Biology Final Review
description
Transcript of Biology Final Review
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Biology Final Review
Session 1
Biology Introduction
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Q.1 What is the definition of Biology?
• Study of Life
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What are the 7 Themes of Biology?• 1) Cell and structural function
• 2) Reproduction
• 3) Metabolism
• 4) Homeostasis
• 5) Heredity
• 6) Evolution
• 7) Interdependance
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Give the 3 points of the Cell Theory?
• 1) All living things are composed of cells
• 2) All cells come from preexisting cells
• 3) Cells are the basic structure and function of living things
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Scientific Method Slides
• .
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Name the Steps of the Scientific Method.
• Observation
• Prediction
• Hypothesis
• Experimentation/testing
• Conclusion
• After many successful tests= Possible Theory
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An educated guess, which is testable through experimentation is called…
• A) Hypothesis
• B) Prediction
• C) Observation
• D) Experiment
• Answer A
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An dependent Variable…• A) factor that is measured
• B) factor such as time
• C) factor on the y-axis
• D) factor on the x-axis
• E) A and C
• F) B and D
• Answer: E
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The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental
treatment is called…
A) Independent Variable
B) Dependent Variable
C) Control Group
D) Experimental Group
Answer: C
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Chemistry Review
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Define the general structure of an Atom
• Protons (positive charge) and Neutrons (neutral charge) in a centrally located nucleus
• Electrons (negative charge) are located in orbitals around the nucleus.
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Give the atomic number of an atom with 9 protons, 9 neutrons,
and 9 electrons.
A) 9
B) 18
C) 27
Answer: A, This is Florine, The number of protons in an atom
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Give the atomic mass of atom with 9 protons, 9 neutrons, and 9
electrons.• A) 9
• B) 18
• C) 27
• Answer: B, Protons +Neutrons
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A substance that is composed of different atoms is called..
A) Molecule
B) Compound
C) Element
D) Solution
Answer: B, Molecules are a type of compound
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A substance that is composed of the same type of atoms is
called…A) Molecule
B) Compound
C) Element
D) SolutionAnswer: C
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The average of the mass numbers of all of the isotopes of an element is referred to as…
A) Atomic Number
B) Atomic Weight
C) Atomic Mass Number
Answer:B
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Define pH.
• Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
• Scale from 0-14
• 7 neutral ph
• X< 7 considered acidic
• X>7 considered basic
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What two substances are formed when an acid (H+) and a
base (OH-) mix?• Salts
• Water
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Compare and contrast covalent bonds and ionic bonds.
• In a covalent bond ELECTRONS are shared between elements. Occur between elements on the same side of the periodic chart.
• In ionic bonds, ELECTRONS are transferred from one element to another. Occur between elements from opposite sides of the periodic chart (I.e. Na Cl)
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For a compound to be considered organic, it must contain what
element?• A) Nitrogen
• B) Phosphorous
• C) Carbon
• D) Oxygen
• E) Hydrogen • Answer: Carbon bonded to Hydrogen
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Name the 5 organic compounds.
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• ATP
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The suffix sacchar refers to …
• Sugar, the organic compound carbohydrate
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50 or more amino acids make…
• Protein
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Nucleotides make up this organic compound…
• Nucleic Acids- both DNA and RNA
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Fatty Acids make up which organic compound…
• Lipids
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A type of protein which speeds up chemical reactions, without changing its shape is called…
• Enzyme
• An Enzyme is a biological catalyst
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Enzymes act on a substance called a…
• Substrate
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Enzymes can be damaged by• A) Normal Use
• B) Heat
• C) Extreme pH
• D) Electricity
• E) A, B and C
• F) B, C, and D Answer: F
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What limits cell size?
• Surface Area. Organisms must be able to get things in and out of the cell quickly.
• As cells get larger, volume increases faster than surface area.
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Solutions
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In this type of solution, there is a greater amount of stuff in the solution outside the cell than
inside.• A)Hypotonic Solution
• B)Hypertonic Solution
• C)Isotonic Solution Answer: B
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In this type of solution, there is a greater amount of stuff in the cell
than outside.• A)Hypotonic Solution
• B)Hypertonic Solution
• C)Isotonic Solution
Answer: A
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In this type of solution, the stuff is equal inside and outside the
cell.• A)Hypotonic Solution
• B)Hypertonic Solution
• C)Isotonic Solution
Answer: C
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What happens to the water inside and outside the cell in a
hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic environment.
• Hypotonic- water rushes in “pop”
• Hypertonic- water rushes out “cell shrivels”
• Isotonic- the water stays constant
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The movement of particles from high to low concentration,
without the use of energy is called…
• Passive Transport
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What are the type of passive transport. Define Each.
• Diffusion- movement of molecules from high to low (I.e. perfume sprayed from a bottle)
• Osmosis- Diffusion of water across a plasma membrane
• Facilitated diffusion- Uses carrier proteins to move substance from high to low.
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What type of transport uses energy (ATP) to move substances
against the concentration gradient?
• Active Transport
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What are the type of active transport? Define Each.
• Sodium-Potassium pump- Used in nerves to pump sodium outside of the cell against the concentration gradient
• Endocytosis- Used to take in large substances (I.e. eating bacterial cells)
• Exocytosis- Used to remove extremely large substances (I.e. dead cell parts)
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What is a prokaryote and give an example of one.
• A cell that has no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
• Ex. Both kingdoms of Bacteria, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
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What are the 3 shapes of Bacteria?
• A) Coccus, Spiral, Rod
• B) Bacillium, Spirilliam, Rod
• C) Bacillium, Spirilliam, Coccus
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What are the parts of a bacterial cell?
• Cell Wall
• Plasma Membrane
• Circular DNA
• Can form an endospore (protective shell)
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Bacteria are killed by antibiotics. Name a few common bacterial
infections.• Cavaties – streptococcous mutans
• Botulism-
• Tuberculosis
• Plague
• Strep Throat
• Bacterial Pneumonia
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Viruses are unique to the study of biology because…
• A) They are not alive
• B) They effect life forms
• C) They contain nucleic acid
• D) A and B
• E) B and C
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What are the parts of a virus?
A) Protein Coat
B) Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)
C) Organelles
D) Cytoplasm
E) A and B
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How do viruses reproduce?• Inside a living host
• Lysogenic Cycle- viral nucleic acid joins with the host. Host is Symptom Free. HIV
• Lytic Cycle- Virus activates and uses host to replicate. Host becomes ill. AIDS
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What is a Eukaryote, and give an example of one.
• A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• Example: You are a Eukaryote, in fact all Kingdoms that are not bacteria are eukaryotes
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Organelles
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This organelle surrounds all living cells and regulates what enters and
exits the cell.• A) Cell Wall
• B) Cell Membrane
• C) Nucleus
• D) Nucleolus
• E) Rough ER
• F) Smooth ER
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This Organelle contains the cells DNA.
• A) Cell Wall
• B) Cell Membrane
• C) Nucleus
• D) Nucleolus
• E) Rough ER
• F) Smooth ER
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This Organelle creates RNA which is used in protein synthesis.
• A) Cell Wall
• B) Cell Membrane
• C) Nucleus
• D) Nucleolus
• E) Rough ER
• F) Smooth ER
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This Organelle is where proteins are made.
• A) Cell Wall
• B) Cell Membrane
• C) Nucleus
• D) Nucleolus
• E) Rough ER
• F) Smooth ER
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This cell structure is found around plants to give structural
support and shape… • A) Cell Wall
• B) Cell Membrane
• C) Nucleus
• D) Nucleolus
• E) Rough ER
• F) Smooth ER
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This organelle is used to synthesize lipids.
• A) Cell Wall
• B) Cell Membrane
• C) Nucleus
• D) Nucleolus
• E) Rough ER
• F) Smooth ER
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What is the job of the Golgi Appratus?
To package and transport substances such as protein around the cell.
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The phospholipid bilayer which makes up the cell membrane is composed of which two parts?
• Phosphate polar head and a lipid non-polar tail.
• The polar heads face outside of the plasma membranes
• The lipid tail is on the inside.
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This organelle is responsible for making ATP or the cell’s energy.
• A) Vacuole
• B) Mitochondria
• C) Nucleus
• D) Nucleolus
• E) Lysosome
• F) Chloroplasts
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This organelle is found in plants and used in photosynthesis.
• A) Cell Wall
• B) Cell Membrane
• C) Nucleus
• D) Nucleolus
• E) Chloroplast
• F) Smooth ER
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Chromosomes
• What are the two types of chromosomes in the human body?
• Autosomal (22)
• Sex Chromosomes (XX or XY)
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DNA has many forms, name them.
• Chromatin- unwound DNA
• Chromatid- Single strand of wound DNA
• Chromosomes- two chromatids held together by a centromere
• Homologous Chromosomes- Two sets of identical chromosomes
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What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell?
• Haploid Cells, or n -have one copy of each chromatid (Gametes I.e. Sperm/Egg Cell)
• Diploid Cells or 2n- have two copies of each chromatid (Chromosome). These make up our somatic or body cells.
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How many chromatids do humans diploid cell have?
• A) 46 chromatids / 23 chromosomes
• B) 42 chromatids / 21 chromosomes
• C) 42 chromatids / 84 chromosomes
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What is the job of Mitosis?
• A) To create two new cells
• B) To create two new nuclei
• C) To double the amount of cytoplasm
• D) To divide the plasma membrane
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What are the four stages of Mitosis?
• Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Remember PMAT
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Define what happens in each stage of Mitosis.
• Prophase- Chromosomes become visible, nucleus disappears, spindle fibers form
• Metaphase- Spindle fibers chromosomes to the center of the cell.
• Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers.
• Telophase- Two new nuclei are formed
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What takes place when the cell is in interphase?
• A) Growth of the cell
• B) Metabolic Activities
• C) Replication of Chromosomes
• D) Cell Replication
• E) A, B, and C
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Define Meiosis.
• A process that creates 4 unique haploid cells (gametes: egg/sperm)
• Men create 4 sperm from each germ cell
• Women create 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
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Why are cells in meiosis unique?
• A) Crossover occurs in prophase II
• B) Segments of DNA are exchanged between Chromosomes
• C) Crossover occurs in prophase I
• D) All of the above
• E) B and C
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All organisms that can reproduce with one another and have fertile
offspring are called…• A) Population
• B) Species
• C) Habitable
• D) Gene Pool
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The monk. Who was the father of genetics?
• Gregor Mendel
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What were Mendel’s Laws?
• The law of segregation- chromatids separate from one another when sex cells are formed (Each parent can give only one copy of each chromosomes)
• The law of independent assortment- traits are inherited independently from each other (I.e. just because you have brown eyes does not mean you will have long toes)
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Genetic Vocabulary
• Alleles – different forms of a gene. Purple vs. Pink Flower color
• Homozygous – two copies of the same allele (I.e. aa or AA)
• Heterozygous – two copies of different allele (I.e. Aa)
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Phenotype describes ____ while genotype describes _____.
• A) alleles, appearance
• B) Appearance, alleles
• C) Both show alleles one numerical and one alphabetically
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Know how to Create and Use a PUNNET SQUARE
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Patterns of Complex HereditaryName the five types and explain.
• 1) Polygenic Inheritance- many genes which are averaged. (I.e. height, eye color)
• 2) Incomplete Dominance- blending of traits (I.e. hair texture)
• 3) Codominance- All alleles show (I.e. checkered chicken)
• 4) Environmental- genes can be influenced by temperature, nutrition, etc…
• 5) Multiple Alleles- 3 or more alleles for a trait, like blood type. A, B, O
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What scientist(s) were first to discover the structure of DNA?
• Watson and Crick
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What is a nucleotide made up of and what is the
building block for?
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Name the 4 bases of DNA and how do they connect to each
other?• Remember GCAT
• Guanine to Cytosine
• Adenine to Thymine
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A DNA sequence looks like the following: AACTG.
What would the complementary strand look like?
• TTGAC
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In DNA replication- What enzyme is responsible for
unwinding the DNA?• DNA Helicase
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During Replication, the enzyme that adds nucleotides to the
unwound DNA is called what?• DNA polymerace
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Compare and Contrast DNA to RNA.
• DNA– Double Stranded A-T, C-G– Double Helix Shape
• RNA– Single Stranded– Adenine- Uracil, C-G
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What are the three forms of RNA? And Tell me what each do.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)– Site where Translation occurs and proteins are made
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)– Transcribes DNA in the nucleus and travels to rRNA
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)– Transfers Amino Acid to the Ribosome to make the
protein strand
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Every three letters of mRNA is a_______, while the three hairs on
tRNA are ________.• A) codons, pseudocodon
• B) anti-codon, codon
• C) pseudocodon, codon
• D) codon, anti-codon
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Please Transcribe the following DNA strand into mRNA:
AAGGCCTT
• UUCCGGAA
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Please take the following mRNA segment and Translate it into protein,
using the chart on pg. 209:UUCCGGAAA
• UUC CGG AAA
• Phenylalanine Arginine Lysine
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What are the four types of microscopes used and what do they
view?• Stereomicroscope- Views living organisms and
large objects. Objects can be opaque.• Light microscope- Views slides of small
transparent items.• Electron Microscope- Can see molecules,
organism must be dead.• Scanning Tunneling Microscope- Can see atoms,
organism must be dead.