEGRADABLE LUBRICANTS: AN OVERVIEW (REVIEW) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Volume 16, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 764-774 Nagendramma, P. , Kaul, S. Synthetic and vegetable oil based esters offer the best choice in formulating environment friendly lubricants. In the present review an attempt has been made to highlight some

recent developments in the area of biodegradable synthetic ester base stocks for formulation of new generation lubricants including the efforts made so far at the author's laboratory in this direction. The developed products find applications in automotive transmission fluids, metal working fluids, cold rolling oils, fire resistant hydraulic fluids, industrial gear oils, neat cutting oils and automotive gear lubricants either alone or in formulations. 50-- TECHNICAL SIDE: CARBON DIOXIDE SOLUBILITY IN REFERENCE AND VEGETABLE LUBRICANTS DEVELOPED FOR TWO STROKE ENGINES Journal of Supercritical Fluids Volume 68, August 2012, Pages 123-130 Regueira, T., Fandiño, O., Lugo, L., López, E.R., Fernández, J. The solubilities of carbon dioxide, CO2, in a reference semi-synthetic oil and in a developed vegetable-sunflower-based oil for two stroke engines have been measured

from 283K to 348K and pressures up to 9 MPa in a high pressure gas solubility apparatus that works in isochoric conditions. The densities of the developed vegetable oil from 293K to 353K and pressures up to 60 MPa were also measured by using a vibrating tube technique. It was found that the solubility of CO2 in the vegetable oil is higher than in the reference semi-synthetic oil. The solubility of CO2 in both lubricants decreases when the temperature increases. In addition, we have found that the solubilities of O2 in these lubricants are between 7 and 10 times lower than those of CO2. Furthermore, PC-SAFT EoS was employed to model the solubility behavior of CO2 in both lubricants and the goodness of Carvalho and Coutinho model for prediction of CO2 solubility in low volatile solvents was checked for these lubricants. 51-- POLICY: FNR PRODUCT DATABASE BIO-LUBRICANTS After the German “market introduction programme” was ended, the so-called “Positivliste” was not continued over the last four years.

This positivlist was changed to a new “Datenbank Bioschmierstoffe” (product databse for biolubricants) in which the compliance criteria are those from the CEN Technical Report CEN/TR 16227:2011 "Liquidpetroleum products - Bio-lubricants - Recommandation for terminology and characterisation of bio-lubricants and bio-based lubricants”. More information: http://www.bioschmierstoffe.info/service/datenbank-bioschmierstoffe.











http://www.bioschmierstoffe.info/service/datenbank-bioschmierstoffe



52-- ON THE WEB: CARGILL BUYS FR3 DIELECTRIC FLUID BUSINESS FROM

COOPER POWER SYSTEMS On 19 June 2012, Cargill and Cooper Power Systems announced the purchase of the global Envirotemp FR3 fluid business and brand from Milwaukee-based Cooper Power Systems. Cargill currently manufactures the patented, industry leading FR3 renewable dielectric fluid made from vegetable oil that is used in a wide range of applications for transformers and other electrical equipment. Kurtis Miller, president, Cargill Industrial Oils & Lubricants, said: “Now, as a marketer and manufacturer, we will focus on growing the business with other customers seeking a high-performance, renewable fluid… we will work closely with electrical utility and transformer customers to increase usage of natural, ester-based FR3 fluid.” 53-- ON THE WEB: R.T. VANDERBILT COMPANY, INC. EARNS USDA CERTIFIED BIOBASED PRODUCT LABEL On 28 July 2012, R.T. VANDERBILT company inc. announced it had earned the USDA

certified biobased product label for its Molyvan® 855 friction reducer. The USDA Certified Biobased Product Label verifies that the amount of renewable biobased ingredients meets or exceeds prescribed USDA standards. Biobased products are goods composed in whole or in significant part of agricultural, forestry, or marine materials. “R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc.’s commitment to sustainability and to the development of products that improve sustainability is demonstrated by having a key product, MOLYVAN ® 855 Friction Reducer, which is a USDA Certified Biobased Product. This product not only uses a sustainable, biobased raw material, but also provides fuel economy improvement in motor vehicles and reduces greenhouse emissions” said Hugh B. Vanderbilt, Jr., Chairman & CEO. Such biobased claims are verified by independent labs and monitored by the USDA. Consumers may rely on the accuracy of the biobased amount certification in making informed purchasing decisions. “We are pleased that R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. has earned the USDA Certified Biobased Product Label,” said Ron Buckhalt, USDA BioPreferred Program Manager.

"Biobased products provide opportunities to help add value to renewable commodities, create jobs in rural communities and generate investment income." 54-- ON THE WEB: RAILMARK LAUNCHES TWO NEW ECO-SAFE PRODUCT LINES On 10 May 2012, Railmark Holdings Inc. announced that it had launched two new product lines designed to make the railroad industry a little more “Green” and a little more “Efficient.” One of the line is a new line of premium quality bio-based, biodegradable rail curve and switch lubricants. Ultralube® brand railroad lubricants are manufactured from renewable USA-grown crop based oils. The brand will be supplied to the railroad industry by the Company’s Railmark Tarck Works Inc. subsidiary. These products are claimed to have four times more lubricity than petroleum-based greases and oils while offering better performance for rail lubricators and switch components and improve safety for employees and the environment. These new products meet EPA’s Environmental

Preferable Purchasing (EPP) criteria and are ECO-SAFE and Non-toxic. 55-- ON THE WEB: PLEWS INTRODUCES ULTRALUBE® GREASES FOR RAIL CURVES AND SWITCH PLATES

http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/biobased/2012/06/20/cargill-buys-fr3-dielectric-fluid-business-from-cooper-power-systems/

http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/biobased/2012/06/20/cargill-buys-fr3-dielectric-fluid-business-from-cooper-power-systems/

http://www.cargill.com/news/releases/2012/NA3063248.jsp





On 16 April 2012, Plews, Inc., dba Plews & Edelmann, announced the introduction of

UltraLube® Rail Curve Greases and Switch Plate Lubricants. These premium biobased greases and lubricants — formulated from U.S.-grown vegetable oils — are available in Hi-Visc and Lo-Visc formulations. UltraLube Rail Curve Greases contain advanced extreme pressure additives to guard against wheel and rail wear. Both the Hi-Visc and Lo-Visc formulations are available with added molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), which offers enhanced effects for unsurpassed protection. All formulations reduce friction and wear between the track and wheel flange, and their superior lubricity helps improve train fuel efficiency. The greases are formulated to resist port plugging in wiping bars, and they provide longer carry down track from the lubricator. They offer better gauge face coefficient of friction and less migration to the top of the rail than petroleum-based grease. Recommended for heavy load applications such as coal trains, UltraLube Rail Curve Greases are designed for wayside applicators with wide temperature requirements. Hi-Visc Rail Curve Greases pump and carry when the grease temperature is between 2°C

(35°F) and 71°C (160°F); Lo-Visc Rail Curve Greases pump and carry when the grease temperature is between –18°C (0°F) and 38°C (100°F). UltraLube Rail Curve Greases are ideal for all Portec® and other brand lubricators. UltraLube Switch Plate Lubricants — also available in Hi-Visc and Lo-Visc versions — are formulated with the best optimized natural seed oils and proprietary additives to protect railway switches from wear and prevent rust and corrosion. Designed to be poured, brushed, wiped or sprayed on railroad switches, the lubricants provide good penetration into the switces. They help prevent dust and dirt buildup, and they resist washout from rain or melting ice. UltraLube Rail Curve Greases and Switch Plate Lubricants meet the EPA’s Environmental Preferable Purchasing (EPP) criteria, and their biodegradable formula makes them ideal for use in environmentally sensitive areas near waterways. With four times the natural lubricity of petroleum-based oils, UltraLube products instantly penetrate into areas where lubrication is needed most, creating a long-lasting bond to

metal and plastic surfaces. Made from crops grown in the United States, UltraLube’s vegetable-based formula is eco-safe and non-toxic. Because they are VOC-free and non-flammable with extremely high flash points, UltraLube greases and oils are ideal for environmentally sensitive areas. 56-- ON THE WEB: COSAN COMPLETES ACQUISITION OF COMMA OIL On 3 July 2012, COSAN S.A. INDÚSTRIA E COMÉRCIO announced that on July 1st 2012 it successfully completed the acquisition of Comma Oil & Chemicals Limited (“Comma”) from Esso Petroleum Company, Limited (following a corporate reorganization). The acquisition of Comma reinforce Cosan`s strategy to enter into the European lubricants & specialties market. The acquisition of Comma by Cosan includes finished lubricants and chemicals manufacturing and sales to third parties; all assets located at Comma’s Gravesend site in Kent, England; and ownership of the Comma trademarks and brands. In addition,

agreements will be in place to allow Comma to continue to distribute select Mobil-branded lubricants into specific UK channels and to continue to manufacture and supply ExxonMobil companies with a range of seasonal and ancillary automotive products.



57-- ON THE WEB: ASTM RELEASES NEW COMPILATION ON TESTING AND USE

OF ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE LUBRICANTS On 6 February 2012, ASTM announced the release of a new compilation, STP 1521, on testing and use of environmentally acceptable lubricants. This compilation presents the latest research on biobased and other environmentally acceptable (EA) lubricants. With the increased interest in environmentally acceptable lubricants, STP 1521 is a must-have for those in the agricultural, construction, forestry, lumber and mining industries where involuntary or accidental fluid leakage or spillage is detrimental to the environment. The book includes ten peer-reviewed papers that cover: • Fundamentals of biobased lubricants; • Industrial trends; • Applications; • New test methods; and • Environmental policies.

More information on ASTM web site: www.astm.org. 58-- ON THE WEB: BIO-BASED FLUIDS COME IN FROM THE COLD In the May 2012 issue of the Offshore Engineer magazine, Jennifer Pallanich talks to Terresolve CEO Mark Miller about the bio-based fluids his company has been developing for offshore use. Fluids working in hot temperature environments often have antioxidants and fluid improvers while their cold-weather counterparts will require cold-flow improvers and pour point depressants. Fluids used in wet applications frequently need hydrolytic stabilizers, while those operating in dirty conditions contain detergency and dispersancy. Terresolve's readily biodegradable fluids are made from an environmentally safe base synthetic base oils that can withstand heat, water and contamination. The fluids can withstand such conditions because of the way the base oils are combined with performance chemistry modifiers. Terresolve has just wrapped up Arctic testing on EnviroLogic 3046, a member of its EnviroLogic 3000 line of synthetic high-performance

readily biodegradable and non-toxic hydraulic fluids. Once a lubricant is properly designed for one application, it is vital to ensure it can be appropriately used in a different application. 59-- ON THE WEB: DOSSIER ON BIOLUBRICANTS IN THE FRENCH MAGAZINE “FORMULE VERTE” The issue number 10 of the French magazine “Formule Verte” includes a special dossier on biolubricants entitled “Biolubrifiants: la filière s’organise” (interviews of Novance, Molydal, Motul Tech, Condat, ITERG, ValBiom, Pôle IAR).

60-- ECO-LABELS IN EUROPE: THE EU ECO-LABEL Since one year, the European Commission has its own database for ecolabeled products. This database has some technical problems and companies have difficulties to enter their products in it. Therefore, the database is not yet up-to-date. In this survey, last figures on ecolabeled lubricants and companies date back to June

2012. At this date, there were 26 companies producing 132 ecolabeled products (of which some are different viscosities of the same product). These products comprised all together: 82 hydraulic oils, 25 chain saw oils, 7 two stroke oils, 11 greases, 1 concrete release agents and 6 niche loss lubricants.

http://www.astm.org/



The progress made since 2007 is illustrated in the figure below. After a slow start, in

2008 the number of lubricants awarded with the flower increased largely reflecting the increasing interest for ecolabeled lubricants.



61-- ECO-LABELS IN EUROPE: LIST OF LUBRICANT SUPPLIERS THAT GOT LICENSES (UPDATED 10 JULY 20121)

Swedish

Standard Hydraulic oils

SS 15 54 34

Swedish

Standard Lubricating

Greases SS 15 54 70

Nordic Swan

BLUE ANGEL Hydraulic Fluids

RAL-UZ 79

BLUE ANGEL

Lub. and Form. Oils

RAL-UZ 64

EUROPEAN ECO-Label

1

2 Agro Oil Agro Oil

3 Andreas Stihl

4 Aral

5 Avia Mineralöl

6 BASF SE BASF Pers. Care BASF SE

7 Bau +

Metallchemie

8 BayWa BayWa

9 Bechem (Carl) Bechem (Carl) Bechem (Carl) Bechem (Carl)

10 Binol Binol Binol Biosafe Oy

11 Bioil

12 Biostar oil

13 Blaser Swisslube

14 BP

15 Bremer & Leguil

16 Canadian Oil AB

17 Calpam Mineralöl

18

19 Cargo Oil Cargo Oil

20 Caterpillar

21 CEPSA lubricantes

22 Cognis Deutsch. Cognis Deutsch. Cognis

23 Condat

24 De Oliebron

25 EDE

26 Eliassons Maskin

27 ELASKON SACHSEN

28 Eni Schmiertechnik

http://www.blauer-engel.de/englisch/produkte_zeichenanwender/vergabegrundlagen/ral.php?id=83

http://www.blauer-engel.de/englisch/produkte_zeichenanwender/vergabegrundlagen/ral.php?id=88

http://www.blauer-engel.de/englisch/produkte_zeichenanwender/manufacturer_products.php?id=1416












GmbH

29 Envirosys

30 Esso Deutschland Esso Deutshland

31 Eurol bv

32 Exxon Mobil Lub.

33 FINKE Mineralölw. FINKE Mineralölw.

34 F L Nordic (Ambra)

35 Fragol Schmierstoff

Fragol Schmierstoff

36 Fuchs Fuchs Fuchs Fuchs

37 G. A. Lindberg

38 Green Oils

39 Gulf Oil international

40 Handelsges. für Kr.

Handelsges. für Kr.

41 Hebro Chemie

42 Hunold Schmierstoffe

43 Husqvarna austria

44 Hydroscand

45 Interflon

46 John Deere Forestry

47 Kajo-Chemie Kajo-Chemie Kajo-Chemie Kajo-Chemie

48 Kettlitz Chemie Kettliz Chemie

49 Klüber Lubrication

50 Komatsu Forest

51 KROON OIL

52 Lubrizol

53 Mastertec

54 Matzke (Roland)

55 Matrix Lubricants Matrix Lubricants

56 mbg d.o.o.

57 MC-Bauchemie Müller

58 MCB Larsson Mill.

59 Midland Midland

60 Mobil Oil


















61 Morris lubricants

62 Motorex

63 Motul BP 94 Motul

64 Natoil AG Natoil AG

65 Neste Oil AB Neste Oil AB

66 Nordisk

Däck.(Agip)

67

68 Novance

69 NYCO. NYCO

70 OK-Q8 OK-Q8

71 OMV Refining and marketing

72 Oy voitelukeskus tontilla

73 Pakelo Motor Oil

74 Panolin Scandinav.

Panolin Panolin Panolin AG

75 Peri

76 Petronas

77 Preem Preem

78 PRO FLUID

79 Ramby Oljor & Verk.

80 REPSOL

81 Rottne Industri

82 Skand. Oljecentr.

83 SKF Maint. Prod.

84 Shell Svenska Shell Shell Deutshland Shell International

85 Schörling Fahrzugbau

Haüslingen Gmbh

86 Starke & Sohn

87 Statoil Lubricants Statoil Lubricants

88 S.T.L. Lubricants

89

90 Technolub Schmier

91 Total Lub.Sweden TOTAL








92 Trennfit GmbH &

Co.Bauindustrie KG

93 Valvoline Intern.

94 Veba Oel Vertrieb

95 Voitel. Tont.

96 Voith TURBO GmbH &Co.KG

97 Volvo CE Volvo CE Intern.

98 Zeller & Gmelin Zeller & Gmelin Zeller & Gmelin

99

Status Dec.

2011

34 companies 13 companies 0 companie 25 companies 24 companies 28 companies

80 products 20 products 0 products 75 products 49 products 97 products

Status

June/Juy 2012

38 companies

(+2;-1)

14 companies

(+1)

0 companie 24 companies (-1) 27 companies

(+3)

26 companies

(+10;-8)

90 products 22 products 0 products

70 products 52 products 132 products

1 Since one year, the European Commission has its own database for ecolabeled products. This database has some technical problems and companies have difficulties to enter their products in it. Therefore, the database is not yet up-to-date. In this survey, last figures on lubricants and companies awarded with the European ecolabel date

back to June 2012.





62—ECO-LABELS IN EUROPE: EVOLUTION OF COMPANIES AWARDED WITH AN ECO-LABEL (FROM JANUARY 2007 TO JULY2 2012)

2 Since one year, the European Commission has its own database for ecolabeled products. This database has some technical problems and companies have difficulties to

enter their products in it. Therefore, the database is not yet up-to-date. In this survey, last figures on lubricants and companies awarded with the European Ecolabel (EEL) date back to June 2012.

Biolubricants: technical and market survey - ValBiom · Biolubricants: technical and market survey...

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