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Transcript of Biology lecture
![Page 1: Biology lecture](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042502/55508159b4c905235b8b46e8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nat Sci 1
Biological Science
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Topic Outline Grading system
House Rules Topic lessons
- Introduction
- The Living Kingdoms
- The Chemistry of Life
- Cell Structure and Function
- Skeletal System
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Grading System Class standing 2/3 Examination 1/3(% /3)
Requirements for Class Standing Quizzes 40% Assignments 20% Seat work/ OR 30% Attendance 10%
( 100% x 2)/3=CS Grade
1/3 of the exam +CS = your Grade
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House Rules During exam no cheating. When caught
cheating automatic zero(40 grade). Submit assignments on time, late submission
will not be accepted. In case when you are absent let your classmate submit your assignment.
In case when you are absent, inform your teacher or submit a letter when you back to class.
Comply all the requirements to avoid to get a low grade or failed grade.
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House Rules When you copy an assignment make sure you
understand the content because when the teacher asked, you are able to answer the question.
The grade you receive would depend on the scores that you give to your teacher. Your teacher will just compute and gave you the total.
Before the exam make sure you have reviewed all the topics discussed. Sometimes the contents exam were already taken during your quizzes.
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What is Biology?
BIOLOGY – is the study of living organism which includes:
- structural function
- origin
- evolution classification, interrelationships
- ecology
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Fields of Biology
2 Major Divisions
1. Botany – the scientific study of plants
2. Zoology – deals with the study of all aspects of animal life.
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Branches of Zoology
1. Anatomy -the study of body parts and their location
2. Ecology- study of interrelationships of organisms in the habitat.
3. Embryology -it is the study of the formation and development of an individual from gametes to an organism
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Branches of Zoology
4. Evolution – the study of change undergone by species through the ages.
5. Genetics – the study of genes, heredity and variation.
6. Morphology – study on form and structure of organism
7. Cytology – study of cells
8. Histology – study of tissues.
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Branches of Zoology
9. Gross Anatomy – it is a study of microscopic structure of tissues and organs. (mix anatomy and histology)
10. Paleozoology – the study of animal fossils
11. Physiology – the study of how body parts function and how they work.
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Other specialized sciences
A. Taxonomy – naming, describing, classifying living organism.
Some variations:
a.1. Apiculture – study of bees
a.2. Anthropology – study of man
a.3. Carcinology – study of crabs
a.4. Conchology – study of shells
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Assignment #1
Identify the specialized discipline. Write your answer on a ½ sheet of paper:
1. Helminthology- study of worms2. Entomology - study of insects3. Herpetology - study of reptiles and amphibians4. Ichthyology - study of fishes5. Lchenology - study of lichens6. Malacology - study of soft-bodied animals
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cont.......7. Mycology - study of fungi8. Ornithology - study of birds9. Parasitology - study of parasites10. Phycology - study of algae11. Protozoology - study of one-celled
organism12. Virology - study of virus13. Microbiology - study of microorganisms14. Mammalogy - study of mammals15. Helmithology - study of worms
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Other Sciences linked to Biology
1. Astronomy
2. chemistry
3. Geology
4. mathematics
5. Physics
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What is Science?
Science is an objective, logical and repeatable attempt to understand the principles and forces operating the natural universe.
Derived from Latin verb “scientia” which means “to know”
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Process of Science
Scientific Method – way of gaining information about the world by forming possible solutions to questions followed by rigorous testing to determine if the proposed solutions are valid.
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Ideal Steps to scientific process.
1. observation – defining the problem
2. Question Formulation – asking about your observation
3. Exploration of Alternative Resources-
gathering more information about the observation.
4. Hypothesis Formation - one or more falsifiable explanation for the observation.
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cont....
5. Experimentation
experiment is a re-creation of an event or occurrence in a way that enables a scientist to support or disprove a hypothesis.
6. Theory formation
- is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested with little modifications
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7. Law Fomation/ Generalizations
- the observed regularities in the study
theory:
= systematic sets of concepts that relate data, explain the concept of the study and serve to guide the future research
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Assignment # 2
What are the limitations of Science?
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Limitations of Science
1. The type of questions can be answered
2. The time it may to find and answer
3. The lack of absolute certainty in the answer.
4. The inability to make moral or value judgements.
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How do we start to study in biology ?
To start with biology we deal in by component parts (units) because life was placed in hierarchy of organization with the smallest and simplest units at the bottom and the largest and most complex at the top.
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1. atoms
The smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist alone or in combination.
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2. Molecules
A small unit of matter
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3. Cell
The fundmental unit of living things.
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3. Tissue
A group of cells with similar function.
For ex. Areolar tissue (the shown fig.)
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6. Organ
A group of tissues with overall function
for example: heart
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7. Organ System
A group of cell, tissues and organs that perform a specific major function
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8. Individual/ Complex Organism
The total interaction of the organ systems
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9. PopulationGroup of similar
individual who tend to mate with each other in a limited georgraphic area
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10. Species
Group of similar individuals who tend to mate and produce viable, fertile offsprings.
Pithecophaga jefferyi
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11. Community
the relationships of smaller groups of organisms with each other and their environment.
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12. EcosystemThe relationship of smaller groups of
organisms with each other and their environment
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13. Biosphere
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Emergent Properties of Life
1. Organization
2. Energy acquisition and Release
3. Reproduction and Heredity
4. Growth and Development
5. Homeostasis
6. Adaptation
7. Detection and Response to Stimuli
8. Interactions
The distinguishing properties that are unique to living things.
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The Living Kingdoms
Kingdoms are divisions of living nature categorizing living thins to express their line or phylogeny
When these kingdoms of life established?
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In the beginning.......
There are two (2) kingdoms
established by C____ L ____ (1778)
- he pioneered the biological nomenclature.
Life
Regnum Animale (Animal Kingdom)
Regnum Vegetabile (Plant kingdom)
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In 1674, Antonie Van LeeuwenhoekThe “father of microscopy”
Invented the simple microscope and observed the single celled organisms.
......1866... Richard Owen, John Hogg and
Ernst Haeckel proposed the 3rd kingdom
Life
Kingom protista
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
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1938.....Herbert CopelandProposed the fourth kingdom, after the invention
of the electron microscope.
Life
Life
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-green algae
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-green algae)
1960 – as proposed by Edouard Chatton
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1970 onwards...- increasing emphasis on molecular level
comparisons of genes.
Carl Woese divided the prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.
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6 kingdoms
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The six-kingdom system is still recognizably an expansion of the original two-kingdom system: Animalia remains; the original category of plants has been split into Plantae and Fungi; and single-celled organisms have been introduced and split into Bacteria, Archaea and Protista.
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In 2004, a review article by Simpson and Roger noted that the Protista were "a grab-bag for all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants or fungi". They argued that only monophyletic groups – an ancestor and all of its descendents – should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification.
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As of April 2010, there appears to be a consensus that the six supergroup model does not reflect the true phylogeny of the eukaryotes, although there is no agreement as to the model which should replace it
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Summary
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First Quiz20 minutes
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Chemistry Of Life
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Most of the activities of the cell involves changes.
The cell is the smallest structural unit of an organism that has all the attributes of life.
cell organelles which are composed of big molecules from different compounds
these organic compounds are:
1. carbohydrates 4. vitamins
2. proteins 5. Lipids
3. Nucleic Acid
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Carbohydrates (energy source)
Three main types
a. Monosaccharide
glucose – the blood sugar
b. Disaccharide
sucrose – from sugar cane
lactose – from milk
maltose - from malt
c. Polysaccharide – starch and cellulose (plant)
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Proteins
- Building blocks
- Regulates chemical activities
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Lipids
Are heterogeneous group that have a greasy characteristics and insoluble to water.
a. fats
b. phospholipids
c. Steroids
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Phospholipids
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Steroids
Responsible for growth and development
example:
estrogen - female hormone
testosterone - male hormone
GH - responsible for growth
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Vitamins
Another organic component that also responsible for development and growth.
1. Vitamin A – formed in the liver from carotenoid pigments found in green leafy vegetables.
2. Vitamin D – has two forms
Vitamin D-2 and Vit D- 3
= both to prevent the disease rickets
= source is the sun and cod liver oil
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Vit D is required for normal growth and absorption of calcium and Phosphorus by the intestine.
Vit E known as tocopherol needed for normal growth and development.
Vit K – for anti-hemorrhagic and necessary in prothrombin synthesis
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Vitamin B complex - necessary for metabolism
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Vitamin C- ascorbic acid
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids – complex high-molecular
weight macromolecules composed of nucleotide
- it is a constituents of genes and viuses.
A. DNA
B. RNA
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Inorganic ComponentsThese include minerals and water.
1. Sulfur – component of proteins.
2. Phosphorus – for maintenance of bone and teeth, nerves and muscle activity. Controls blood clotting and cell permeability
3. Potassium – cell conduction
4. Chlorine – important in fluid balance
5. Magnesium – component and activator of many coenzymes
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6. Iron – component of hemoglobin pigment and some enzymes
7. Iodine – Essential for the synthesis of thyroxin in the thyroid gland.
8. Calcium – present in teeth and cell wall needed in muscular contraction and blood clotting.
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Cell Structure and Function
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Three division of the cell1. cell membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
Two cell domain:
1. Eukaryotic cell 2. Prokaryotic cell
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Assignment #3
Make a table to differentiate the prokaryotic cell from the
eukaryotic cell
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Skeletal System
Function:
1. To support and give shape to the body.
2. To protect the vital organs and tissues of the body.
3. To aid in movement by giving muscles something firm to work against.
4. Site of hematopoisis
5. Storage of minerals and fats.
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Types of Skeletal System
1. hydrostatic skeleton
2. endoskeleton
3. exoskeleton
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ComponentsA. Cartilage
- it is a translucent elastic connective tissue.
- made up of cells called chondrocytes.
B. Bone
- are hard largely calcareous tissues most of the skeleton of a vertebral animal.
- are mineralized connective tissues.
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Types of Bone Tissue
1. Compact Bone – closely pact osteons or haversian systems.
2. Spongy Bone – it consist of plates (trabeculae) that looks like a honeycomb network of rigid bars.
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Bone Formation• Intramembranous Ossification – involves
replacement of sheet-like tissue membranes with bony tissue.
• Endochondral Ossification – It involves the conversion of cartilage into bone
ASSIGNMENT #4
DRAW THE TWO PROCESSES OF BONE FORMATION IN A SHORT
BOND PAPER
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Skeletal organization
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a skeleton has 206 bones
(number may vary per
person).The skleton is
divided into the axial and
appendicular skeletons.
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Axial skeleton
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a1-1: Cranium: 8 bones
1 Frontal bone
2 Parietal bones
1 Occipital bone
2 Temporal bones
1 sphenoid
1 Ethmoid
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a1-2: Face: 14 bones
2 maxillary bones
2 Palatine bones
2 Zygomatic bones
2 Lacrimal bones
2 Nasal bones
1 Vomer
2 Inferior nasal conchae
1 Mandible
a2- Hyoid bone: thin bone located in the upper throat, supporting the tongue.
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a3- Vertebral column
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a3-1 Cervical vertebrae
a3-2 Thoracic
vertebrae
a3-3 Lumbar
vertebrae
a3-4 Sacral
vertebrae
a3-5 Coccygeal
vertebrae
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a5- Sternum
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b- Appendicular skeleton
b1- Upper limb b1-1: Pectoral girdle: Clavicle Scapula b1-2 Upper arm: Humerus b1-3 Lower arm: Ulna Radius b1-4 Wrist: 8 Carpal bones b1-5 Hand: 5 Metacarpal bones Phalanges
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b2- Lower limb
b2-1 Pelvic girdle: Coxal bones
b2-2 Upper leg: Femur
b2-3 Lower leg: Tibia
Fibula
b2-4 Ankle: 7 tarsal bones
b2-5 Foot: 5 Metatarsal bones and phalanges
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5-5. Joints
Connect bone to bone. Can be non movable, slightly movable or fully movable.
Classified as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial joints.
- Fibrous joints: Bones are connected with collagen fibers. Ex: cranium bones (non movable)
- Cartilagenous joints: cartilage between the bones. Ex: ribs to sternum (non movable)
- Synovial joints: full mobility possible
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5-6. Diseases and disorders of the skeletal system
- Sprains: Stretched or torn ligaments à pain, swelling, bruising. A slight stretch will heal slowly because this tissue does not have blood vessels and a torn ligament will need surgery for repair. (a strain is a pulled muscle)
- Bursitis and tendonitis: inflammation of the bursa and tendons due to injury or repeated use (tennis elbow)
- Arthritis: joint inflammation.
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-Osteoarthritis is a wear and tear due to age of the cartilage of the articulation. Common in older people. Painful because there is friction and inflammation between the surface of the 2 bones.
- rheumatoid arthritis: the person's immune system attack the cartilage of the joints which become deformed and non functional.