Biology-SBiology-SBiology-SBiology-SOpen-Ended ReviewOpen-Ended Review

Question 1 – Safety Rules

• Wear protective equipment including goggles, aprons, and gloves

• When using heat – always use tongs or heat gloves – never point heated objects towards people.

• Waft to smell unknowns• No food or drink in the lab• Carry and use sharp objects (scalpel or

scissors) appropriately

Question 2 – Diffusion and Osmosis

• Osmosis – diffusion of water• Hypertonic – more solute outside the cell,

water gets sucked out• Hypotonic – less solute outside the cell, water

gets sucked in• Isotonic – concentration of solute is equal on

both sides• Quick experiment – the gummy bear with the

salt and plain water.

Question 3 – Cell Organelles

• Cell membrane – monitors materials into and out of the cell

• Active transport – move against a concentration gradient (pumps)

• Passive transport – no energy required to move molecules– Facilitated diffusion (carrier proteins)– Channels

Question 4 - Genetics• Homozygous dominant – RR (red)• Homozygous recessive – rr (white)• Heterozygous – Rr (red)• RR x RR (100% RR, 100% red)• rr x rr (100% rr, 100% white)• RR x rr (100% Rr, 100% red)• Rr x Rr (25% RR, 50% Rr, 25% rr, 75% red,

25% white)• RR x Rr (50% RR, 50% Rr, 100% red)• rr x Rr (50% Rr, 50% rr, 50% red, 50% white)

Question 5 – Base pairing rules

• DNA to DNA– A=T, C=G

• DNA to mRNA (creates codons)– A=U, C=G

• mRNA to rRNA or tRNA (creates anticodons)– A=U, C=G

Question 5 – Determining amino

acids• Using the mRNA codon

– First letter = left side of table– Second letter = top of the table– Third letter = right side of the table

Question 5 – Protein Synthesis

• Two steps– Transcription – mRNA copies DNA in

the nucleus– Translation – mRNA carries

information to the ribosomes where rRNA and tRNA translate the mRNA to obtain amino acids and build proteins

Question 6 –Prokaryote v. Eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes– No defined

nucleus– No membrane-

bound organelles– Believed to be

earliest known cells

• Eukaryotes– Well defined

nucleus– Membrane bound

organelles– Believed to have

evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes

Question 7 –Well-designed experiment• Control – something to compared

against (can be positive or negative)• Independent variable – variable that

experimenter controls (example – time)• Dependent variable – variable that the

experimenter is collecting data on (example – growth of a plant)

Question 8 – Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates – used for energy• Lipids – long term energy storage,

protective coating (wax)• Proteins – structure• Nucleic acid – information storage

Question 9 –Ecological interactions

• Mutualism – everyone wins! All parties benefit (wrasse and pleny)

• Commensalism – I win, you are neither helped nor harmed (barnacles on a whale)

• Parasitism – I win, you lose! (tape worms, ring worms)

Question 10 –Food web

• Producers – photosynthetic organisms

• Primary consumers – herbivores• Secondary consumers – carnivores• Higher order consumers – top

predators (humans, eagles, lions etc.)

Question 11 –Photosynthesis and Cellular

Respiration• Photosynthesis

– 6CO2+6H2OC6H12

O6+6O2

– Reactants – carbon dioxide, water (in the presence of sunlight)

– Products – glucose and oxygen

• Cellular respiration– C6H12O6+6O2

6CO2+6H2O

– Reactants – glucose and oxygen

– Products – carbon dioxide and water

The products of photosynthesis “power” the process of cellular respiration which “powers” all the other processes that living things do!

Good Luck!• If you paid attention during this review

and you look these questions over a couple of times …

• You are prepared for the open-ended portion of the Biology-S exam!

• 12 questions you pick 15.• Budget your time accordingly on test

day.