Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon...

Biology Biology Science DepartmentScience DepartmentDeerfield High SchoolDeerfield High School

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2–3 Carbon Compounds

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The Chemistry of Carbon

Carbon is found in all living organisms.Carbon atoms can bond with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus to form carbon or organic compounds. Carbon or organic compounds are the building blocks for organisms and the major source of their chemical energy.

CARBON COMPOUNDS = ORGANIC COMPOUNDS!CARBON COMPOUNDS = ORGANIC COMPOUNDS!


Why do I need to know about carbon compounds?

Life depends on carbon/organic compounds! When you eat food or inhale oxygen, your body uses these materials in chemical reactions that keep you alive.

Just as buildings are made from bricks, steel, glass and wood, living things are made from carbon/organic compounds.


Why is CARBON so important?

Carbon atoms have the ability to form strong bonds. Not only can carbon atoms bond to H, N, O, P and S

atoms, but a carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms!

-this gives carbon the ability to form long chains -the carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or triple covalent bonds -chains of carbon atoms can close and form rings

This makes carbon a versatile element--No other element even comes close!



Macromolecules

Carbon/organic compounds are Macromolecules--mega molecules.

Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization, where smaller molecules, monomers, join together to form larger molecules, polymers.



Macromolecules

Four groups of carbon/organic compounds are found in living organisms:

– carbohydrates– lipids– nucleic acids– proteins



All living organisms containAll living organisms containcarbohydrates, lipids, proteins,carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,and nucleic acids. In order toand nucleic acids. In order tomake these molecules, allmake these molecules, allconsumersconsumers must eat plants must eat plants and animals. These foods and animals. These foods provide consumers with the provide consumers with the materials they need to make materials they need to make their own carbon-base molecules.their own carbon-base molecules.

Borg like meyou would notneed carbon-based molecules!


What is a Carbohydrate?


Carbohydrates – Structure

A carbohydrate is an organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Carbohydrate macromolecules have a unique ring structure.

The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, like glucose.

C6H12O6


Carbohydrates – Structure

The various forms of carbohydrate polymers are…monosaccharide: single sugar molecule (Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose)disaccharide: two sugar molecules

(Ex: lactose, sucrose)polysaccharide: many sugar molecules

(Ex: glycogen (in animals) starch, cellulose (in plants))


Polysaccharide: Glycogen

A storage form of sugar in animals (mainly mammals) in the liver and muscles.

Ex: When your blood glucose levels are low, glycogen is released from the liver.


Polysaccharide: Starch

A storage form of sugar in plants in food reservoirs such as seeds and bulbs.

Ex: potatoes, cereal, pasta, bread, rice


Polysaccharide: Cellulose

Used for strength and rigidity in plants in the cell wall.

Cellulose is an indigestible molecule, also known as fiber.

Ex: vegetables, fruits, wood and paper


Carbohydrates – Function

Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.

Simple sugars (mono-, di- saccharides) provide immediate energy for all cell activities.

Living things store extra sugar as complex carbs (polysaccharides).


What is a Lipid?


Lipids – Structure

A lipid is a macromolecule made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Lipids are unique because they are nonpolar molecules, meaning they do NOT dissolve in water.

Lipid macromolecules are chain structures.

The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids.



The various forms of polymer lipids are…

saturated fatty acid (“full”): contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms; carbon atoms joined by single bonds

unsaturated fatty acid (“not full”): do NOT contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms; carbon atoms joined by double bonds


Unsaturated fats

Many unsaturated fats are found in vegetable products, fish, and

Are LIQUID at room temperature

Ex: plant oils, nuts, fish oil


Many saturated fats are found in animal products, and

Are SOLID at room temperature

Ex: butter, fats in meats

Saturated fats


Trans fats

Trans fats are man-made (artificial); this is done by “hydrogenating vegetable oils”

They are SOLID at room temperature

Ex: many processed foods


Lipids – Function

The main functions of lipids are for

energy storage

insulation

make up cell membranes

protective waterproof coverings


What is a Protein?


Proteins – Structure

A protein is a large complex polymer made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

Protein macromolecules are very large,complex, and unique structures.

The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.


Proteins – StructureFor each amino acid…the amino & carboxyl groups are identical so they can join together by covalent bonds, butthe “R” group is different.There are 20 common amino acids used by all organisms in nature, in different combinations.


Proteins – Function

The function of proteins include:control the rate of chemical reactions - enzymes

regulate cell processes

transport oxygen in the blood - hemoglobin

help fight disease - antibodies

form bone and muscle



The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.

AminoAcids

Protein Molecule


What is a Nucleic Acid?


Nucleic Acids – Structure

A nucleic acid is also a polymer made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.

Nucleic acid macromolecules vary in their size and complexity: DNA is a long double helix!

The building blocks of nucleic acids are monomers known as nucleotides.


Nucleic Acids – Function

The main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic (hereditary) information.

There are 2 kinds:

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Biology Biology Science DepartmentScience DepartmentDeerfield High SchoolDeerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2–3

Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as – lipids.– monosaccharides.– proteins.– polysaccharides.


2–3

Many lipids are formed from glycerol and – fatty acids.– monosaccharides.– amino acids.– nucleic acids.


2–3

Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because– they contain both amino groups and carboxyl

groups.– they can twist and fold into many different

and complex structures.– they contain nitrogen as well as carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen.– their R groups can be either acidic or basic.


2–3

Which of the following statements about cellulose is true?– Animals make it and use it to store

energy.– Plants make it and use it to store energy.

– Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton.

– Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.


2–3A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that– plants make polysaccharides, while animals

make proteins.– proteins are made of monomers, while

polysaccharides are not.– polysaccharides are made of

monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids.

– proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.

Biology Science Department Deerfield High School Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon...

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