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Biology: The Study of Life! Living Organisms. Living Vs. Non-Living Can you classify something that...
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Transcript of Biology: The Study of Life! Living Organisms. Living Vs. Non-Living Can you classify something that...
Biology: The Study of Life!
Living Organisms
Living Vs. Non-Living Can you classify something that is living
versus something that is non-living?
The Characteristics of all Living Organisms What makes something “alive”? All living things have
Cellular organization Contain similar chemicals Use energy Respond to their surroundings Grow, develop, and reproduce
Cellular Organization Cell- the basic unit of structure and
function in an organism Organisms can be:
Unicellular- single celled Multicellular- composed of many cells
The Chemicals of Life Water Carbohydrates (main energy source) Proteins and lipids (the building blocks
of cells) Nucleic acids (genetic material)
Energy use, Growth and Development Living organisms need energy to do
everything!! Growth- to become larger Development- the process of change
that occurs to produce a more complex organism
Reproduction- to produce offspring
Responding to Surroundings Stimuli- changes in temperature, light,
sound, and other factors Response- an action or change in
behavior
The Needs of Living Things What do you need to live?
Water Food Living Space Stable internal conditions
Homeostasis- the maintenance of stable internal conditions
Cell Structure & Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Two Types of Cells• Prokaryotic• Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Do not have structures
surrounded by membranes
Few internal structures One-celled organisms,
Bacteria
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html
Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms
Plant Animal
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
Cell PartsOrganelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell
Double layer
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell WallMost commonly
found in plant cells & bacteria
Supports & protects cells
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear MembraneSurrounds nucleusMade of two layersOpenings allow
material to enter and leave nucleus
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes In nucleusMade of DNAContain
instructions for traits & characteristics
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus Inside nucleusContains RNA to
build proteins
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material
Endoplasmic ReticulumMoves materials
around in cellSmooth type: lacks
ribosomesRough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in surface
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
RibosomesEach cell contains
thousandsMake proteinsFound on
ribosomes & floating throughout the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
MitochondriaProduces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi BodiesProtein 'packaging
plant'Move materials
within the cellMove materials out
of the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
LysosomeDigestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
VacuolesMembrane-bound
sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
Contains water solution
Help plants maintain shape
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell
ChloroplastUsually found in
plant cellsContains green
chlorophyllWhere
photosynthesis takes place
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Division
MITOSIS
MitosisThe process of cell division
which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent
cell.
The daughter cells are identical to one another
and to the original parent cell.
Mitosis can be divided into stages
• Interphase
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase & Cytokinesis
InterphaseThe cell prepares for division
Animal Cell DNA replicated Organelles replicated Cell increases in size
Interphase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
ProphaseThe cell prepares for nuclear division
Animal Cell Packages DNA into
chromosomes
Prophase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
MetaphaseThe cell prepares chromosomes for division
Animal Cell Chromosomes
line up at the center of the cell
Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere
Metaphase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
AnaphaseThe chromosomes divide
Animal Cell Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart ½ of each
chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell
Anaphase
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
TelophaseThe cytoplasm dividesAnimal Cell
DNA spreads out 2 nuclei form Cell wall pinches
in to form the 2 new daughter cells
TelophaseAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Animal Mitosis Review
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase