Biology of the People of Jammu and Kashmir: I. The Growth Patterns

©Kamla-Raj 2008 Anthropologist, 10(2): 89-118 (2008)

INTRODUCTION

It has been proved by extensive research thatphysical status of human being is an outcomeof the interaction of genetical and environmentalfactors. Whilst genetic factors are hereditary,some of the environmental factors are mani-pulative and are direct outcome of the socio-economic status of individual. The environ-mental factors include physical environment likealtitude, climate, geographical zone and others,nutritional regime and quality of environmentamong others. All these factors have a very strongbearing on the health status of individuals.

Populations living at high altitude have beena source of extensive research for physicalanthropologists (Monge 1948) even beforeInternational Biological Programme (Eveleth andTanner, 1966). Since then numerous attempts havebeen made all over the world to document uniquegrowth patterns and physiological functions ofpeople living at the high altitude. The pioneeramong them are the studies by Clegg et al. (1970,1972), Baker (1969) and Hoff (1972).

There have been numerous attempts todocument the growth patterns of populationsgroups inhabiting the Himalayan range. Amongthe earlier studies were on military personneloccupying Ladakh zone of Jammu and Kashmirand Tibetans settled in Nepal (Singh and

Bhardwaj, 1969, Bhardwaj and Malhotra, 1970;Pawson, 1978). This was followed by studies ofSingh, I. P. and Malik (1977), Singh, S.P. (1978),Singh, I.P. and Bhasin (1983) but these werescattered studies done on one particular popula-tion group and one particular aspect of thepopulation groups occupying one or the otherzone of Himalayas.

A project to study man-environment interac-tion in the state of Jammu and Kashmir waslaunched in 1987 under the MAB Programme ofUNESCO. The aim of the study was to documentthe impact of environment on human being livingin the zones. This project has special emphasison Ladakh region, almost unknown to the outsidescientific world, as there were few reports andstudies on the population groups living there.The project undertook a series of studies on thegrowth patterns of the population groups livingin the region. Some of these have been reportedin the literature ( Bhasin and Singh, 1991, 1992a,b,c, Singh, 1991). These papers report on twomajor population groups of the Ladakh regioni.e. Bodhs and Baltis, while Bhasin and Singh(1992 d,e) report on two smaller but uniquepopulation groups; Bodhs living in Changthangarea and Dards occupying the Batalic region ofLadakh. The Baltis, Dards and Bodhs of Changthangwere reported for the first time in literature (Bhasinand Singh, 1992 d, e ).

Biology of the People of Jammu and Kashmir:I. The Growth Patterns and Physiological Variables of Various

Population Groups of the State

M.K. Bhasin, L.P. Singh and Balvinder Kaur

Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India

KEYWORDS Dogras. Ladakhi Bodhs. Baltis. Tibetans. Dogras. Jammu and Kashmir. Growth Patterns.Physiology

ABSTRACT The present paper deals with the growth patterns and physiological variable among various populationgroups of Jammu and Kashmir state, India. The study includes population groups from all the three main divisions ofthe state. They are Dogra Brahmans, Dogra Rajputs, Dogra Scheduled Castes and Gujjars from the Jammu region.From the Kashmir valley, Kashmiri Muslim adults were studied whilst the population groups from Ladakh includeBodhs, Baltis and Tibetans refugees. The subjects (N= 2,043) were studied for a set of 23 anthropometric and 3physiological variables. The results of the study show that various Dogra groups have better growth rates and highervalues of physiological variables as compared to their peers. In general it has been observed that the physical growthstatus of various population groups is proxy indicator of their economic prosperity and nutritional intakes. Asreported elsewhere in the literature, high altitude population groups of Ladakh region show higher values of variouschest measurements and lung functions owing to hypoxia.

90 M.K. BHASIN, L.P. SINGH AND BALVINDER KAUR

The aim of this paper is to document growthpatterns and physiological parameters of thepopulation groups living in the area.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The subject for the present study were drawnfrom all three regions of the Jammu and Kashmirstate: Ladakh, Kashmir and Jammu. The innerHimalayan zone of Ladakh has two majorpopulation groups. The Bodhs mainly occupyLeh district of Ladakh division whereas theBaltis, a Shia Muslim group, are in majority inthe Kargil district of the state, though both thesedistricts have significant population of eachcommunity. The other population groups fromthe region include Tibetans, a group of refugeesfrom Tibet living in and around Leh town ofLadakh and two groups of special interest Dardsof Batalic and Bodhs of the Chanthang.

The Middle Himalayan zone, the Kashmirvalley, is mainly occupied by two endogamouspopulation groups Kashmiri Muslims andKashmiri Brahmans. Due to ongoing civic unrest,it was not possible to collect extensive informationon growth patterns of these two populationgroups. However a smaller sample of KashmiriMuslim adults was studied from the region.

The outer Himalayan zone, Jammu, the Dograland, was studied extensively, All the majorpopulation groups of the region go under thegeneric name of Dogra. However there are threedistinct endogamous groups living in the region.They include Brahmans, Rajputs, and ScheduledCastes. All these groups were studied in detail forvarious anthropometric and physiologicalmeasurements. There are also two groups of specialinterest in the regions Gujjars and Bakarwals. Theyboth are transhumant groups who migrate fromJammu region to the Kashmir valley and the Ladakhregion during summer. We were able to collectinformation on Gujjars from the region (Table 1).For details about various population groups of theState see Bhasin and Nag (2002).

The subjects included in the study were malechildren and adults ranging from 8+ years to 18+years. All those adult subjects aged more than19 years were grouped as ‘19+ years and above’.All the subjects included in the study wereselected at random from various schools,colleges and from the households by door todoor visits. The subjects were apparently healthy

though no physical examination of any kind wascarried, none of the subjects had any physicaldeformity or was suffering from any long termphysical ailment. Table 2 describes the numberof subjects studied from each age group.

In order to get a comprehensive picture ofgrowth and physiological pattern, it was decidedto undertake the following measurements.• Body Weight

Projective Height Measurements

• Height Vertex• Sitting Height

Diameter

• Biacromial Diameter• Bicristal diameter• Transverse diameter of chest• Antero posterior diameter of chest• Humerus Bicondylar Diameter• Femur Bicondylar Diameter• Wrist Diameter• Ankle Diameter

Circumferences

• Chest Circumference Inspired• Chest circumference normal• Chest circumference expired• Mid upper arm circumference Relaxed• Mid upper arm circumference Contracted• Calf Girth

Skinfolds

• Biceps Skinfold• Triceps skinfold• Subscapular skinfold• Suprailiac skinfold• Calf skinfold• Forearm skinfold

The following Respiratory functions werealso studied:• Forced Vital Capacity• Forced Expiratory Volume ( in one second)• Peak Expiratory Flow

Based on the above anthropometric andphysiological measurements, the followingindices and other morphological measures havealso been derived. The indirect anthropometric

BIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR 91T

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measurements included lower extremity length.The other measurements included percentage ofbody fat, total body surface area. The anthro-pometric measurements were taken followingstandard techniques as described in Singh andBhasin (1989) and Weiner and Lourie (1969). Allthe anthropometric and physiological measure-ment were taken by a single investigator so as tominimise inter personal error, that invariablycreeps in such a wider range of data and measure-ments. In addition to the above anthropometricand physiological measurements, anthropometricsomatotype has been calcutated using HeathCarter Method (Heath and Carter, 1967; Carter,1975; Carter and Heath, 1990)

The data were analysed using PC version ofSPSS at the computer centre of University ofDelhi during 1989-91.

RESULTS

The results of the study are being reported inTable 3.

Body Weight

Body weight is measurement of overall growthstatus of the person at the time of study. A lookat the range of body weight shows that at agegroup 8+ years, Tibetans of Ladakh are theheaviest among all children, very closely followedby Dogra Rajputs, Baltis and Bodhs. At age group8+ years, Dogra Scheduled Castes are the lightestof all the age groups. In almost all the populationgroups, there is an increase in the body weightwith each passing year. At age group 18+ years,Dogra Rajputs are the most heavy among theirpeers, closely followed by the other two Dogragroups, Scheduled Castes and Brahmans. Amongpopulation of Ladakh region, Bodhs are heavierthan the Baltis. The other two population groups,Gujjars and Tibetans end up lighter than the otherpopulation groups.

A look at the weight trends of adults of theJammu and Kashmir state shows that theKashmiri Muslims were the heaviest of allgroups, followed by Gujjars, Dogra Rajputs,Dogra Brahmans, and there was no significantdifferences in weight of the Dogra ScheduledCastes, Bodhs, Baltis and Tibetan of Ladakhregion, who continue to be lighter than the othergroups.

Height Vertex

As in the case of body weight, in height vertexalso, Dogra Rajputs are tallest at age group 8+years, very closely followed by Tibetans andDogra Brahmans and Scheduled Castes in theorder given. Ladakhi Bodhs and Baltis are amongthe shortest at the age group 8+ years. Again asin the case of weight, all the age groups continueto gain height throughout the period understudy. At the age group 18+ years, DograBrahmans are the tallest among their peers ofthe state. They are followed by the other twoDogra groups and Gujjars. Among variousLadakhi groups, the Baltis are slightly taller thanthe Bodhs, who are followed by the Tibetans.

Among adults, Kashmiri Muslims are thetallest group, followed by various Dogra groupsand Gujjars. Among Ladakhi groups, as in caseof 18+ young adults, Baltis are the tallest groups,followed by Bodhs and Tibetans. As such allthree Ladakhi groups are shorter than their peers.

Sitting Height

At the age group 8+ years, Tibetans havemaximum sitting height and they are very closelyfollowed by Dogra Scheduled Castes, Rajputsand Brahmans in the order. Ladakhi Bodhs andBaltis have lesser sitting height than their peers.As in any other projective height measurement,there is continuous increase till age group 18+years. At the age group 18+ years, various Dogragroups take over their peers with DograBrahmans recording maximum sitting height,very closely followed by Dogra Rajput. DograScheduled Caste. The Ladakhi Bodhs followthem with almost similar sitting height. Tibetansand Gujjars have lower sitting height than theirpeer groups at age group 18+ years.

In the case of adults, Kashmiri Muslims andBaltis have higher sitting height than their peergroups. They are closely followed by LadakhiBodhs and various Dogra groups. Tibetan andGujjars, as in the case of young children, havelesser sitting height than their peers.

Diameters

Biacromial Diameter: At the age group 8+years, Tibetans have largest Biacromial diameter,they are followed by various Dogra groups.

BIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR 93

Among Dogras, Dogra Rajputs have largestbiacromial diameter, followed by DograBrahmans and the Scheduled Castes in the order.Ladakhi Bodhs and Baltis have lesser biacromialdiameter than their peer groups of the state. Aswith the other body measurement during theseyears, almost all the groups continue increase inbiacromial diameter. At age group 18+ years,Dogra groups take over their peers. AmongDogras, Dogra Scheduled Castes have largestbiacromial diameter, followed closely by DograRajputs and Brahmans. The other groups likeLadakhi Bodhs and Baltis, Tibetans and Gujjarshave almost similar biacromial diameters.

Among Adult groups of Jammu and Kashmirstate, Dogra Rajputs and Kashmiri Muslims havehigher biacromial diameter than their peer groups.These groups are followed by Dogra Brahmanswhilst Dogra Scheduled Castes and Gujjarsrecord similar biacromial diameter. Among threeLadakhi groups, who record less biacromialdiameter than their peer groups, Tibetan havehigher biacromial diameter than the Baltis andLadakhi Bodhs.

Bicristal Diameter: Tibetan children havelargest bicristal diameter at age group 8+ yearscompared to their other peers from the state.They are followed by various Dogra groups withDogra Rajputs recording maximum bicristaldiameter among the Dogra peers followed byDogra Scheduled Castes and Brahmans. Theyare followed by Baltis. At age group 18+ years,Dogra Brahmans have largest bicristal diameterand they are closely followed by Dogra ScheduledCastes, Dogra Rajputs, Gujjars and Baltis.Ladakhi Bodhs and Tibetans follow these groupsin order.

As far as adult population groups are concer-ned, Kashmiri Muslims have the largest bicristaldiameter and they are followed by Tibetans,Dogra Brahmans, Dogra Scheduled Castes andDogra Rajputs in order. Baltis and LadakhiBodhs follow these population groups in order.

Transverse Diameter of Chest: Chest dia-meters are important measurements in case ofpopulation living at the altitude. Since thesepopulation groups are often are associated withhypoxia-a physiological condition . Thereforeboth the chest diameters and three chestcircumference, (relaxed, inspired and expired)were also studied.

At age group 8+ years, Tibetan have largesttransverse chest diameter and they are followed

by various Dogra groups. Among Dogras, DograBrahmans have the largest transverse chestdiameter, they are followed by Dogra ScheduledCastes and Dogra Rajputs in the order. BothBaltis and Ladakhi Bodhs have lower transversediameter of chest than their peers. As in the caseof other anthropometric measurements, Dogragroups take over their peers in this measurementas well by the time these groups reach age group18+. At 18+ Dogra Rajputs have largesttransverse diameter of chest, they are closelyfollowed by Dogra Brahmans, Gujjars and DograScheduled Castes. Bodhs of Ladakh are followedby Tibetans who are, in turn followed by Baltisof Ladakh.

In the case of adults, Kashmiri Muslims havelargest transverse diameter of chest they areclosely followed by Tibetans and various Dogragroups. Bodhs, Baltis and Bodhs of Ladakh havelower transverse diameter of chest than theirpeers in the state.

Antero-posterior Diameter of Chest: At agegroup 8+ Tibetans have largest Antero posteriordiameter of chest. They are followed by variousDogra groups, who are followed by Baltis andBodhs of Ladakh. As in the case of other anthro-pometric measurements, antero posterior dia-meter of chest continue to increase till age group18+. At 18+ Dogra Scheduled Caste recordmaximum antero posterior diameter of chest.They are followed by Tibetans, Dogra Rajputs,Bodhs of Ladakh, Dogra Brahmans and Baltis.In the case of adults Tibetans still have largestAntero posterior diameter of chest. They arefollowed by Kashmiri Muslims and variousDogra groups. Baltis and Bodhs of Ladakh havelower Antero posterior diameter of chest ascompared to their peers from the state.

Humerus Bicondylar Diameter: At agegroup 8+ Dogra Brahmans have largest humerusbicondylar diameter followed by Dogra Rajputsand Tibetans, Dogra Scheduled Castes. Bodhsand Baltis of Ladakh have lower humerus bi-condylar diameter than their peers. At age group18+ various Dogra groups have larger humerusbi-condylar diameter than their peers. AmongDogras, Dogra Rajputs have largest humerusbi-condylar diameter followed by DograBrahmans and Dogra Scheduled Castes. LadakhBodhs have humerus bi-condylar diameter thanthe other Ladakhi groups. Gujjars have lowerhumerus bi-condylar diameter than Dogragroups but higher than various Ladakhi group.


Among adults Kashmiri Muslims and Gujjarshave higher humerus bi-condylar diameter thantheir peers. They are followed by DograBrahmans, Rajputs various Ladakhi groups andthe Dogra Scheduled Castes.

Femur Bi-condylar Diameter: Age group 8+,the Tibetans have greater femur bi-condylardiameter than their peers of the state. They areclosely followed by various Dogra groups. BothBaltis and Bodhs of Ladakh have lower femurbi-condylar diameter than their peer groups ofthe state. As in the case of various other anthro-pometric measurements femur bi-condylardiameter continue to increase with age. At 18+age group various Dogra groups have higherfemur bi-condylar diameter then their peers. Theother groups like Ladakhi Bodhs, Baltis, Tibetansand Gujjars have similar femur bi-condylardiameter but it is lower than the Dogra groups.Among adults Dogra Rajputs have largest femurbi-condylar diameter which is closely followedby Kashmiri Muslims, Dogra Brahmans andLadakhi Bodhs. They are in turn followed byBaltis, Dogra Scheduled Castes and Tibetans.

Wrist Diameter: At age group 8+ DograBrahmans have broadest wrists, followed byDogra Rajputs and Tibetans. They are in turnfollowed by Dogra Scheduled Castes, Bodhs andBaltis of Ladakh. Wrist Diameter continue toincrease from age group 8+ to 18+ years. At agegroup 18+ the Gujjars have, broadest wristsfollowed by Dogra Brahamans, Rajputs andBodhs. They are in turn followed by Tibetansand Baltis of Ladakh. Among adults Gujjars havewidest wrists followed by Dogra Rajputs, DograBrahamans and Tibetans. They are in turnfollowed by Bodhs, Dogra Scheduled Castes andBalits of Ladakh.

Ankle Diameter: At age group 8+, DograBrahmans highest value of ankle diameter. Theyare followed by Tibetans, Dogra ScheduledCastes and Dogra Rajputs. Ladakhi populationgroups like Bodhs and Balits have lower valuesof ankle diameter at age group 8+. Ankle diametercontinue to increase 8+ through 18+ years ofage. At age group 18+ Gujjars have highest valueof ankle diameter followed by Ladakhi groups inthe order of Tibetans, Bodhs and Baltis. Dogragroup have lower value of ankle diameter andthe order is Dogra Brahmans, Dogra Rajputs andDogra Rajputs. Among adults, Gujjars, DograBrahmans and Bodhs of Ladakh have almostsimilar values of ankle diameter and are ahead of

their peer groups. They are followed by DograRajputs, Baltis, Dogra Scheduled Castes,Kashmiri Muslims and Tibetans in the givenorder.

Chest Circumference Inspired: At age group8+, Tibetans have the broadest chest circum-ference (when inspired), followed by their peergroups of Ladakh (Bodhs and Baltis). They arefollowed by the population groups of Jammuregion. Like other anthropometric measurements,chest circumference (inspired) also continuesto grow during the study period. At 18+ years,Dogra population groups and Gujjars recordsimilar values of chest circumference. LadakhiBodhs, Tibetans and Baltis record similar valuesof the measurements, which are significantlylower than their Dogra peers.

Chest Circumference (Normal): At agegroup 8+ years Tibetans have highest value ofchest circumference in the normal state. Theyare followed by other two Ladakhi groups inwith Bodhs showing slightly higher values thanBaltis. Dogra groups show almost similar valuesof chest circumference which are lower than theirpeer groups. At age group 18+ Dogra ScheduledCastes have highest values of chest circum-ference in the normal state. They are followedby Gujjars, Dogra Rajputs and Dogra Brahmansin the order. The Ladakhi groups have lowervalues of chest circumference than their peergroups. Among Ladakhis, Bodhs have thehighest value, followed by Baltis and Tibetans.Among adults of Jammu and Kashmir, KashmiriMuslims have highest value of chest circum-ference in the normal state. They are closelyfollowed by various Ladakhi groups with theTibetans showing highest value among themand they are followed by Bodhs and Baltis.Among the population groups of Jammu region- who in general have lower values of chestcircumference then their Kashmiri and Ladakhipeers-Dogra Rajputs have highest valuefollowed by Gujjars, Dogra Scheduled Castesand Dogra Brahamans in the order.

Chest Circumference (Expired): Tibetanshave the highest value of chest circumference(expired) among the population groups of thestate at age group 8+ years. They are followedby other two Ladakhi groups with the Bodhsshowing slightly higher value than the Baltis.Dogra groups have higher values of chestcircum-ference (expired) then their peer groups.Chest circumference (expired) continue to


increase age group 8+ through 18+ years. At18+ Dogra Scheduled Castes have the highestvalue of chest circumference (expired) followedby Dogra Rajputs, Dogra Brahamans and LadakhiBodhs. They are in turn followed by TibetansBaltis and Gujjars. Among adults Tibetans havethe highest value of chest circumference(expired) followed by Kashmiri Muslims. Theyare in turn followed by Dogra Brahamans,Ladakhi Bodhs, Dogra Rajputs, Gujjars andBaltis.

Upper Arm Circumference (Relaxed): Atage group 8+ Tibetans have highest value ofupper arm circumference (relaxed). They areclosely followed by Dogra Brahmans, DograRajputs and Ladakhi Bodhs. They are in turnfollowed by Dogra Scheduled Castes and Baltis.As in the case of other body measurement upperarm circumference (relaxed) continues to increasefrom age group 8+ through 18+. At age group18+ Dogra Rajputs have highest value of upperarm circumference (relaxed) among their peers.They are followed by Gujjars, Dogra ScheduledCastes. Dogra Brahmans and Ladakhi Bodhshave similar value of upper arm circumference(relaxed) and they are followed by Baltis andTibetans in the order. Among adults of Jammuand Kashmir state Dogra Rajputs have thehighest value of upper arm circumference(relaxed) among their peers they are followed byGujjars and Kashmiri Muslims. They are in turnfollowed by Dogra Brahmans, Tibetans, DograScheduled Castes and the two Ladakhi groups.

Upper Arm Circumference (Contracted):Tibetans have the highest value of upper armcircumference (contracted) at age group 8+among their peers. They are followed by DograBrahmans, Ladakhi Bodhs, Dogra Rajputs andDogra Scheduled Caste in the order. Upper armcircumference (contracted) continue to increaseup to age group 18+ as in the case of most of theanthropometric measurements. At age group 18+, Dogra Rajputs the highest value of upper armcircumference (contracted) followed by Gujjars,Dogra Scheduled Castes and Dogra Brahmansin the order. Various Ladakhi groups have lowervalue of upper arm circumference (contracted)than their peers with Ladakhi Bodhs showinghigher value than the other two Ladakhi groups.Among adults also Dogra Rajputs and Gujjarshave highest value of upper arm circumference(contracted) as compared to their peers of thestate. They are followed by Dogra Brahmans,

Kashmiri Muslims and Dogra Scheduled Castesin the order. Various Ladakhi groups have lowervalue of upper arm circumference (contracted)than their peers. However, among Ladakhis,Tibetans higher value of upper arm circumference(contracted) followed by Baltis and Bodhs.

Calf Girth: At age group 8+ Tibetans havethe highest value of calf girth among their peers.They are followed by Dogra Brahmans, LadakhiBodhs and Dogra Rajputs in the order. They arein turn followed by Dogra Scheduled Castes andBaltis. As in the case of other circumference,calf girth also continues to grow up to age group18+. At age group 18+ Dogra Rajputs havehighest value of calf girth. They are followed byDogra Scheduled Castes and Ladakhi Bodhs.They are in turn followed by Dogra Brahmans,Gujjars, Tibetans and Baltis in the given order.Among adults, Gujjars have the highest valueof calf girth followed by Dogra Rajputs, DograBrahmans, Kashmiri Muslims and DograScheduled Castes. Various Ladakhi groups havelower value of calf circumference as comparedto their peers. However, among Ladakhi groups,Bodhs have slightly higher value of calf girthfollowed by Baltis and Tibetans.

Skinfolds

Biceps Skinfold (mm): At age group 8+ years,Tibetans have the highest value of bicepsskinfolds and they are followed by variousDogra groups. Among Dogras groups, DograRajputs have higher value of the skinfoldsfollowed by Brahmans and Scheduled Castes.There is no particular trend though in generalthere is an increase in biceps skinfold. At agegroup 18+ years, various groups from Jammuregion, Dogras and Gujjars have higher valuesof biceps skinfold as compared to variousLadakhi groups. Among adults also, variousDogra groups have higher value of bicepsskinfolds compared to other groups. They arefollowed by Kashmiri Muslims and Tibetans.Two Ladakhi groups, of Bodhs and Baltis, havelower values of skinfolds as compared to theirpeers.

Triceps Skinfolds (mm): Triceps skinfold ishighest among Tibetans children among theirpeer groups. They are followed by Ladakhi Bodhsand various Dogra groups. The Baltis of Ladakhhave lowest value of triceps skinfolds. Thoughno particular trend is observed in the case of


triceps skinfolds, the values of the same increaseby age. At 18+ years, Gujjars have the highestvalue of triceps skinfolds, followed by variousDogra and Ladakhi groups. Among adults ofJammu and Kashmir state, Dogra Rajputs havethe highest value of triceps skinfold. They arefollowed by Dogra Brahmans, Tibetans, KashmiriMuslims, Dogra Scheduled Castes, LadakhiBodhs and Baltis in the order.

Subscapular Skinfolds: As in the case ofother skinfolds, Tibetan children have thehighest value of subscapular skinfold at agegroup 8+ years. They are followed by variousDogra groups and they are in turn followed byLadakhi Bodhs and Baltis. Though no trend isobserved in the skinfold pattering, there is, ingeneral, increase in subscapular skinfold amongall the groups. At 18+ years, Dogra ScheduledCastes have the highest value of subscapularskinfolds, followed by Tibetans, Dogra Rajputs,Gujjars, Dogra Brahamns, Baltis and Bodhs.Among adult groups, Dogra Rajputs the highestvalue of Subscapular skinfolds, and they arefollowed by Kashmiri Muslims and Tibetan.They are in turn followed by Gujjars, DograScheduled Castes, Baltis and Ladakhi Bodhs.

Suprailiac Skinfold: At age group 8+ years,Tibetans have the highest value of suprailiacskinfold and they are followed by various Dograand Ladakhi groups. As a general trend, supra-iliac skinfold continues to increase up to agegroup 18+ years. At 18+ years, Dogra Rajputshave the highest value of supra-iliac skinfoldand they are followed by Dogra Brahamans andDogra Scheduled Castes. The Ladakhi groups,in general, have lower skinfold value ascompared to various Ladakhi groups, Bodhshave the highest values of suprailiac skinfold,followed by Baltis and Tibetans. Gujjars, thetranshumant group from the state, has lowestvalue of skinfolds. Among various adult groupsof the state, Dogra Rajputs have the highestvalues and they are followed by Dogra Brahmans,Gujjars, and the Dogra Scheduled Castes, whoare in turn followed by Tibetans, Ladakhi Bodhsand Baltis.

Calf Skinfold: At age group 8+ years, Tibetanchildren have the highest value of the calfskinfold and they are followed by the DograScheduled Castes, Ladakhi Bodhs, DograRajputs, Dogra Brahmans and Baltis. In general,there is an increase in the values of calf skinfoldsand they continue to increase till age group 18+

years. At age group 18+ years, the DograScheduled Castes have the highest value of calfskinfold followed by Dogra Rajputs, Gujjars andDogra Brahmans. They are followed by variousLadakhi groups in the order of Tibetans, Baltisand the Ladakhi Bodhs. Among adults of Jammuand Kashmir, Dogra Rajputs have been highestvalue of calf skinfold followed by DograScheduled Castes and Dogra Brahmans. Theyare followed by Tibetans, Ladakhi Bodhs, Baltisand the Gujjars.

Forearm Skinfold: At age group 8+,Tibetans have the highest value of forearmskinfold. They are followed by Ladakhi Bodhs,Dogra Rajputs, Dogra Scheduled Castes andDogra Brahmans. The Baltis record the lowestvalue of forearm skinfold. No particular trend isfollowed in the values of forearm skinfold fromage group 8+ to 18+. At 18+ years of age DograScheduled Castes have the highest value offorearm skinfold followed by Dogra Rajputs,Gujjars, Dogra Brahmans, Tibetans, and Bodhsand Baltis of Ladakhi. Among adults DograRajputs show highest value of forearm skinfoldfollowed by Dogra Scheduled Castes and DograBrahman. They are followed by KashmiriMuslims, Tibetans, Ladakhi Bodhs and Baltis.

Lower Extremity Length

At age group 8+ years, Dogra Rajputs havethe longest lower extremity. They are followedby Dogra Brahmans, Tibetans and the DograScheduled Castes. The Baltis have longer lowerextremity than Bodhs though they both haveshorter lower extremity than their peers extremity.As in the case of other anthropometricmeasurements lower extremity continue toincrease from 8+ to 18+ years. At 18+ years ofage Dogra Brahmans have the longest lowerextremity followed by Gujjars, Dogra ScheduledCastes and Dogra Rajputs. They are followedby various Ladakhi groups however, amongLadakhi groups Baltis have the longest lowerextremity followed by Ladakhi Bodhs andTibetans. Among adults, Dogra Rajputs havethe longest lower extremity followed by Gujjars,Dogra Brahmans and the Dogra ScheduledCastes. Various Ladakhi groups record less lowerextremity length as compared to various groupsfrom Jammu. However, among themselves Baltishave the longest lower extremity followed byLadakhi Bodhs and Tibetans.


8+

11

7.5

76

.43

11

8.9

76

.73

12

5.6

04

.04

--

12

5.4

23

.00

12

7.6

97

.42

12

2.8

38

.78

9+

12

2.5

37

.69

12

3.6

66

.69

12

7.9

94

.64

13

8.7

16

.20

12

7.1

85

.09

12

7.0

58

.60

12

8.7

54

.45

10+

12

9.9

07

.25

12

7.2

16

.87

12

8.2

65

.40

13

6.9

56

.33

13

4.2

55

.78

13

4.2

46

.45

13

1.7

05

.65

11+

13

2.8

26

.55

12

9.5

04

.86

13

2.5

67

.43

14

1.1

88

.63

13

8.8

76

.74

13

8.2

29

.07

13

9.3

38

.83

12+

13

9.2

58

.34

13

5.3

77

.75

13

7.9

47

.24

15

0.0

28

.17

14

5.3

96

.94

14

5.5

01

2.5

91

43

.76

7.7

713

+1

40

.40

7.8

51

38

.14

6.9

61

45

.10

8.3

41

53

.70

5.1

91

48

.28

7.6

11

48

.78

8.5

21

52

.64

9.8

01

4+1

50

.32

8.6

41

46

.90

10

.74

13

9.9

29

.49

15

6.7

06

.27

15

6.3

87

.69

15

6.3

57

.70

15

7.9

17

.17

15+

15

4.0

95

.34

15

3.9

08

.45

15

4.8

47

.50

16

5.9

21

0.5

71

62

.92

7.1

11

63

.88

7.6

71

62

.32

5.0

91

6+1

56

.47

7.5

61

55

.56

9.7

31

60

.28

6.8

91

68

.15

4.9

41

64

.67

4.7

11

65

.97

4.9

21

63

.28

6.9

317

+1

61

.83

5.8

81

59

.00

8.5

21

61

.42

4.2

11

68

.25

4.4

01

65

.47

6.8

81

68

.02

6.8

81

65

.83

6.5

71

8+1

61

.83

4.9

71

63

.19

5.9

01

59

.04

4.8

01

64

.91

1.8

11

72

.07

5.5

31

67

.45

6.4

01

67

.72

6.4

219

+1

64

.62

4.4

01

66

.45

4.4

41

61

.62

4.7

71

71

.16

6.4

11

69

.95

2.2

51

69

.94

4.6

41

69

.51

3.7

31

67

.95

5.2

6A

bove

Hei

ght

(cm

)

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

alti

sTi

beta

nsM

usli

ms

Guj

jars

Dog

ra B

rahm

ans

Dog

ra R

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tsD

ogra

Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s

Tab

le 3

: A

nth

rop

omet

ric,

ph

ysio

logi

cal

mea

sure

men

ts a

nd

in

dic

es o

f p

opu

lati

on g

rou

ps

of J

amm

u a

nd

Kas

hm

irB

ody

wei

ght

(kg)

8+

21

.20

2.9

21

.38

3.4

92

3.5

02

.57

--

20

.64

1.6

92

1.9

13

.84

20

.45

3.4

59

+2

2.8

83

.46

23

.22

3.1

72

5.1

63

.08

28

.41

3.7

72

2.2

32

.52

22

.37

2.2

42

2.5

22

.55

10+

26

.24

4.2

32

4.6

23

.03

24

.77

3.0

92

7.3

83

.47

25

.80

3.4

52

5.1

14

.50

22

.83

2.9

811

+2

8.0

64

.87

25

.68

2.3

12

7.8

04

.70

30

.87

5.4

32

7.4

03

.42

27

.70

5.4

72

7.7

35

.59

12+

31

.09

6.1

22

8.9

75

.29

30

.70

4.8

33

5.5

36

.14

31

.10

3.8

73

2.4

59

.74

29

.59

3.9

413

+3

2.3

34

.81

30

.03

3.6

93

4.4

04

.99

38

.75

5.0

83

3.2

75

.52

34

.77

6.0

23

5.1

26

.48

14+

38

.72

6.1

33

5.0

56

.69

32

.64

1.8

64

2.9

44

.55

39

.61

5.7

64

0.2

56

.78

40

.54

6.9

115

+4

1.0

14

.70

40

.09

5.9

64

4.9

66

.26

48

.50

8.3

54

6.1

86

.04

43

.11

1.2

24

6.8

41

.56

16+

45

.23

5.2

64

1.5

17

.33

48

.50

6.1

75

1.4

54

.83

46

.25

5.0

94

8.2

53

.79

46

.14

7.0

917

+5

0.4

84

.62

46

.35

6.7

85

0.7

56

.25

51

.37

4.5

74

7.2

55

.04

52

.27

6.6

74

9.0

06

.26

18+

50

.86

4.8

14

8.9

13

.91

47

.00

4.1

24

8.8

30

.81

50

.92

5.6

65

2.9

77

.60

52

.52

4.3

119

+5

5.5

96

.95

54

.78

6.3

75

6.5

07

.82

61

.88

8.5

06

1.0

03

.86

60

.26

4.1

16

0.3

51

6.2

45

5.6

76

.21

Abo

ve

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

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ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

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beta

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usli

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Guj

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ra B

rahm

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Dog

ra R

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Sch

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s


3. S

itti

ng

Hei

ght

(cm

)

8+

64

.60

4.9

96

4.7

85

.14

66

.94

3.3

4-

-6

5.9

32

.56

66

.24

3.8

26

6.7

69

.05

9+

65

.79

2.7

86

6.4

23

.23

68

.56

2.7

37

5.5

38

.30

67

.46

4.8

56

5.2

23

.96

67

.27

4.0

810

+6

9.7

34

.01

68

.58

3.2

86

7.9

33

.33

69

.63

3.7

67

0.3

75

.74

70

.39

4.9

66

7.4

01

3.2

111

+6

9.9

43

.82

68

.48

3.1

67

1.6

44

.73

72

.01

3.7

87

0.6

23

.16

68

.74

7.7

66

8.2

01

3.3

012

+7

2.9

54

.91

72

.01

5.0

57

2.8

63

.96

75

.83

3.6

47

4.4

64

.43

75

.72

7.5

27

3.4

93

.93

13+

73

.06

4.2

67

2.0

53

.83

76

.37

4.9

07

7.7

42

.94

75

.95

4.0

47

6.0

23

.80

78

.22

5.9

514

+7

8.0

34

.95

75

.59

5.0

47

4.4

81

.79

80

.55

3.1

07

9.7

14

.38

76

.27

17

.66

80

.12

5.0

015

+7

9.9

53

.60

79

.98

5.4

38

1.2

65

.28

82

.25

5.9

28

2.2

53

.83

48

.13

5.2

68

3.9

32

.57

16+

81

.60

4.9

58

1.7

15

.47

84

.70

3.6

98

5.7

43

.01

84

.40

3.4

68

6.5

12

.89

83

.99

3.9

617

+8

4.3

93

.42

82

.59

5.5

08

5.6

33

.64

84

.67

1.9

58

4.2

03

.54

86

.81

3.0

78

4.5

54

.55

18+

85

.54

4.4

18

4.3

25

.71

82

.96

2.8

88

0.9

02

.53

86

.72

3.2

98

6.6

04

.12

85

.75

2.8

019

+8

6.5

23

.15

87

.14

3.6

88

5.2

62

.58

87

.22

4.1

98

3.7

51

.78

85

.11

3.1

08

5.6

22

.66

84

.01

2.9

9A

bove

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

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ean

S.D

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ean

S.D

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ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

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beta

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Guj

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ra B

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Dog

ra R

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Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s

8+

23

.69

1.4

42

4.7

81

.66

28

.62

1.2

9-

-2

6.6

01

.70

26

.74

1.9

72

6.2

52

.39

9+

24

.38

1.6

82

6.5

81

.36

29

.01

1.5

72

8.6

32

.59

27

.54

1.3

72

7.6

41

.35

27

.68

1.6

510

+2

5.9

21

.89

27

.38

1.6

62

8.4

22

.21

29

.66

1.3

62

9.2

51

.80

28

.26

2.4

52

8.3

81

.57

11+

26

.47

1.8

72

7.4

81

.41

29

.37

2.1

63

0.0

02

.10

29

.46

2.0

22

9.7

42

.91

29

.79

2.6

112

+2

7.6

22

.25

28

.26

2.3

83

0.3

71

.73

32

.20

3.0

73

0.2

03

.03

31

.51

3.5

83

0.8

32

.01

13+

29

.18

2.4

52

8.9

52

.08

31

.34

2.1

53

3.1

91

.69

32

.64

1.8

83

2.7

42

.08

33

.04

2.5

114

+3

0.6

52

.18

30

.55

2.8

23

0.0

83

.29

34

.40

2.4

03

4.0

92

.49

34

.64

2.5

83

4.1

03

.38

15+

31

.50

2.1

23

2.8

92

.50

34

.56

4.2

03

6.4

13

.30

35

.52

1.9

43

5.7

42

.17

36

.12

1.5

016

+3

3.0

82

.79

33

.43

2.7

03

6.6

12

.09

37

.33

1.5

83

6.7

11

.81

37

.27

1.9

13

6.0

32

.03

17+

35

.69

1.9

93

5.2

92

.62

36

.12

4.4

63

6.5

72

.19

36

.89

1.3

03

8.5

72

.13

37

.37

2.7

518

+3

6.9

82

.02

36

.56

1.7

53

6.0

62

.13

36

.73

0.9

13

8.6

71

.73

39

.05

2.3

53

9.5

51

.89

19+

36

.24

2.2

33

7.4

62

.68

37

.79

2.1

44

0.1

92

.35

39

.00

0.9

13

9.9

51

.51

40

.20

1.7

13

9.0

01

.60

Abo

ve

4. B

iacr

omia

l D

iam

eter

(cm

)

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

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ean

S.D

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ean

S.D

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ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

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beta

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ms

Guj

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Dog

ra B

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Dog

ra R

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tsD

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Sch

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ed C

aste

s


8+

17

.50

1.3

51

8.8

41

.63

21

.39

0.9

1-

-1

9.3

60

.84

20

.08

2.1

81

9.6

91

.39

9+

18

.06

1.2

52

0.3

1.1

72

1.7

81

.80

21

.06

0.9

92

0.4

32

.69

19

.75

0.9

82

0.4

01

.04

10+

19

.64

1.8

42

0.8

11

.48

21

.46

1.6

72

1.1

71

.28

21

.41

2.1

52

0.9

31

.71

20

.53

1.0

911

+1

9.8

31

.86

20

.95

1.5

12

2.2

11

.79

22

.25

1.7

02

1.4

91

.48

21

.84

1.9

52

2.3

01

.81

12+

20

.53

1.6

82

1.7

91

.94

22

.86

1.6

92

3.6

92

.27

22

.73

1.5

42

3.1

42

.65

23

.24

1.9

413

+2

1.9

41

.96

22

.22

1.7

02

4.2

41

.46

24

.83

1.4

92

3.4

42

.15

23

.89

1.6

42

4.2

72

.02

14+

23

.19

2.5

32

3.6

42

.26

23

.97

0.7

42

5.5

31

.92

25

.41

1.9

22

5.0

11

.70

25

.59

2.0

615

+2

4.2

52

.26

25

.52

2.1

82

6.5

81

.45

26

.53

1.6

72

7.0

12

.85

26

.94

1.7

72

6.8

02

.63

16+

24

.56

2.3

72

6.1

02

.54

27

.96

2.2

12

7.3

11

.60

27

.36

1.5

32

7.2

71

.30

26

.98

1.7

417

+2

6.2

61

.63

27

.22

1.9

82

7.2

71

.83

27

.50

2.3

42

7.1

61

.24

24

.48

1.5

42

7.2

31

.84

18+

27

.84

2.1

42

8.0

81

.32

27

.56

1.3

22

8.1

60

.50

28

.69

0.9

12

8.4

02

.37

28

.47

1.7

619

+ &

27

.89

1.9

62

8.2

1.6

12

9.4

51

.93

29

.78

1.9

72

8.4

51

.21

29

.07

1.5

52

8.5

72

.28

28

.93

2.7

4A

bove

5. B

icri

stal

dia

met

er (

cm)

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

alti

sTi

beta

nsM

usli

ms

Guj

jars

Dog

ra B

rahm

ans

Dog

ra R

ajpu

tsD

ogra

Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s

8+

16

.06

1.2

81

7.5

11

.74

20

.26

0.8

4-

-1

8.5

70

.89

18

.18

0.9

31

8.3

10

.92

9+

16

.92

1.2

31

9.2

21

.53

20

.88

0.9

81

9.8

51

.02

18

.49

0.6

21

8.4

00

.97

18

.41

1.4

810

+1

7.8

71

.75

19

.59

1.4

12

0.7

11

.36

19

.92

0.9

01

8.9

21

.19

19

.19

1.5

51

9.3

41

.71

11+

18

.02

1.9

01

9.3

71

.62

21

.11

1.5

02

0.2

01

.57

20

.11

1.6

91

9.6

91

.57

19

.87

1.6

212

+1

8.5

51

.80

19

.50

1.8

02

1.4

71

.23

21

.30

1.3

12

0.3

51

.06

20

.86

2.3

12

0.1

61

.01

13+

19

.72

1.9

21

9.8

41

.75

21

.71

1.2

32

3.2

34

.36

20

.20

4.9

82

1.1

21

.44

21

.45

1.7

814

+2

0.7

61

.55

20

.77

2.0

62

2.4

71

.53

23

.20

1.3

52

2.1

61

.44

22

.37

1.6

42

2.4

42

.14

15+

21

.30

1.8

62

2.2

61

.95

24

.89

2.8

42

3.9

51

.89

23

.52

1.6

62

3.6

31

.93

23

.50

1.5

016

+2

2.1

92

.33

22

.59

2.2

22

5.2

02

.04

24

.53

1.3

42

3.3

91

.84

23

.89

1.7

72

3.8

51

.75

17+

24

.00

2.1

82

4.2

72

.05

26

.51

2.3

22

3.6

01

.31

24

.51

1.3

12

5.4

71

.77

24

.57

1.2

318

+2

5.4

01

.72

24

.88

1.8

92

5.3

61

.64

25

.68

0.8

52

5.7

81

.44

25

.95

1.7

52

5.4

71

.63

19+

&2

5.4

43

.01

25

.56

1.5

82

6.9

82

.00

27

.10

2.0

32

5.6

21

.10

26

.92

2.3

92

6.3

92

.27

26

.05

1.4

2A

bove

6. T

ran

sver

se D

iam

eter

of

Ch

est

(cm

)

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

alti

sTi

beta

nsM

usli

ms

Guj

jars

Dog

ra B

rahm

ans

Dog

ra R

ajpu

tsD

ogra

Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s


8+

4.6

70

.39

4.5

20

.25

4.9

00

.36

--

5.1

00

.31

4.9

10

.44

4.8

10

.38

9+

4.8

30

.73

4.7

50

.30

4.9

10

.27

4.9

80

.27

4.7

70

.25

5.0

30

.35

4.9

40

.22

10+

5.0

30

.41

4.8

60

.36

4.9

10

.27

5.2

20

.26

5.2

30

.34

5.2

10

.48

5.0

80

.34

11+

5.2

50

.41

4.9

70

.35

5.0

60

.40

5.4

70

.32

5.2

80

.30

5.2

90

.44

5.3

00

.50

12+

5.5

00

.46

5.2

50

.41

5.3

70

.36

5.7

80

.53

5.5

80

.35

5.7

40

.62

5.5

80

.42

13+

5.5

30

.54

5.3

60

.39

5.5

80

.36

6.0

50

.29

5.9

40

.57

5.8

10

.40

5.8

00

.42

14+

5.9

00

.44

5.6

20

.47

5.5

80

.31

6.2

50

.40

6.1

00

.38

6.1

40

.49

6.1

20

.48

15+

6.0

40

.36

6.0

20

.42

6.1

90

.34

6.4

10

.54

6.4

20

.38

6.2

70

.47

6.2

00

.34

16+

6.1

90

.37

5.9

90

.52

6.4

10

.38

6.3

80

.21

6.3

20

.40

6.5

80

.49

6.2

80

.36

17+

6.4

70

.28

6.1

90

.34

6.4

40

.34

6.6

00

.14

6.3

50

.37

6.5

90

.26

6.3

40

.44

18+

6.4

20

.36

6.2

60

.34

6.3

20

.23

6.3

30

.19

6.5

20

.41

6.5

90

.27

6.4

80

.29

19+

&6

.45

0.3

16

.40

0.3

06

.38

0.2

76

.65

0.3

16

.65

1.2

96

.56

0.3

36

.55

0.3

76

.32

0.5

6A

bove

8. H

um

eru

s B

i-C

ond

ylar

Dia

met

er (

cm)

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

alti

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beta

nsM

usli

ms

Guj

jars

Dog

ra B

rahm

ans

Dog

ra R

ajpu

tsD

ogra

Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s

8+

12

.03

1.6

01

3.5

81

.81

15

.59

0.7

1-

-1

3.9

41

.00

13

.79

1.0

41

3.7

90

.85

9+

12

.25

1.4

51

4.7

01

.34

16

.16

0.9

31

4.3

51

.03

14

.27

0.8

51

4.1

51

.01

13

.72

1.1

810

+1

3.0

51

.78

14

.56

1.3

11

6.5

80

.85

13

.56

1.6

01

4.7

11

.72

14

.56

1.4

61

4.4

01

.49

11+

12

.91

1.6

81

4.5

61

.24

16

.78

0.8

81

4.7

71

.12

15

.31

1.9

81

4.7

81

.13

14

.93

1.1

312

+1

2.9

41

.36

14

.49

1.5

21

7.0

11

.36

14

.82

1.0

51

5.7

11

.54

15

.38

1.3

71

5.5

01

.26

13+

14

.08

1.5

11

4.7

21

.58

16

.23

1.5

71

5.6

31

.45

15

.09

3.8

61

6.2

21

.23

16

.17

1.4

014

+1

4.7

81

.70

15

.69

1.8

41

6.8

40

.64

17

.28

1.6

41

6.4

71

.30

16

.81

1.2

71

7.1

61

.63

15+

15

.11

1.6

01

6.4

91

.55

18

.81

.27

17

.33

1.3

31

7.9

41

.12

17

.15

1.5

01

7.7

41

.26

16+

16

.24

2.0

21

6.8

11

.61

19

.13

1.1

11

8.0

90

.82

18

.14

1.3

21

7.6

60

.73

18

.50

1.3

117

+1

7.0

51

.59

17

.68

1.5

12

0.2

11

.24

17

.17

0.7

41

8.3

71

.69

18

.87

1.3

81

8.5

01

.73

18+

19

.16

1.7

11

8.2

51

.10

19

.84

1.4

01

7.9

30

.56

18

.31

1.9

31

9.2

92

.60

21

.21

4.4

619

+ &

18

.76

2.2

81

9.1

01

.49

21

.41

2.0

02

1.1

41

.83

17

.75

2.9

82

0.0

21

.27

20

.46

2.6

71

9.2

11

.90

Abo

ve

7. A

nte

ro P

oste

rior

Dia

met

er o

f C

hes

t (c

m)

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

alti

sTi

beta

nsM

usli

ms

Guj

jars

Dog

ra B

rahm

ans

Dog

ra R

ajpu

tsD

ogra

Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s

BIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR 1019.

Fem

ur

Bi-

con

dyl

ar D

iam

eter

(cm

)

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

alti

sTi

beta

nsM

usli

ms

Guj

jars

Dog

ra B

rahm

ans

Dog

ra R

ajpu

tsD

ogra

Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s

8+

7.0

50

.52

7.1

90

.37

7.7

00

.50

--

7.5

20

.35

7.5

60

.49

7.4

60

.43

9+

6.9

90

.48

7.3

00

.44

7.7

50

.35

7.5

00

.74

7.4

60

.52

7.6

40

.34

7.7

40

.48

10+

7.4

50

.58

7.4

90

.40

7.6

50

.47

8.0

30

.46

7.9

60

.33

7.8

20

.43

7.7

80

.50

11+

7.6

60

.61

7.6

00

.39

8.0

60

.44

8.4

80

.41

7.9

70

.44

8.1

20

.51

8.0

90

.61

12+

7.8

60

.51

7.8

60

.43

8.1

40

.41

8.7

00

.49

8.3

90

.43

8.3

80

.60

8.3

20

.39

13+

8.0

50

.50

8.0

30

.45

8.4

10

.37

8.8

00

.31

8.5

40

.53

8.6

40

.45

8.5

20

.45

14+

8.3

10

.54

8.3

60

.51

8.2

00

.26

8.9

50

.42

8.8

00

.37

8.8

50

.47

8.7

30

.41

15+

8.5

70

.40

8.5

80

.38

8.8

90

.50

8.9

10

.67

8.9

60

.42

8.9

00

.51

8.8

30

.31

16+

8.7

00

.45

8.6

00

.56

8.8

40

.37

9.2

00

.24

8.8

40

.52

9.0

20

.36

8.8

70

.54

17+

8.8

90

.27

8.7

10

.39

8.8

80

.31

9.2

00

.55

8.9

10

.51

9.3

10

.49

8.9

90

.48

18+

8.7

80

.52

8.7

70

.50

8.8

40

.42

8.7

00

.15

9.3

20

.43

9.2

80

.55

9.2

60

.31

19+

&9

.01

0.5

18

.88

0.3

28

.83

0.6

89

.19

0.3

88

.80

0.5

39

.12

0.2

79

.23

0.4

38

.85

0.8

5A

bove

10.

Wri

st D

iam

eter

(cm

)

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

alti

sTi

beta

nsM

usli

ms

Guj

jars

Dog

ra B

rahm

ans

Dog

ra R

ajpu

tsD

ogra

Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s

8+

3.8

00

.27

3.7

20

.44

3.9

40

.19

--

4.0

30

.19

3.9

90

.33

3.8

00

.28

9+

3.7

80

.33

3.8

60

.27

4.0

80

.23

4.1

60

.33

3.9

30

.29

3.9

30

.24

4.1

40

.24

10+

4.1

10

.33

3.9

70

.28

3.8

80

.29

4.1

10

.34

4.2

90

.42

4.2

20

.37

4.0

80

.37

11+

4.1

80

.29

4.0

30

.28

4.1

70

.25

4.4

70

.30

4.3

10

.42

4.2

90

.36

4.3

90

.98

12+

4.3

80

.36

4.1

70

.30

4.3

30

.29

4.6

60

.44

4.4

90

.20

4.5

30

.51

4.4

50

.34

13+

4.4

90

.34

4.3

60

.29

4.6

00

.37

4.8

30

.31

4.5

70

.30

4.6

80

.34

4.7

40

.33

14+

4.7

40

.33

4.5

60

.41

4.4

00

.28

4.9

80

.32

4.9

20

.30

4.9

50

.35

4.7

60

.34

15+

4.9

20

.30

4.8

00

.29

4.8

30

.37

5.1

10

.48

5.0

10

.35

4.9

60

.34

4.9

00

.35

16+

4.9

40

.28

4.8

10

.41

5.1

30

.40

5.0

00

.20

5.0

00

.28

5.1

50

.35

5.0

20

.33

17+

5.1

30

.29

4.9

50

.32

5.2

60

.24

4.9

20

.22

5.1

60

.33

5.0

70

.60

5.0

60

.31

18+

5.1

70

.42

4.9

40

.27

5.0

80

.32

5.3

50

.32

5.2

50

.33

5.1

70

.57

5.2

80

.30

19+

&5

.18

0.2

75

.10

0.3

75

.24

0.3

25

.41

0.3

55

.45

0.2

55

.24

0.4

35

.35

0.2

45

.12

0.5

8A

bove

102 M.K. BHASIN, L.P. SINGH AND BALVINDER KAUR11

. A

nk

le D

iam

eter

(cm

)

Ag

eL

ad

akh

Ka

shm

irJa

mm

u(in

yea

rs)

Mea

nS

.DM

ean

S.D

.M

eans

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.M

ean

S.D

.

Bo

dh

sB

alti

sTi

beta

nsM

usli

ms

Guj

jars

Dog

ra B

rahm

ans

Dog

ra R

ajpu

tsD

ogra

Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s

8+

5.3

90

.45

5.2

80

.52

5.8

50

.51

--

5.9

80

.44

5.6

50

.48

5.7

50

.46

9+

5.5

80

.44

5.7

10

.39

5.0

60

.39

6.3

60

.39

5.7

20

.48

5.7

30

.36

5.7

90

.40

10+

5.9

00

.53

5.8

80

.46

5.9

50

.39

6.1

50

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sTi

beta

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usli

ms

Guj

jars

Dog

ra B

rahm

ans

Dog

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Sch

edul

ed C

aste

s

8+

1.8

60

.54

1.2

80

.40

2.5

70

.41

--

1.7

80

.30

1.7

60

.29

1.7

30

.37

9+

1.6

30

.51

1.3

00

.37

2.3

60

.55

1.5

40

.19

1.9

50

.37

1.7

20

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1.5

90

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10+

1.6

60

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1.2

10

.33

2.1

90

.48

1.2

90

.42

1.8

20

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1.6

00

.41

1.7

30

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11+

1.6

30

.56

1.3

10

.42

2.0

40

.30

1.8

80

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1.6

30

.45

1.6

80

.45

1.8

00

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12+

1.5

10

.59

1.3

40

.38

2.1

20

.57

1.5

20

.45

1.3

40

.30

1.6

70

.52

1.3

00

.38

13+

1.4

40

.39

1.2

30

.38

1.9

00

.56

1.3

40

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1.4

90

.48

1.7

80

.96

1.4

30

.44

14+

1.4

70

.32

1.2

80

.34

1.9

30

.49

1.9

40

.86

1.5

90

.43

1.5

80

.35

1.3

60

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15+

1.3

30

.39

1.2

40

.30

1.9

10

.48

1.5

50

.47

1.6

70

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1.4

20

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1.4

50

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16+

1.6

90

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1.3

30

.37

1.9

00

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1.5

30

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1.7

10

.48

1.5

10

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1.4

00

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17+

1.8

50

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1.6

10

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1.9

20

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1.7

00

.29

1.6

50

.43

1.7

80

.81

1.6

00

.44

18+

1.6

20

.34

1.5

70

.43

1.7

20

.14

1.7

90

.91

1.5

70

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1.8

20

.69

1.7

10

.65

19+

&1

.94

0.7

71

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0.8

5A

bove

23.

For

eara

m S

kin

fold

(m

m)

Ag

eL

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mm

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yea

rs)

Mea

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S.D

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S.D

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S.D

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S.D

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Dog

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Sch

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4.0

51

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3.1

00

.84

4.8

31

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9+

3.6

71

.73

2.8

00

.67

4.8

61

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1.8

30

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3.6

80

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3.4

51

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3.7

00

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10+

3.7

01

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2.5

70

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4.6

31

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1.7

10

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4.3

51

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3.8

11

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4.0

31

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3.2

51

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2.8

00

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4.9

01

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2.0

00

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3.8

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4.0

41

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4.0

01

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3.3

61

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2.8

81

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4.8

00

.91

2.1

50

.44

3.6

90

.76

3.8

51

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3.5

41

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13+

3.2

61

.34

2.7

00

.71

4.4

51

.12

2.3

70

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3.9

01

.41

3.8

51

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3.4

40

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14+

2.6

90

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2.9

60

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4.2

81

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2.4

40

.54

3.5

70

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3.5

90

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3.6

00

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15+

2.8

21

.02

2.7

70

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4.0

00

.57

2.7

20

.52

3.4

50

.59

3.5

91

.00

3.4

80

.77

16+

3.2

71

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2.9

31

.14

4.0

00

.56

3.0

80

.71

3.5

51

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3.2

50

.44

3.3

80

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17+

3.0

60

.68

3.1

00

.84

3.5

50

.72

3.2

40

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3.5

50

.60

3.8

50

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3.4

50

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18+

3.0

00

.79

3.0

00

.67

3.4

00

.89

3.6

50

.24

3.4

50

.68

3.8

31

.33

3.9

40

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19+

&3

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1.3

32

.93

1.4

33

.75

0.9

63

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0.7

13

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1.2

54

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1.4

14

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1.4

83

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1.1

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bove


26.

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atot

ype

Com

pon

ent

(III

Ect

omor

ph

y)

Ag

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Mea

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S.D

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S.D

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S.D

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Dog

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Sch

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2.9

01

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3.2

11

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3.9

21

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--

5.2

60

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5.2

90

.90

4.7

11

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9+

3.4

30

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30

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3.8

00

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30

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4.9

20

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4.7

90

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5.2

00

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10+

3.8

71

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00

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5.1

21

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5.4

50

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5.3

41

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0.8

04

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0.7

25

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1.1

35

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0.6

95

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1.1

712

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0.7

04

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0.9

24

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0.1

45

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0.6

35

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1.0

35

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1.0

85

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04

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1.2

44

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15

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0.6

95

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1.2

85

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1.3

66

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1.3

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0.8

34

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0.9

63

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1.3

64

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1.1

05

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0.8

75

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1.1

65

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0.8

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0.7

64

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0.8

73

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65

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1.1

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1.3

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0.8

34

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0.8

84

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0.9

64

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1.0

75

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1.1

75

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1.0

35

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1.1

417

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0.9

44

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0.9

33

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0.7

75

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1.1

65

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1.4

14

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1.1

95

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1.0

118

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0.8

84

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1.1

64

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1.2

54

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0.2

65

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1.2

34

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1.2

74

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1.3

519

+ &

3.5

11

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4.0

01

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Abo

ve

25.

Som

atot

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Com

pon

ent

(II

Mes

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Ag

eL

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Mea

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S.D

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S.D

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3.9

40

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30

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3.8

90

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3.6

80

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2.8

90

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3.4

70

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9+

3.5

80

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3.2

70

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3.6

20

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30

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30

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30

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60

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40

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80

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50

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2.6

00

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12+

3.2

70

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3.0

70

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3.5

20

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2.8

70

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2.5

20

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2.9

60

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2.6

10

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3.3

80

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21

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3.1

90

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3.0

90

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2.9

10

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3.0

20

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2.3

61

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3.2

20

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2.7

70

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3.6

70

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40

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00

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30

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2.4

90

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15+

3.1

00

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2.8

00

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3.7

21

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2.7

60

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30

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2.5

21

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2.5

60

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16+

3.3

00

.72

2.6

80

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3.6

00

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2.8

70

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2.4

71

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2.9

90

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20

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17+

3.6

40

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3.0

10

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0.5

40

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3.0

90

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2.6

01

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3.1

70

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2.7

90

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18+

3.5

10

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2.7

10

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3.4

10

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3.0

50

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2.4

41

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3.6

61

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3.1

80

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19+

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28.

Som

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Dis

par

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Dis

tan

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SD

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Ag

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mm

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Mea

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S.D

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S.D

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S.D

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9+

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1.4

80

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20

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11

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20

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0.7

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0.6

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Abo

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27.

Som

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Att

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din

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nce

(S

AD

)


30.

Bod

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at (

Per

cen

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Ag

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mm

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Mea

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12

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6.9

81

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5.7

12

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2.3

81

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1.7

61

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5.4

22

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3.7

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7.3

41

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6.4

82

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5.4

22

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3.0

02

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1.6

20

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5.7

72

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3.4

42

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7.7

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6.4

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5.7

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3.2

22

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2.1

21

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5.3

41

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5.8

63

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6.5

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7.3

32

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5.3

41

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12+

3.3

52

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2.9

21

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6.1

72

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5.2

32

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5.6

21

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7.4

82

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6.1

72

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13+

3.1

91

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2.7

61

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5.9

72

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4.4

81

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6.7

72

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8.3

14

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5.9

72

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4.3

41

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3.4

51

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5.6

22

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7.7

04

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7.7

42

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7.9

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5.6

22

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4.4

21

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4.2

81

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7.2

71

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7.2

12

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8.3

34

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7.0

42

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7.2

71

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16+

6.4

62

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4.7

32

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8.3

22

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6.3

82

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8.4

62

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8.0

91

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8.3

22

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8.1

22

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6.5

92

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8.5

00

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7.9

00

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8.6

32

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10

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3.9

98

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0.8

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1.9

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1.9

17

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1.3

37

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1.3

08

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2.1

99

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4.0

67

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1.3

319

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9.2

94

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9.6

65

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11

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2.9

41

0.4

55

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11

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3.5

11

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27

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11

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2.9

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Low

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Ag

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Body Fat (Percentage)

At age group 8+ years Dogra Rajputs havethe highest percentage of body fat followed byDogra Brahmans. The Dogra Scheduled Castesand Tibetans have equal but less than their peersDogra groups percentage body fat. Two Ladakhigroups namely Bodhs and Baltis have lesspercentage of body fat as compared to their peergroups from the state. In general there is anincrease in percentage body fat with age. At 18+Dogra Rajputs have the highest amount of bodyfat followed by Dogra Brahmans. DograScheduled Castes and Tibetans come next inthe order followed by Gujjars, Bodhs and Baltis.Among adults, again as in the case of youngerchildren, Dogra Rajputs have the highestpercentage of body fat followed by DograBrahmans, Dogra Scheduled Castes, Tibetans,Gujjars Baltis and Bodhs.

Body Surface Area

At age group 8+ years Tibetans have thehighest body surface area followed by DograRajputs, Dogra Brahmans and Dogra ScheduledCastes. Two Ladakhi groups have less bodysurface area as compared to their peers from thestate. Body surface area continues to increasefrom 8+ to 18+ years of age. At 18+ years, variousDogra groups have the highest body surface areafollowed by Bodhs, Gujjars, Baltis and Tibetansin the order. Among adults Dogra Rajputs andGujjars have the highest body surface areafollowed by Dogra Brahmans and the DograScheduled Castes. Various Ladakhi groups recordless body surface area than their peers.

Forced Vital Capacity

At age group 8+ years Dogra ScheduledCastes have the highest forced vital capacityfollowed by Dogra Rajputs, Tibetans, Baltis,Bodhs and Dogra Brahmans. At age group 18+Ladakhi Bodhs have the highest value of forcedvital capacity followed by Baltis and Tibetans.Various groups from Jammu region i.e., Dograsand Gujjars have lower forced vital capacity ascompared to their Ladakhi peers. Among adultsLadakhi groups have slightly higher forced vitalcapacity as compared to their peers from thestate. They are followed by Kashmiri Muslims,Gujjars and various Dogra groups.

Forced Expiratory Volume

At age group 8+ Dogra Brahmans and Baltishave higher FEV compared to their peers groupsof the state. They are followed by DograScheduled Castes, Tibetans, Dogra Rajputs andLadakhi Bodhs. At age group 18+ variousLadakhi groups have significantly higher FEVthan their peers from Jammu region. AmongJammu region population groups DograBrahmans have the highest value of FEVfollowed by Gujjars, Dogra Rajputs and DograBrahmans.

Peak Expiratory Flow

At age group 8+ years Baltis have the highestvalue of PEF followed by Bodhs. They arefollowed by various Dogra groups while theTibetans record the lowest amount of PEF atage group 8+. In general PEF continues toincrease with age. At age group 18+, LadakhiBodhs have the highest amount of PEF followedby Gujjars, Baltis, Dogra Rajputs, Tibetans,Dogra Scheduled Castes.

Body Mass Index

At age group 8+ Ladakhi Bodhs have thehighest value of BMI followed by Baltis andTibetans. Various Dogra groups record lowervalue of BMI as compared to their Ladakhi peers.With increase in height and weight the BMIcontinue to increase up to age group 18+. At 18+Ladakhi Bodhs have the highest value of BMIfollowed by Dogra Rajputs, Dogra Brahmans,Tibetans, Baltis, Gujjars and Dogra Brahmans.Among adults, Tibetans have the highest valueof BMI followed by Dogra Rajputs, Gujjars, DograBrahmans, Bodhs, Dogra Scheduled Castes andBaltis.

Samatotype Changes

The results of somatotype changes in adole-scent years, as well as, in adults of variouspopulation groups of Jammu and Kashmir arepresented in Table 3.

Endomorphy: For endomorphy no regulartrend has been seen for Bodhs and Baltis ofLadakh. For Bodhs, maximum and minimum valuesof endomorphic component have been observedat 8+ and 15+ respectively. Whereas Baltis show


maximum values at endomorphy at 17+ years andminimum at 13+ years. No significant change likeadolescent growth spurt has been observed inBodhs and Baltis and Gujjars. Endomorphy showsa regular decrease in Tibetans, decreasing frommaximum at 8+ to minimum at 18+ years. It hasbeen observed that among the various groups ofDogras no regular trend has been observed. InDogra Brahmans, endomorphy increases from 12+to 15+ years and decreases thereafter, while inDogra Rajputs increase is seen from 10+ to 13+years, followed by subsequent decrements. InDogra Scheduled Castes, endomorphy increasesregularly from 8+ to 18+ years.

Mesomorphy: In Bodhs maximum andminimum values of mesomorphy have beenobserved at 8+ and 15+ years respectively, whilein case of Baltis, maximum mesomorphic valuehas been observed at 8+ and minimum at 16+years. No abrupt increase corresponding toadolescent growth spurt has been observed.Bodhs are more mesomorphic than Baltisthroughout adolescent phase. In Tibetans themesomorhpy decreases from 8+ to 13+ years andincreases thereafter, except for a dip at 14+ years.In Gujjars, however, the mesomorphy increasesregularly during adolescence. For Dogras,different trends have been observed for the threeDogra groups. In Dogra Brahmans and theScheduled Castes, mesomorphy decreases from8+ to 12+ years, whereas in Dogra Rajputs itshows more or less regular increments from 8+ to14+ years. In Dogra Brahmans no regular trendhas been observed 12+ years onwards. In DograRajputs a regular increment is seen after 15+ years.

Ectomorphy: Like endomorphy and meso-morphy, no regular trend has been observed forectomorphy in Bodhs, Balits and Tibetans ofLadakh and Gujjars of Jammu region. Bodhs showmaximum value of ectomorphy at 17+ years andminimum at 18+ years respectively. Whereas forBaltis, maximum and minimum values of ecto-morphy have been observed at 16+ and 8+ yearsrespectively. Baltis are more ectomorphic thanBodhs at most of the yearly intervals. Howeverectomorphy decreases from 8+ to 11+ years andfrom 8+ to 13+ years for Dogra Brahmans andRajputs respectively, while it shows incrementsfor Dogra Scheduled Castes for the corres-ponding period. It increases from 12+ to 15+ yearsin Dogra Rajputs, while it decreases during thecorresponding period in Dogra Brahmans. Nochange corresponding to adolescent growth

spurt has been observed in somatotypecomponents of Bodhs, Baltis, Tibetans, Gujjarsand Dogra population groups of the state. Meansomatotype component vary in given order: Firstcomponent is lower than the second while thethird component ratings are higher than the firstand the second components. In Tibetans allvalues lie in balanced ectomorph sector exceptat 13+ years where it lies in meso-ectomorphicsector. In Gujjars, all the mean values except at9+ lie in meso-ectomorph sector whereas at 9+years it lies in balanced ectomorph sector. InDogras all the individual value lie in mesomorphic-ectomorphic sector.

Somatototype attitudinal distance (SAD) andSomatotype Dispersion Distance (SDD) have alsobeen calculated for all the population groups (Table3). In Bodhs the highest and the lowest values ofSAD have been observed between 17+ to 18 +and 10+ to 11+ years, whereas for Baltis highestSAD has been observed between 14+ to 15+ yearsand lowest between 10+ to 11+ years respectively.The highest value of SDD for Bodhs lies between17+ to 18+ years and for Baltis the highest valueof SDD have been observed between 16+ and 17+years. In Tibetans and Gujjars, the highest valuesof SAD have been observed at 13+ to 14+ and ayear later respectively.

In order to quantify the changes betweensuccessive years for mean somatotype, themigratory distance (MD) has been calculatedwhich is the sum of the SDDs between successivesomatotype means from 8+ to 18+ years.

The Dards of Khaltse and the Bodhs ofChangthang

As shown in Table 4 the Dard Bodhs weighless than Baltis and Tibetans of Ladakh andGujjars and Dogras of Jammu region of the state.They, however, show higher body weight thanthe Bodhs of Changthang. For height, DardBodhs were taller than Bodhs and Tibetans ofLadakh, Bodhs of Changthang but shorter thanBaltis of Ladakh and Gujjars and Dogras ofJammu. For forced vital capacity (FVC), the DardBodhs show less value than the Ladakhi groupsand Bodhs of Changthang but higher value thanDogras and Tibetans. For FEV1.0, the Dards showhigher value than the Bodhs of Changthang andGujjars and Dogras of Jammu region (Table 4).

The Bodhs of Changthang weigh more thanTibetans of Leh and Gujjars and Dogras of Jammu.


In the case of stature also Bodhs of Changthangare shorter than Tibetans of Leh and Dogras ofJammu. Bodhs of Changthang also show highervalue of various respiratory functions (viz. FVC,FEV1.0 and PEF) than Ladakhis and Tibetans ofLeh and Dogras of Jammu (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

As has been stated earlier that the growthpotential of individuals is an outcome theinteracton of their genetic make up and environ-mental factors. It has been reported in numerousstudies that in order to achieve the geneticpotential to the fullest, there have to be optimalsupport from environmental factors (Harrisonet al., 1990; Falkner and Tanner, 1986). Theenvironmental factors known to effect the growthprocess include good socio-economic factors,nutritional intake, disease and infection freeenvironment, conducive psychological environ-ment among others (Harrison et al., 1990).

As stated earlier the population groups ofthe state come from three distinct environmentalzones, there are population groups like Dogras,who live at the lower altitudes and have, ingeneral, better socio-economic status comparedwith Gujjars of the region and other populationgroups of the state. Gujjars, on the other hand,though poor are nutritionally known to be takingrich diet due to their engagement primarily intoanimal husbandry.

Among Dogra population groups, bothBrahmans and Rajputs are economically betteroff than their Scheduled Caste peers though theirwork regime demands enormous physicalexertion as they mostly work as agriculturallabourers. The better economic status of bothDogra Rajputs and Dogra Brahmans is alsoreflected in their growth patterns.

Among Ladakhi group, again, as given abovesome interesting complexity of the genetical andenvironmental factors seems to be playing partin their ultimate body size. Both the Bodhs andBaltis seems to be living in the adverse climaticcircumstances that include extreme andprolonged winter, severe shortage of pulses andfresh food for more than six months of the yearamong others. Another factor that seems to beplaying an important part in their nutritionalintake is less cash flow as compared to Tibetanrefugees, who are mostly traders etc and havegood cash flow. This affects their purchasingcapacity which ultimately has a bearing on thenutritional intakes which in turn effect the growthprocess.

As has been documented elsewhere (Clegget al., 1970, 1972), the population groups livingat the high altitude have greater chestcircumference and other measurements ascompared to people living at the lower altitude.The same pheonomenon has been observed inthe case of various Ladakhi population groupduring the present study. This probably has aorigin in family sleeping in almost insulated formthereby giving in to oxygen deficiency popularlyknown as hypoxia ( Baker, 1988).

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Bhasin, M.K. and Nag, Shampa: A demographic profileof the people of Jammu and Kashmir. 1.Population Structure. J. Hum. Ecol., 13: 1-55(2002).

Bhasin, M.K. Singh, L.P.: Somatotype changes inAdolescence among Dogras of Jammu and Kashmir,India. J. Hum. Ecol., 1: 169-174 (1990).

S.No Variables Bodhs of Changthang Dards of Ladakh

Mean S.D. Mean S.D

Table 4: Anthropometric variables of Bodhs of Changthang and Dards of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir

1 Age (years) 32.55 12.93 32.93 11.582 Height (cm) 160.48 5.85 165.97 6.943 Weight (kg) 49.07 7.06 53.70 9.254 Forced Vital Capacity (litres) 3.81 0.91 3.65 0.785 Forced Expiratory Volume (litres) 3.09 0.69 3.16 0.476 Peak Expiratory Flow (ml/sec) 367.05 98.42 402.47 75.457 Height- Weight Ratio 30.54 4.12 32.32 4.658 Body Mass Index 19.04 2.59 19.49 2.409 Ponderal Index 44.55 1.78 44.67 1.6810 Body Surface Area 1.48 0.11 1.58 0.15

Bhasin, M.K. and Singh, L.P.: Study of physical growth


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Singh, I.P. and Bhasin, M.K.: Anthropometry. KamlaRaj Enterprises, Delhi (1989).

Singh, I.P. and Malik, S.L.: A study of human growthamong high altitude female Bods of Ladakh withremarks on morphological adaptation. Anthrop.Kozl., 21: 63-70 (1977).

Singh, L.P.: Age Changes in Anthropometric Variablesof Dogras: A Comparative Study of DograBrahamans, Rajputs and Scheduled Castes ofJammu District, Jammu and Kashmir State.M.Phil Thesis (unpublished), University of Delhi,Delhi (1990)

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Biology of the People of Jammu and Kashmir: I. The Growth Patterns

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