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Biology: The Study of Life1I. Science means to know (in Latin)A. Science is:A body of knowledge A process to learn about the worldB. Biology is:Study of LifeBiologists study the diversity of Life

2I. Characteristics of Living Things:1. Living things are made up of cells

2. Living things reproduce (not essential for survival but essential for continuation of species (a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature)

3. Living things change: growth and development

4. Living things adjust to their surroundings (stimulus/response interactions) 5. Maintain homeostasis (balance internal condition)6. Living things adapt and evolve 7. All Living things must Obtain and use energy 8. Have DNALiving Organisms possess all of the characteristics of life

3So, What Is The difference:For example: A person can grow in size but not be physically, mentally, or sexually developed. 4Homeo. What???Homeostasis: Process by which organisms maintain constant and stable internal conditions. ie: In order to survive, there are several conditions that your body must remain stable. Like body temperature, salt and sugar levels, etc. Your body works like the furnace in your home.

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Hypothesis: An educated guess based upon an observation.

Prediction: A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular event will occur in the future. Usually written as an If /Then statement.

Observation: Using your senses to gather data.

Inference: The process of making decisions about what the data means.

The Scientific Method: a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses

6Types of Observations:

7Observation Vs.Inference ActivityMrs. Wade will be absent for the rest of the term. She won the lottery and thus decided to take a cruise around the world with her friends, Mrs. Walton and Mrs. Fernandez. She has left each team a box containing 3 personal items. She would like you to make 2 observations and two inferences about each item (you have 5 minutes for this activity).

Non-related example: You observed that the ground was wet. Therefore, you infer that it had just rained. 8Applying The Scientific Methodmake observations /state problemanalyze resultsform hypothesisdesign controlled experimentcollect datamay supporthypothesisdraw conclusion /publishmay not supporthypothesisform a newhypothesis9B. Parts of a Controlled Experiment1. Types of Variables

Independent variable (aka Manipulated variable): a factor that is manipulated to see what the result will beDependent variable (aka Responding variable): a factor that responds to the changes in the independent variable

10Dependent Vs. Independent Variables11Independent VariablesDescriptions

Dependent VariablesDescriptionsCauseEffectBeforeAfterInputOutputWhat you doWhat happens

In other wordsControl Group: the group for which the testing conditions are not applied (AKA the Placebo).

Experimental groups: the groups where all conditions are held constant EXCEPT the one being tested

Controlled variables: Variables that the experimenters keep the same throughout the experiment.

Parts of a Controlled Experiment

13An Example ExperimentMrs. Fernandezs son, Dominick, would like to know what will happen to his gummy bears if he places them in water. So, he obtains three (3) gummy bears (all are of the same brand). He places one in 20 mls of water for 3hrs, the other for 12 hrs, and the last for 24 hrs. He uses a 25ml graduated cylinder each bear.

0 mL3 mL6 mL

14Your Turn.What is the independent variable in Dominicks experiment? In what axis do graph it?

What is the dependent variable in the experiment? In what axis do you graph it?

What are the controlled variables in the experiment?15C. Drawing a ConclusionThe conclusion should always have two main parts.Confirm or reject the hypothesisWas the hypothesis correct?Overall statement of what was learnedWhat happened and why did it happen?Whats the main idea?16D. Publishing ResultsWhen a hypothesis has been tested and supported many times, a theory is formulated and published. A theory is the best explanation science has to offer about a problem.

17III. Other things to keep in mind:

A. Always use metric system!Distance: metersVolume: litersTemperature: oCMass: grams

How big are these four ticks?18

KILO1000UnitsHECTO100UnitsDEKA10UnitsDECI0.1UnitCENTI0.01UnitMILLI0.001UnitMetersLitersGramsLadder MethodHow do you use the ladder method? 1st Determine your starting point.

2nd Count the jumps to your ending point.

3rd Move the decimal the same number of jumps in the same direction.4 km = _________ m 123How many jumps does it take?Starting PointEnding Point4.1__.2__.3__.= 4000 mKinds of DATA1. Quantitative: produces numerical data that can be comparatively analyzed in graphs and tablesa. Tables: Title Table, Columns & Rows have titlesb. Graphs: -3 main types: line Graphs (measures change/ time), bar (used for comparing), & circle (shows %)2. Qualitative: Descriptive data; written descriptions of observations

20Gummy Bear LabRead lab directions in lab hand-out and on boardConduct the lab.Clean up (everything must be spotless when lab is completed).Graph and answer questionsTurn in assignment.

21Let'sReview22Redis Experiment onSpontaneous Generation

OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.PROCEDUREControlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,timeManipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from meatUncovered jarsCovered jarsSeveral days passMaggots appearNo maggots appearResponding Variable: whether maggots appearCONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.23Identifying VariablesTwo groups of students were tested to compare their speed working math problems. Each student was given the same problems. One group used calculators and the other group computed without calculators.

What is the independent/manipulated variable?What is the dependent/responding variable?What is the controlled variable?24Identifying VariablesA study was done with an electromagnet system made from a battery and wire wrapped around a nail. Different sizes of nails were used and the number of paper clips that the electromagnet could pick up was measured.

What is the manipulated variable?What is the responding variable?What are the controlled variables?25Identifying VariablesA study was attempted to find if the length of the string in a string telephone affected its sound clarity.

What is the independent variable?What is the dependent variable?What are the controlled variables?26Your Turn..Do the next three examples on your own and see how well you understand the concept.Identifying VariablesAn experiment was performed to determine how the amount of coffee grounds could affect the taste of coffee. The same kind of coffee, the same percolator, the same amount and type of water, the same perking time, and the same electrical source were used.

What is the manipulated variable?What is the responding variable?What are the controlled variables?28Identifying VariablesStudents of different ages were given the same puzzle to assemble. The puzzle assembly time was measured.

What is the independent/manipulated variable?What is the dependent/responding variable?What is the controlled variable?29Identifying VariablesA study was done to find if different tire treads affect the braking distance of a car.

What is the independent variable?What is the dependent variable?What is the controlled variable?30But Thats NOT All!What is a scientific LAW?A law is a statement of fact that describe, in an action or set of actions. It is generally accepted to be true and universal, and can sometimes be proven mathematically. For example, the law of gravity or Newtons laws of motion. But then what is a THEORY?A THEORY is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory; he can only create a hypothesis. For example, the theory of relativity or evolution. But Thats NOT All ALL!How is THEORY used in everyday speech that is scientifically incorrect?Bryant might say that he has a theory that Mrs. Wade will yell at the class todayWhat would be a more ACCURATE word to use?If he had made the same statement but had replaced theory with hypothesis, THEN he would be scientifically correct!Oh no Here come the metric problems!Practice, practice, practice until your good becomes your better and your better becomes your best!Metric UnitsThe basic unit of length in the metric system in the meter and is represented by a lowercase m.Standard: The distance traveled by light in absolute vacuum in 1299,792,458 of a second.Metric Units1 Kilometer (km) = 1000 meters1 Meter = 100 Centimeters (cm) 1 Meter = 1000 Millimeters (mm)mkmcmmmWhich is larger?A. 1 meter or 105 centimetersB. 4 kilometers or 4400 metersC. 12 centimeters or 102 millimetersD. 1200 millimeters or 1 meter

Click the image to watch a short video about the meter.Measuring LengthRuler: http://www.k12math.com/math-concepts/measurement/ruler-cm.jpgHow many millimeters are in 1 centimeter?

What is the length of the line in centimeters? _______cmWhat is the length of the line in millimeters? _______mm

What is the length of the line to the nearest centimeter? ________cmHINT: Round to the nearest centimeter no decimals.1 centimeter = 10 millimetersMetric UnitsMass refers to the amount of matter in an object.The base unit of mass in the metric system in the kilogram and is represented by kg.Standard: 1 kilogram is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK), a platinum-iridium cylinder kept by the BIPM at Svres, France. Metric Units1 Kilogram (km) = 1000 Grams (g)1 Gram (g) = 1000 Milligrams (mg)gkgcgmgWhich is larger?A. 1 kilogram or 1500 gramsB. 1200 milligrams or 1 gramC. 12 milligrams or 12 kilogramsD. 4 kilograms or 4500 grams

Click the image to watch a short video about mass.

Kilogram PrototypeKilogram Prototype Image - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram

Measuring MassTop Image: http://www.southwestscales.com/Ohaus_Triple_Beam_750-SO.jpgBottom Image: http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/laboratory/graphics/triplebeambalance.jpgWe will be using electronic balances to find the mass of various objects in this course.A weigh boat, paper towel of some container with be placed on the balance first and you will tare it, zero it out. The the objects are placed in the container and on the scale. The digital read-out has two decimal places, which is the mass of the object in grams.

Measuring Mass Electronic Balancea- make sure the balance reads 0.00 g

b-place weigh boat or container you will use to hold the material that is to be massed on balance and press ON button just long enough for the read-out to once again show 0.00 g (tare weigh boat)

c. remove the weigh boat and put the material in it

d. carefully place full weigh boat on balance and read to 2 decimal places

e- remove items, clean up, & zero out balanceMetric UnitsVolume is the amount of space an object takes up. The base unit of volume in the metric system in the liter and is represented by L or l.Standard: 1 liter is equal to one cubic decimeter Metric Units1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)1 milliliter (mL) = 1 cm3 (or cc) = 1 gram*LkLcLmLWhich is larger?A. 1 liter or 1500 millilitersB. 200 milliliters or 1.2 litersC. 12 cm3 or 1.2 milliliters*

Click the image to watch a short video about volume.* When referring to waterLiter Image: http://www.dmturner.org/Teacher/Pictures/liter.gif

Measuring VolumeTop Image: http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/2006/grade8/science/images/20graphicaa.gifBottom Image: http://morrisonlabs.com/meniscus.htmWe will be using graduated cylinders to find the volume of liquids and other objects.

Read the measurement based on the bottom of the meniscus or curve. When using a real cylinder, make sure you are eye-level with the level of the water.What is the volume of water in the cylinder? _____mL

What causes the meniscus?A concave meniscus occurs when the molecules of the liquid attract those of the container. The glass attracts the water on the sides.Measuring Liquid VolumeImages created at http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/primaryframework/downloads/SWF/measuring_cylinder.swfWhat is the volume of water in each cylinder?

Pay attention to the scales for each cylinder.ABCMeasuring Solid Volume10 cm9 cm8 cmWe can measure the volume of regular object using the formula length x width x height._____ X _____ X _____ = _____http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~s1sci/R_S1Science/sp/en/syllabus/unit14/new/testingmain1.htmWe can measure the volume of irregular object using water displacement.

Amount of H2O with object = ______

About of H2O without object = ______

Difference = Volume = ______

KILO1000UnitsHECTO100UnitsDEKA10UnitsDECI0.1UnitCENTI0.01UnitMILLI0.001UnitMetersLitersGramsRemember the Ladder MethodHow do you use the ladder method? 1st Determine your starting point.

2nd Count the jumps to your ending point.

3rd Move the decimal the same number of jumps in the same direction.4 km = _________ m 123How many jumps does it take?Starting PointEnding Point4.1__.2__.3__.= 4000 mWrite the correct abbreviation for each metric unit.

1) Kilogram _____ 4) Milliliter _____ 7) Kilometer _____

2) Meter _____ 5) Millimeter _____ 8) Centimeter _____

3) Gram _____ 6) Liter _____ 9) Milligram _____

Try these conversions, using the ladder method.

10) 2000 mg = _______ g 15) 5 L = _______ mL 20) 16 cm = _______ mm

11) 104 km = _______ m 16) 198 g = _______ kg 21) 2500 m = _______ km

12) 480 cm = _____ m 17) 75 mL = _____ L 22) 65 g = _____ mg

13) 5.6 kg = _____ g 18) 50 cm = _____ m 23) 6.3 cm = _____ mm

14) 8 mm = _____ cm 19) 5.6 m = _____ cm 24) 120 mg = _____ gLets Practice Metric Conversions!!!Conversion Challenge1. kg2. m3. g4. ml5. mm6. L7. km8. cm9. mg10. 2 g11. 104000 m12. 4.8 m13. 5600 g14. .8 cm15. 5000 ml

16. 0.198 kg17. 0.075 l18. 0.5 m19. 560 cm20. 160 mm21. 2.5 km22. 65000 mg23. 63 mm24. 0.12 g25. 27. =28. =29. Differentiate between Compound Light Microscopes and Electron MicroscopesCompound LightElectronHow is object viewed?________ passes through objectbeam of _______ illuminates objectWhat is the magnification?_______ x ______up to ______xlightelectrons eyepiece objective2000much greater magnificationLabel the parts of the microscope:a- eyepieceb- stagec- diaphragmd- coarse adjustmente- fine adjustmentf- armg- objectiveh- base

abcdefghMicroscopesWhat is a light/compound microscope?

http://www.southwestschools.org/juniorschool/jsfaculty/Microscopes/compoundscope.html

MicroscopesWhat is an electron microscope?

What is the difference between TEM (transmission electron microscope) and a SEM (scanning electron microscope)?

Allows scientists to view a universe too small to be seen with a light microscope. They dont use light waves; they use electrons (negatively charged electrical particles) to magnify objects up to two million times.TEMs allows beams of electrons to go through the specimen while SEMs beams of electrons bounce off of the specimen and result in a 3D image. All images are black and whitewhy?

-> click on cool link http://school.discoveryeducation.com/lessonplans/interact/vemwindow.html