Bacteria and Archaea differ inthe make up of their cell walls

Escherichia coli is classified asA bacterium

Which of the following is NOT a way in which Archaea and bacteria differArchaea follow the lytic cycle, while bacteria follow the lysogenic cycle

Which of the following may be members of the kingdomArchaeaMethane producers

Figure 20-1 shows the structure ofA bacterium

Which structure or structures shown in Figure 20-1 have key difference in bacteria and ArchaeaA and B

Which of the bacterial cells shown in Figure 20-2 is a coccusC

Which of the following can survive either with oxygen or without itFacultative Anaerobes

Some prokaryotes are able to survive unfavorable conditions by formingEndospores

What three characteristics are used to classify prokaryotesBy shape, how they move, and how they get energy

Where are you likely to find a photoautotrophNear the surfaces of lakes and streams

During an experiment, a scientist observed prokaryotes that lived near volcanic vents deep in the ocea, the scientist MOST likely observedChemoautotrophs

During what process do prokaryotes exchange genetic informationConjugation

What would be a direct consequence of the disappearance of nitrogen-fixing prokaryotesOrganisms would not be able to get the nutrients they need to make proteins

Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and wastes are calledDecomposers

Nitrogen fixation involves each of the following EXCEPTFertilizer

Biologists think that prokaryotes living in extreme environments may be a good sourceHeat-stable enzymes

The outer protein coat of a virus is called aCapsid

What three materials make up many virusesProteins, nucleic acids, and lipsids

Proteins in the viral capsid or on the surface membrane function tobind the virus to the surface of a host cell

The instructions for making new copies of a virus areCoded in either RNA or DNA

What is the basic structure of a virusDNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

Virusesvary gentle in size and structure

Which of the following characteristics of living things is NOT true about virusesobtain and use energy

A lytic infection concludes with thebursting of the host cell

A prophage is made ofViral DNA

Bacteriophage infectbacteria

Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do NOTLyse the host cell right away

During a lytic infection, the host cellis destroyed when it bursts

How do bacteria cause diseaseby destroying cells and releasing toxins

Bacteria that cause disease are calledpathogens

Which of the following will NOT prevent many bacterial infectionsallowing food to cool completely before refrigerating

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a bacteriumAIDS

Which of the following is NOT a reason emerging diseases are especially dangerous to human healthemerging diseases can only be controlled by vaccines

What might people do to prevent the development of more superbugsthey should use antibiotics only when necessary

Viral diseases can beprevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics

How do viruses cause diseasesby destroying cells or affecting cellular processes

Viral infections can be prevented by vaccines, which arepreparations of weakened or killed viruses

One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that theycan apply to more than one animal

Linnaean classification involvesboth large and small categories of organisms

One goal of scientists is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known asbinomial nomenclature

For many species, there are often regional differences in theircommon names

At any level of organization, groups that have biological meaning are referred to asTaxa

To be useful, a scientific name has to refer toA single species

According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalizedThe genus name only

Based on their names, you know that the baboon Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the samespecies

How do binomial, or two-part, names compare with early versionsof scientifc namesthey trend to be shorter

The second part of a scientific name is unique to eachspecies in its genus

Often, the second part of a scientific name isa description of a trait or habitat

Systematics isthe science of naming and grouping organisms

In Linnaeus's system of classification, how many levels are thereseven

A genus is composed of a number of similarspecies

Several different classes make upphylum

Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean systemphylum and kingdom

Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the classMammalia

The only "natural" taxa in Linnaeus's system is thespecies

Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarilyvisible similarities and differences

In evolutionary classifications, a monophyletic group includes oneancestor and all its descendents

The grouping of organisms based on their common descent is calledevolutionary classification

In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus shouldbe more closely related to one another than they are to species in other genera

What kind of analysis focuses on the order in which derives characters appeared in organismcladistics analysis

In biology, a trait that arose in an ancestor and is passed along to its descendants is referred to as aderived character

Which of the following is a correct explanation of a derived characterthe presence of hair is derived character of mammals because all mammals have hair and no animals other than mammals have it

Each node on a cladogram representsthe last point at which two groups shared a common ancestor

What does a cladistics analysis show about organismsthe relative degrees of relatedness among lineages

Similar to DNA sequences in genes can be evidence ofcommon ancestry

What do all organisms have in commonthey all us DNA to pass information

What is true about dissimilar organisms such as a cow and yeasttheir degree of relatedness can be estimated from their genes

Which of the following techniques can scientists use to determine how the DNA of several species might indicate the species are relatedcladistics analysis

DNA evidencecan solve evolutionary puzzles, such as how to classify organisms that look similar to one species but share peculiar behaviors with one another

What cell structures in eukaryotic cells contain DNA that can be used to determine evolutionary relationshipsnuclei and mitochondria

All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia areeukaryotes

Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitinFungi

In Linnaeus's time, all life was divided into which to kingdomsanimals and plants

In Linnaeus's time, all living things were grouped into two kingdoms. Later, there were five kingdoms, and now we have six kingdoms. What is the main reason for this increaseas scientists learned more about genetics and biochemistry, some organisms were moved out of existing kingdoms and into new ones

Why is the kingdom Protista not valid under evolutionary classificationprotista contains groups that share closet common ancestors with other groups, rather than with each other

Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom calledMonera

The domain that corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria isbacteria

The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments isarchaea

The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms arearchaea and bacteria

The three-domain system arose when scientists found that Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were moredissimilar than scientists thought

The three-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between two groups ofProkaryotes

What is thought to be true about the three domains of living thingsthey delivered from a common ancestor before the evolution of the main groups of eukaryotes

What are protistsEukaryotes that are not part of the plant, animals, or fungi kingdoms

Most protists aresingle celled

Scientists once classified protists based on whether they had plantlike, funguslike, or animal like characteristics. Why is the system problematicsome protists have characteristics of more than one group

Which of the following organisms is a multicellular protestkelp

What is one reason why the classification of protists in one kingdom is difficultprotists are more closely resemble members of the other eukaryotic kingdoms than they do other protists

Scientists developed the theory that protist and other eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes by studyinggenetic and fossil evidence

What is the relationship between multicellular protists and plants, animals, and fungimulticellular protists and plants, animals, and fungi likely all have a common ancestor

Modern protist classification systemswill change as scientists learn more about protists

What structures do protists such as amoebas use for movementPseudopods

Which of the following analogies best describes the motion of a nonmotile protista boat is moved forward by a current

Which of the following describes the structure of a pseudopodit is a cytoplasmic projection

To move, nonmotile protists depend onair or water currents and other organisms

The organisms shown in Figure 21-2 is an example ofa flagellate

Which of the following does not describe the macronucleus of a parameciumthe macronucleus does not disintegrate during conjugation

During what process do two protists exchange genetic materialconjugation

In water models, what structure produces sporessporangium

Which structure of a paramecium holds a "reserve copy" of all the cell's genes?the micronucleus

Many protists alternate between diploid and haploid stages during their life cycle in a process known asalternation of generations

Which of the following events might lead to an algal bloomnitrogen-rich fertilizer washes of of fields into the ocean

Ciliates get food bysweeping food particles into their gullet

In amoebas, what structure stores food for a short period of timevacuole

The spore-farming Plasmodium causesmalaria

Which of the following organisms forms a mutualistic relationship with another organismTrichonympha

Protists living inside termitesproduce an enzyme that breaks down cellulose

During fungal reproduction, which of the following process is first to occur after the nuclei of opposite mating types fusemeiosis

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles isEukaryotic

Organisms that must obtain nutrients and energy by eating other organisms areheterotrophic

A student looks at a slice of tissue on an unlabeled microscope slide. The student concludes the tissue is not from an animal because the cells in the tissue havecell walls

Which chordate characteristic is visible on the outside of an adult cata tail that extends beyond the anus

Homeostasis is astable internal environment

Which of the following is NOT a viral diseaseBotulism

Scientists think that archaea may be the ancestors that is more recent than the common ancestor of archaea and bacteriaTRUE

Many archaea live in harsh environments, such as hot springsTRUE

Prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes because prokaryotic cells lack DNAFALSE; a nucleus

Figure 20-2 shows the three shapes of virusesFALSE; prokaryotes

In Figure 20-2, the spherical shaped organism labeled C is an example of coccusTRUE

Photosynthetic prokaryotes are important producers in ecosystemsTRUE

Through genetic engineering, bacteria can be used to synthesize drugsTRUE

In Figure 20-4, the structure labeled D is called a tail fiberTRUE

In Figure 20-4 the structure labeled C is proteinFALSE; nucleic acid

An organism may have different common names that vary from area to are and language to languageTRUE

Scientists try to organize living things into groups that have economic significanceFALSE; biological scientific

A dichotomous key, which consists of a series of paired statements, can be used to identify organismsTRUE

In the name Ursus maritmus, the word Ursus refers to the speciesFALSE; genus

Linnaeus's system of classification has seven taxonomic levelsTRUE

An order is a broad taxonomic category composed of similar phylaFALSE; families

Modern biologists build classification diagrams called cladograms that reflect lines of evolutionary descentTRUE

Cladistic analysis considers derived characteristics that have arisen as lineages have evolved over timeTRUE

American vultures are now classified with storks instead of with African vultures because of molecular evidence based on body structureFALSE; DNA analysis

To determine evolutionary relationships among very dissimilar organisms, scientists often analyze their DNATRUE

Genetic evidence can sometime suggest alternative relationships among organisms than suggested by their physical characteristicsTRUE

The six kingdoms of life are Eubacteria, Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and AnimaliaFALSE; archaebacteria

The kingdom Monera has been split into the kingdoms Eubacteria and ProtistaFALSE; archaebacteria

The kingdom Eubacteria contains the same organisms as the domain AnimaliaFALSE; bacteria

One way in which archaea differ from bacteria in that the cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycanTRUE

Based on DNA sequences of key archaea genes, archaea and ____ seem to share a more recent common ancestor than do archaea and___Eukaryotes, bacteria

Prokaryotes that carry out photosynthesis in a manner similar to that of plants are called_____photoautotrophs

According to Figure 20-1, the structure labeled___, which is called a____, contains peptidoglycan in bacteria but not archaeaA, CELL WALL

In Figure 20-2, the organism labeled A is an example of a______Bacillus

The process in which prokaryotes change nitrogen gas to a form that plants can use is called_____nitrogen fixation

Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms in an ecosystem are called____decomposers

Viruses are not considered to be alive because they cannot_____reproduce independently

The type of virus shown in Figure 20-4 is called a_____bacteriophage

In Figure 204- the structure labeled A is the_____head

French chemist Louis Pasteur helped establish the_____when he showed that bacteria were responsible for a number of illnessesgerm theory of disease

West Nile virus, drug-resistant tuberculosis, and MRSA are examples of________,which pose a threat to human health because humans have little resistance to these diseasesemerging diseases

_________can disrupt cellular homeostasis and can even lead to uncontrolled cell division and the formation of cancersViruses

In Linnaeus's system of classification, the two smallest categories are genus andspecies

In systematics, the class Mammalia is grouped with the classes Aves, Repitlia, Amphibia, and all classes of fishes into_____chordataPhylum

Traditional classification is based on general similarities and differences among the ___________ of organismsbody structures

_____ is the study of how living extinct organisms are related to each other.phylogeny

Cladistic analysis relies on traits called ____________ that aris in a common ancestor and are passed on to descendants.derived characters

DNA analyses show that the _____ of many dissimilar organisms show similarities at the molecular levelgenes

In cladistics analysis, similar genes that appear in dissimilar organisms indicate that they share a common ________.ancestor

The six kingdoms of life include bacteria that have cell walls with peptidoglycan, bacteria that have cell walls without peptidoglycan, protists, fungi, animals, and _____plants

Unlike the five kingdom system of classification, the six kingdom system breaks _________ into two groups.bacteria

Eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, animal, and fungi kingdoms are called _________.protists

Amoebas move when _______ streams into a projection called a __________ and the rest of the cell followscytoplasm, pseudopod

In Step 2 of figure 21-3 __________ of the micronucleus produces four __________ micronucleimeiosis, haploid

163. In ciliates __________ fuse with __________ which contain digestive enzymes that break down foodfood vacuoles, lysosomes

164. Some protists Live in __________ relationships with other organisms, in which both the protist and the other organism benefitsymbiotic