Biology: Exploring Life - Mrs. Pietrangelo's Class Website HBio Ch1.pdf · Biology: Concepts and...

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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition – Campbell, Reece, Taylor, and Simon

Lectures by Chris Romero

Chapter 1

Biology: Exploring Life


1.  Go to: http://campbellbiology.com/

2.  Click on the “Pelican Book” (the 5th Edition of your book)

3.  Login using the following login:

Login Name: mpietrangelo Password: mpietrangelo1

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THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY 1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology

•  Life’s structural hierarchy –  Defines the scope of biology, the scientific

study of life Biosphere

Ecosystem Florida coast

Community All organisms on the Florida coast

Population Group of brown

pelicans

Organism Brown pelican

Organ system Nervous system

Organ Brain

Tissue Nervous tissue

Cell Nerve cell

Organelle Nucleus Molecule

DNA

Atom Nucleus

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve

Figure 1.1


Biosphere

Ecosystem Florida coast

Community All organisms on the Florida coast

Population Group of brown

pelicans

Organism Brown pelican

Organ system Nervous system

Organ Brain

Tissue Nervous tissue

Cell Nerve cell

Organelle Nucleus

Molecule DNA

Atom Nucleus

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve

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•  An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living (BIOTIC) in a par ticular area

–  As well as the nonliving (ABIOTIC) environmental components

•  All the living organisms in an ecosystem

–  Make up a community


•  A population

–  Consists of a localized group of individuals of a species

•  An individual living entity

–  Is an organism

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•  The hierarchy continues downward with

–  Organ systems

–  Organs

–  Tissues

–  Cells

–  Organelles

–  Molecules


THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

1.2 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature

•  Science

–  Is a way of knowing

–  Seeks natural causes for natural phenomena

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Discovery Science

•  In discovery science

–  Scientists describe some aspect of the world and use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions


Hypothesis-Based Science

(Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning)

•  In hypothesis-based science

–  Scientists attempt to explain obser vations by testing hypotheses

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1.3 With the scientific method, we pose and test hypotheses

•  Hypothesis-based science involves

–  Obser vations, questions, hypotheses as tentative answers to questions

–  Deductions leading to predictions, and then tests of predictions to see if a hypothesis is falsifiable


A Case Study from Ever yday Life •  Deductive reasoning is used in testing hypotheses as follows

–  If a hypothesis is correct, and we test it, then we can expect a par ticular outcome

Observations

Question

Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries

Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb

Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem

Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem

Test prediction Test prediction

Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis Figure 1.8A

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A Case Study from Biological Science •  In experiments designed to test hypotheses

–  The use of control groups and experimental groups helps to control variables

Observations: 1. Jumping spiders wave their legs in the presence of potential competitors.

2. Certain fly species, when approached by jumping spiders, wave their wings, which have markings that resemble spider legs.


Question: What is the function of the flies’ wing markings and waving behavior?

Hypothesis: The markings and wing waving increase survival of the flies by causing jumping spiders to flee.

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Prediction: If this hypothesis is correct,

Experiment: and the flies’ wings are masked with a dye,

Predicted Result: then jumping spiders should pounce on the experimental flies more often that they do on control flies with normal wings.


1.4 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains

•  Organisms are grouped (classified)

–  Into the prokaryotic domains Bacteria and Archaea and the eukaryotic domain Eukarya

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•  Domain Bacteria

SE

M 3

,250×

Figure 1.5A

•  prokaryotic cells

•  composed of cells that lack a “true,” membrane-bound nucleus

•  typically unicellular


SE

M 2

5,00

0×

Figure 1.5B

•  Domain Archaea

•  prokaryotic cells

•  composed of cells that lack a “true,” membrane-bound nucleus

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•  Domain Eukarya includes

–  Protists (protozoans and algae, falling into multiple kingdoms)

–  The kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

275×

Protists (multiple kingdoms)

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Plantae Figure 1.5C


•  Protists •  typically unicellular

•  were traditionally classified as Kingdom Monera – but new studies indicate that is inaccurate and scientists are debating how many kingdoms Protists should be divided into

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•  Fungi

•  includes molds, yeasts, and mushrooms

•  decompose the remains of dead organisms and absorb nutrients from the leftovers


• Plantae •  consists of plants

•  typically photosynthetic

•  comprised of cells that have thick, cellulose, cell walls

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•  Animalia

•  eat other organisms

•  comprised of cells that have a cell membrane, but lack a rigid, cell wall

•  typically motile (able to move)

Biology: Exploring Life - Mrs. Pietrangelo's Class Website HBio Ch1.pdf · Biology: Concepts and...

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