Biology - Fly Lab Results
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Transcript of Biology - Fly Lab Results
Chung 1
Lani Chung
Mr. Nakamura
Biology Period 2B
13 May 2012
Data Collection and Processing: Fly Lab
Raw Data:
Cross Type of Fly Number of Flies
Curved Wing Cross #1 Male Wild 608
Curved Wing Cross #1 Male Curved 0
Curved Wing Cross #1 Female Wild 599
Curved Wing Cross #1 Female Curved 0
Curved Wing Cross #2 Male Wild 457
Curved Wing Cross #2 Male Curved 151
Curved Wing Cross #2 Female Wild 426
Curved Wing Cross #2 Female Curved 145
Apterous Wing Cross #1 Male Wild 593
Apterous Wing Cross #1 Male Apterous 0
Apterous Wing Cross #1 Female Wild 609
Apterous Wing Cross #1 Female Apterous 0
Apterous Wing Cross #2 Male Wild 438
Apterous Wing Cross #2 Male Apterous 139
Apterous Wing Cross #2 Female Wild 462
Apterous Wing Cross #2 Female Apterous 158
Singed Bristles Cross #1 Male Wild 590
Singed Bristles Cross #1 Male Singed 0
Singed Bristles Cross #1 Female Wild 620
Singed Bristles Cross #1 Female Singed 0
Singed Bristles Cross #2 Male Wild 289
Singed Bristles Cross #2 Male Singed 300
Singed Bristles Cross #2 Female Wild 601
Singed Bristles Cross #2 Female Singed 0
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Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Male Wild 294
Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Male Stubble 296
Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Female Wild 297
Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Female Stubble 319
Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Male Wild 615
Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Male Stubble 0
Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Female Wild 599
Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Female Stubble 0
Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Male Wild 612
Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Male Dumpy 0
Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Female Wild 609
Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Female Dumpy 0
Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Male Wild 437
Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Male Dumpy 152
Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Female Wild 448
Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Female Dumpy 159
Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Male Wild 599
Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Male Vestigial 0
Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Female Wild 594
Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Female Vestigial 0
Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Male Wild 436
Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Male Vestigial 173
Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Female Wild 436
Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Female Vestigial 151
Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Male Wild 614
Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Male Scalloped 0
Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Female Wild 629
Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Female Scalloped 0
Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Male Wild 302
Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Male Scalloped 275
Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Female Wild 611
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Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Female Scalloped 0
Star Eyes Cross #1 Male Wild 297
Star Eyes Cross #1 Male Star 312
Star Eyes Cross #1 Female Wild 314
Star Eyes Cross #1 Female Star 272
Star Eyes Cross #2 Male Wild 579
Star Eyes Cross #2 Male Star 0
Star Eyes Cross #2 Female Wild 589
Star Eyes Cross #2 Female Star 0
Data Processing and Analysis:
1. Curved Wing Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Curved Wings:
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Curved; a=Wild
A A
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Curved : 0 Wild
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Curved
a a
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Curved
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 608 603.5 4.5 20.25 0.034
Male Curved 0 0 0 0 0
Female Wild 599 603.5 -4.5 20.25 0.034
Female Curved 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 0.067
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P-Value: 95%
Curved Wing Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type
Punnett Squares:
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Curved
A a
A AA Aa
A Aa aa
Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Curved
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 457 442.125 14. 875 221.266 0.500
Male Curved 151 147.375 3.625 13.141 0.089
Female Wild 426 442.125 -16.125 260.016 0.588
Female Curved 145 147.375 -2.375 5.641 0.038
X2 Total: 1.216
P-Value: 80%
Conclusion:
According to the data that was collected, the trait for curved wings is a recessive trait since in the
first cross there were zero flies that showed the curved wing trait. And when the chi-square was
done for the first cross with the expected result showing a recessive relationship for the curved
wing trait, the p-value was calculated as 95%. This indicates that the hypothesis can be accepted.
Then in the second cross when two heterozygous wild type flies were crossed, a ratio of 3 Wild
Type to 1 Curved was found which correlated very closely with the observed data. And when the
chi-square was done for the second cross, the p-value was calculated as 80%, indicating that the
hypothesis could be accepted.
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2. Apterous Wing Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Apterous Wings:
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Apterous; a=Wild
A A
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Apterous : 0 Wild
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Apterous
a a
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Apterous
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 593 601 -8 64 0.106
Male Apterous 0 0 0 0 0
Female Wild 609 601 8 64 0.106
Female Apterous 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 0.213
P-Value: 95%
Apterous Wing Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type
Punnett Squares:
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Curved
A a
A AA Aa
A Aa aa
Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Curved
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
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Male Wild 438 448.875 -10.875 118.266 0.263
Male Apterous 139 149.625 -10.625 112.891 0.754
Female Wild 462 448.875 13.125 172.266 0.384
Female Apterous 158 149.625 8.375 70.141 0.469
X2 Total: 1.87
P-Value: 70%
Conclusion:
According to the data that was collected, the trait for apterous wings is a recessive trait as the
first cross showed that no flies exhibited apterous wings. And when the chi-square was done for
the first cross with the expected result showing a recessive relationship for the apterous wing
trait, the p-value was calculated as 95%. This indicates that the hypothesis can be accepted. Then
in the second cross when two heterozygous wild type flies were crossed, a ratio of 3 Wild Type
to 1 Apterous was found which correlated very closely with the observed data. And when the
chi-square was done for the second cross, the p-value was calculated as 70%, indicating that the
hypothesis could be accepted.
3. Singed Bristles Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Singed Antennae
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Singed; a=Wild
A A
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Singed : 0 Wild
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Singed
a a
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Singed
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
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Male Wild 590 605 -15 225 0.372
Male Singed 0 0 0 0 0
Female Wild 620 605 15 225 0.372
Female Singed 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 0.744
P-Value: 80%
Singed Bristles Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type
Punnett Squares:
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Singed
A a
A AA Aa
A Aa aa
Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Singed
Recessive Sex-Linked Trait: *XN=Wild; Xn=Singed
XN Y
XN XNXN XNY
Xn XNXn XnY
Ratio – 2 Female Wild : 1 Male Wild : 1Male Singed
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 289 297.5 -8.5 72.25 0.243
Male Singed 300 297.5 2.5 6.25 0.021
Female Wild 601 595 6 36 0.121
Female Singed 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 0.385
P-Value: 95%
Conclusion:
According to the data that was collected, singed bristles is a recessive sex-linked trait. The trait
was proven to be recessive because in the first cross, there were no flies that exhibited the singed
bristles trait. And upon conducting the chi-square analysis for the first cross with the expected
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values corresponding to a recessive pattern of inheritance, the p-value was shown to be 80%
which means the hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the results revealed that
only female singed flies were not existent, meaning that the trait could be sex-linked. So upon
crossing two wild flies with the female fly being heterozygous, the expected ratio and results
were very similar to the observed results. Then after conducting the chi-square analysis, the p-
value was an acceptable 95% which indicates the trait is sex-linked recessive.
4. Stubble Bristles Cross #1: Female Wild and Male Stubble Bristles:
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Stubble; a=Wild
A A
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Stubble : 0 Wild
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Stubble
a a
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Stubble
Lethal Dominant Trait: *A=Stubble; a=Wild
A a
A Aa aa
A Aa aa
Ratio – 2 Wild : 2 Stubble
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 294 301.5 -7.5 56.25 0.187
Male Stubble 296 301.5 -5.5 30.25 0.100
Female Wild 297 301.5 -4.5 20.25 0.067
Female Stubble 319 301.5 17.5 306.25 1.016
X2 Total: 1.37
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P-Value: 70%
Stubble Bristles Cross #2: Female Wild Type and Male Wild Type:
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Stubble; a=Wild
a a
A aa aa
A aa aa
Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Stubble
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 615 607 8 64 0.105
Male Stubble 0 0 0 0 0
Female Wild 599 607 -8 64 0.105
Female Stubble 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 0.21
P-Value: 95%
Conclusion:
Based on the collected data, stubble bristles seems to be a lethal dominant trait. This is because
in the first cross, the ratio of the observed data seemed to be 1 Stubble : 1 Wild. However, the
only way for this to happen is if the trait for stubble bristles is heterozygous. And according to
fly lab rules, a breeding fly with a lethal dominant trait will automatically be heterozygous
instead of the usual homozygous. To confirm the hypothesis that the trait is lethal dominant, the
data was run through the chi-square analysis and the p-value was calculated to be 70% which is
considered acceptable. Then in the second cross, two wild type flies were crossed in order to see
if the wild type was truly recessive. The results of the cross corresponded to the hypothesis that
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was formulated as only wild flies were generated and the p-value calculated was 95%,
confirming that the original hypothesis that stubble bristles is a lethal dominant trait is accurate.
5. Dumpy Wings Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Dumpy Wings:
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Dumpy; a=Wild
A A
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Dumpy : 0 Wild
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Dumpy
a a
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Dumpy
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 612 609.5 2.5 6.25 0.010
Male Dumpy 0 0 0 0 0
Female Wild 609 609.5 -0.5 0.25 0.0004
Female Dumpy 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 0.010
P-Value: 95%
Dumpy Wings Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type
Punnett Squares:
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Dumpy
A a
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A AA Aa
A Aa aa
Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Dumpy
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 437 448.5 -11.5 132.25 0.295
Male Dumpy 152 149.5 2.5 6.25 0.042
Female Wild 448 448.5 -0.5 0.25 0.0006
Female Dumpy 159 149.5 9.5 90.25 0.604
X2 Total: 0.941
P-Value: 80%
Conclusion:
According to the collected data, dumpy wings is a recessive trait. This was concluded because in
the first cross, all the fly offspring were wild while none were dumpy winged. And upon
conducting the chi-square analysis with the expected results corresponding to a recessive
inheritance pattern, the resulting p-value was 95%. This means that the hypothesis is legitimate
and that the null hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the two wild flies that
were mated produced offspring with a 3 Wild : 1 Dumpy ratio which is very similar to that of the
observed results. The chi-square results of the second cross also turned out to be 80% which is
acceptable and thus proves that dumpy wings is indeed a recessive trait.
6. Vestigial Wings Cross #1: Female Wild and Male Vestigial Wings:
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Vestigial; a=Wild
A A
A Aa Aa
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A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Vestigial : 0 Wild
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Vestigial
a a
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Vestigial
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 599 596.5 2.5 6.25 0.010
Male Vestigial 0 0 0 0 0
Female Wild 594 596.5 -2.5 6.25 0.010
Female Vestigial 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 0.021
P-Value: 95%
Vestigial Wings Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type:
Punnett Squares:
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Vestigial
A a
A AA Aa
A Aa aa
Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Vestigial
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 436 448.5 -12.5 156.25 1.231
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Male Vestigial 173 149.5 23.5 552.25 3.694
Female Wild 436 448.5 -12.5 156.25 1.231
Female Vestigial 151 149.5 1.5 2.25 0.015
X2 Total: 6.171
P-Value: 10%
Conclusion:
Based on the gathered data, vestigial wings is a recessive trait. This was concluded based on the
fact that there were only wild flies born in the first cross. And upon conducting the chi-square
analysis with the expected results corresponding to a recessive inheritance pattern, the resulting
p-value was 95%. This means that the hypothesis is legitimate and that the null hypothesis can be
accepted. Then in the second cross, the two wild flies that were mated produced offspring with a
3 Wild : 1 Vestigial ratio which is very similar to that of the observed results. The chi-square
results of the second cross also turned out to be 10% which is a bit low but still acceptable, thus
proving that vestigial wings is a recessive trait.
7. Scalloped Wings Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Scalloped Wings:
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Scalloped; a=Wild
A A
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Scalloped : 0 Wild
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Scalloped
a a
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Scalloped
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
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Male Wild 614 621.5 -7.5 56.25 0.091
Male Scalloped 0 0 0 0 0
Female Wild 629 621.5 7.5 56.25 0.091
Female Scalloped 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 0.181
P-Value: 95%
Scalloped Wings Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type:
Punnett Squares:
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Scalloped
A a
A AA Aa
A Aa aa
Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Scalloped
Recessive Sex-Linked Trait: *XN=Wild; Xn=Scalloped
XN Y
XN XNXN XNY
Xn XNXn XnY
Ratio – 2 Female Wild : 1 Male Wild : 1Male Scalloped
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 302 297 5 25 0.084
Male Scalloped 275 297 -22 484 1.630
Female Wild 611 594 17 289 0.487
Female Scalloped 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 2.201
P-Value: 50%
Conclusion:
According to the data that was collected, having scalloped wings is a recessive sex-linked trait.
The trait was proven to be recessive because in the first cross, there were no flies that had
scalloped wings. And upon conducting the chi-square analysis for the first cross with the
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expected values corresponding to a recessive pattern of inheritance, the p-value was shown to be
95% which means the hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the results revealed
that only female scalloped flies were not existent, meaning that the trait could be sex-linked. So
upon crossing two wild flies with the female fly being heterozygous, the expected ratio and
results were very similar to the observed results. Then after conducting the chi-square analysis,
the p-value was an acceptable 50% which indicates the trait is sex-linked recessive.
8. Star Eyes Cross #1: Female Wild and Male Star Eyes
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Star; a=Wild
A A
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Star : 0 Wild
Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Star
a a
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Star
Lethal Dominant Trait: *A=Star Eyes; a=Wild
A a
A Aa aa
A Aa aa
Ratio – 2 Wild : 2 Star
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 297 298.75 -1.75 3.063 0.010
Male Star 312 298.75 13.25 175.563 0.588
Female Wild 314 298.75 15.75 248.063 0.830
Female Star 272 298.75 -26.75 715.563 2.395
X2 Total: 3.823
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P-Value: 30%
Star Eyes Cross #2: Female Star Eyes and Male Star Eyes:
Punnett Squares:
Dominant Trait: *A=Star; a=Wild
A a
A AA Aa
A Aa aa
Ratio – 3 Star : 1 Wild
Chi Square Test:
Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp
Male Wild 579 584 -5 25 0.043
Male Star 0 0 0 0 0
Female Wild 589 584 5 25 0.043
Female Star 0 0 0 0 0
X2 Total: 0.086
P-Value: 95%
Conclusion:
Based on the collected data, star eyes seem to be a lethal dominant trait. This is because in the
first cross, the ratio of the observed data seemed to be 1 Star : 1 Wild. However, the only way for
this to happen is if the trait for star eyes is heterozygous. And according to fly lab rules, a
breeding fly with a lethal dominant trait will automatically be heterozygous instead of the usual
homozygous. To confirm the hypothesis that the trait is lethal dominant, the data was run
through the chi-square analysis and the p-value was calculated to be 30% which is considered
acceptable. Then in the second cross, two wild type flies were crossed in order to see if the wild
type was truly recessive. The results of the cross corresponded to the hypothesis that was
formulated as only wild flies were generated and the p-value calculated was 95%, confirming
that the original hypothesis that star eyes is a lethal dominant trait is accurate.