Biology Notes Genetics Review
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Transcript of Biology Notes Genetics Review
7/21/2019 Biology Notes Genetics Review
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biology-notes-genetics-review 1/3
Emma CummingsBiology: Unit 1 – Genetics
ReviewDNA structure and function
- Double helical- Each strand is comosed o! nucleotides made o!:
o " sugar #deo$yribose%
o " negatively charged hoshate grouo " nitrogenous base:
"denine #"% – Double ringed urine
Guanine #G% – Double ringed urine
Cytosine #C% – &ingle ringed yrimidine
'hymine #'% – &ingle ringed yrimidine
- Bonds between the sugar and hoshate bac(bone – calledhoshdiester #strong covalent bonds%
- Bonds holding nitrogen gases together – hydrogen bonds- " urine always binds with a yrimidine
o " ) ' #Double hydrogen bond%
o C - G #single hydrogen bond%
DNA replication
Called - &emi-Conservative relication:
&te 1% Un*iing+ hydrogen bonds are bro(en
&te ,% Base airing: ree nucleotides #that are resent in the cell% air u withunaired nucleotides.
&te /% 0ydrogen bonds re!orm between new base airs.
Result: two identical molecules o! D".
Biological drawings – Notes
Mitosis
Interphase
- Chromatin starts as anindistinguishable mass o!D"2 in that mass+ there
are34 strands. 5ust be!oremitosis begins+ these strandso! chromatic relicate+condense and coil to become34 chromosomes
- 6ther cell organelles dulicate- ot o!!icially art o! mitosis
#7get ready8 stage%
- 9ade o! u G1+ &+ and G,hases.
- G1 #ga 1%: Cell carries outactivities to reare it !or thene$t hase. Raid growth andmetabolic activity mar( the G1hase.
- & #synthesis%: D" isrelicated during this hase.'he cell will either rest a!terthis hase or continue on tothe G, hase.
- G, #ga ,%: Cell is rearing!or division.
7/21/2019 Biology Notes Genetics Review
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Emma CummingsBiology: Unit 1 – Genetics
Review- 'he cell divides because it is
too large to be controlled bythe nucleus+ to relacedamaged cells etc.
Prophase
- Chromosomes coil andcondense and become visibleunder a microscoe
- uclear membrane andnucleoli disaear
- 'wo airs o! centrioles aear and move towards the olesaart as sindle !ibers !ormbetween them.
Metaphase
- &indle attach to thecentromere
- Chromosomes are ushedand ulled by the sindle!ibers+ and are eventuallyarranged along the cellsmidline+ or e;uator.
Anaphase
- &indle !ibers shorten andull2 chromosomes searateat the centromeres+ ullingaart the sister chromatidsand roducing daughter
chromosomes- Daughter chromosomes
migrate to oosite oles
Telophase
- Chromosomes uncoiled toroduce chromatin
- &indle !ibers disaear+nuclear membrane andnucleoli reaear
- Cell starts to inch in themiddle in rearation !orcyto(inesis+ or cell division.
Cytokinesis
- Cell continues to inch untiltwo daughter cells are !ormed
- <n lant cells+ this is when thecell late is !ormed+ it is madestronger once the cytolasmdevides.
Meiosis – Notes
Gaetogenesis
Males ! "peratogenesis
- E;ual division o! cytolasm- &erm cells are streamlined
!or movement+ they cannotcarry e$cess weight
- 9a(e more se$ cells than
!emales#eales ! $ogenesis
- Cytolasm does not dividee;ually a!ter each division
- 6ne daughter cell called theootid receives most o! thecytolasm
- Uses the e$tra cytolasm andorganelles !or !uture cell
division #in !ertili*ation%- 6ther cells called olar bodies
die- 6nly one ovum is roduced
by meiosis
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A%noral Meiosis &Non!dis'unction( – Notes
Mendelian genetics &onohy%rid and dihy%rid crosses ) test Crosses( –*e+iew fro notes
Punett s,uares – Notes
Alternate fors of inheritance &Codoinance- Incoplete doinance-Mulitple alleles- .!linkage( ! Notes
=edigrees
Autosoal *ecessi+e
- ot >-lin(ed- 'wo recessive alleles are re;uired !or the child to have this trait
Autosoal Doinant
- ot >-lin(ed- 6nly one allele will give the child this trait
.!linked *ecessi+e
- >-lin(ed- 'wo recessive alleles are re;uired !or the child to have this trait
.!linked Doinant
- >-lin(ed- 6nly one allele will give the child this trait
#Review: D" e$traction+ corn genetics+ blood tying+ and dragon genetics%