Biology EOCEP Review Sheet Laurens District 55 High … · Biology EOCEP Review Sheet Laurens...

Biology EOCEP Review Sheet Laurens District 55 High School – 2010

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Q# Std Question Answer

1 B-1.1 How is experimental data and hypothesis related? The experimental data either support or do not support the hypothesis.

2 B-1.1 Hypotheses that are tested many times and not contradicted become known as what?

Laws or principles

3 B-1.1

A student hypothesized that if four different wheels were tested, then wheel 4 would have result in the fasted average time. Is the student’s hypothesis supported or not?

No, the hypothesis is not supported, wheel 3 has the average speed of 0.96 s but wheel 4 has the average speed of 1.045 s.

4 B-1.1 In the question above, what is the independent variable? Type of Wheel

5 B-1.1 In the question above, what is the independent variable? Time


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6 B-1.1 What would be an appropriate hypothesis for a student who wanted to test the growth of a plant based on the amount of light provided to the plant on a daily basis?

If plants are exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours of light a day then the plants that are exposed to 10 hours will grow the most.

7 B-1.1

Lee and Greg wanted to test 8 different foods to determine if there was starch in them. They put the food in the test tubes and added iodine, which will turn food purple - black if it contains starch. They added three drops of iodine to each tube and recorded their results. What is the independent variable?

Type of Food

8 B-1.1 What is the dependent variable from the question above? Sugar Content

9 B-1.2 What scientific apparatus would you use to measure out 23 mL to make a chemical?

Graduated Cylinder

10 B-1.2 If Tom wanted to find out if the solution in his beaker was acidic or basic, what should he use?

pH indicator paper

11 B-1.3

What is the reading on this scientific apparatus?

37oC


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12 B-1.2

What is this a picture of?

Beaker

13 B-1.3 If you wanted to determine the amount of water left in a container, what tool would you use?

Graduated Cylinder

14 B-1.3 Angie was measuring a piece of yarn and found that it was between the 33 and 34 mm line. What should she do?

Measure it to 33 and then estimate the last number (33.5, i.e.)

15 B-1.4 The items that are kept the same throughout the experiment are called? Constants / Controls

16 B-1.4 What is the purpose of a control group? A control group is set up to compare whether the effects of the dependent variable came from the independent variable or some other source.

17 B-1.4

Ethel wants to find figure out what factor will help her flowers have the most leaves so she decided to do an experiment. She put 3 pots of flowers in different amounts of sunlight. Every day she gave the pot in the most sunlight 50mL of water, the pot with medium sunlight 25mL of water, and the pot with the least amount of sunlight 10mL of water. What is wrong with her experimental design?

She has more than one variable (amount of sunlight and amount of water).


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18 B-1.4

Ethel decided to just test the amount of sunlight on the number of leaves. Her hypothesis was: If flowers are given 12 hours of sunlight a day, then they will have less leaves.

Was her hypothesis correct? Explain

No, increasing the amount of sunlight actually increased the number leaves.

19 B-1.4 What was the independent variable in this experiment? The amount of sunlight

20 B-1.4 What could be some possible controlled variables in this experiment? Give the same amount of water, put the plants in the same size of pot, give them the same amount of plant food, same amount of soil, etc.

21 B-1.5 When making a graph to show your results from an experiment, which variable should go on the Y-axis?

The dependent variable

22 B-1.5 Explain what is wrong with the following statement: "Converting 1L of water into 1000mL changes the amount of water.

Changing the units does not change the original value.

23 B-1.5 What type of graph is good for continuous data taken over a period of time?

Line Graph

24 B-1.5 What type of graph is used to show percentages or parts of a whole? Pie Graph


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25 B-1.5 What type of graph is used to show totals? Bar Graph

26 B-1.6

What conclusion can you make from this data?

Tap water allows plants to grow faster than spring or distilled water.

27 B-1.6 If you test your hypothesis and get the results you expected are you finished or what should you do next?

The hypothesis should be tested several more times and should be tested in different ways.

28 B-1.7 What are some factors an engineer needs to consider when choosing the materials that will be used to make a new product?

Cost, availability, durability, affect on the environment and users, qualities match the requirements for the product, manufacturing process works with the characteristics of the material

29 B-1.8 What do technology and science have to do with each other? Technological design has to do with applying scientific knowledge to create products that meet the needs of humans

30 B-1.8

Choose whether the following is exemplifying a scientific investigation or technological design: Many people do not like having their blood drawn so a research team developed a device that automatically counts the number of white blood cells in someone's blood simply by scanning a finger. After testing the device they realized it was not very accurate and worked on how it could be improved.

Technological design


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31 B-1.9 What is the correct way to smell a substance while working in lab? Use your hand to "waft" the smell towards your nose.

32 B-1.9 Where should broken glass be placed? In the cardboard broken glass box.

33 B-1.9 What are some things you should do before leaving the lab? Make sure your work area is clean, turn off hot plates, wash hands, put equipment away

34 B-2.1 What are the three parts of the cell theory?

• All living things are made up of one or more cells.

• Cells are the basic unit and structure of all living things.

• All existing cells come from previously existing cells.

35 B-2.1 Why must new cells be formed? To replace existing old cells

36 B-2.2 What is found in the nucleus? Chromosomes composed of DNA

37 B-2.2 What is the purpose of the mitochondria? To produce energy for the cell

38 B-2.2 What is the chloroplast? Organelle found in plants that undergoes the process of photosynthesis to convert CO2 and water to sugar.

39 B-2.2 What is the lysosome? Organelle that contains digestive enzymes and digests various materials in the cell.

40 B-2.2 What is a vacuole? A sac structure that stores water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates for plants and animals. Plants have much larger vacuoles than animals.


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41 B-2.2 What does the ribosome do? It is the site of protein synthesis.

42 B-2.2 Where do you find ribosomes? Either free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

43 B-2.2 What is the job of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? To transport materials throughout the cell.

44 B-2.2 What is the job of the golgi apparatus? To modify, collect, package and distribute materials within the cell or outside of the cell.

45 B-2.2 What are cilia? Short hair-like projections that is responsible for the movement of animal cells or protists.

46 B-2.2 What are flagella? Long whip-like projections that is responsible for the movement of some animal cells, bacteria or protists.

47 B-2.2 What is the structure that is semi-permeable and encloses the cell, and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment called?

Cell Membrane

48 B-2.2 The structure that allows information to pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is called?

Nuclear Envelope or Nuclear Membrane

49 B-2.2 What is the purpose of the cell wall? To aid in protection and support of the cell.

50 B-2.2 What are organisms that have a cell wall? Plants, Fungi, Bacteria and some Protists

51 B-2.2 The semi-fluid material found inside the cell is called? Cytoplasm


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52 B-2.2 What organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells? Cell Wall and Chloroplast

53 B-2.2

What type of cell is this?

Plant Cell

54 B-2.2

What is this organelle?

Mitochondria

55 B-2.2

What is this organelle?

Chloroplast


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56 B-2.2

Compare and contrast Prokaryote and Eukaryote.

57 B-2.3 What do prokaryotes lack that are in eukaryote cells? Membrane Bound Organelles (ER, Vacuoles, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, lysosomes)

58 B-2.3 Are prokaryote cells unicellular or multicellular? Unicellular

59 B-2.3 What is the difference in the DNA of prokaryote and eukaryote cells? Prokaryote cells do not have their DNA in chromosomes, it is not arranged in strands, but usually in a circular fashion.

60 B-2.3 Name one type of prokaryote cell. Bacteria


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61 B-2.3 How do prokaryotic cells obtain their energy? From sunlight or chemicals in their environment

62 B-2.3

I am a cell that has been recently discovered. I contain a cell wall and a plasma membrane. I have a large vacuole that stores water and many chloroplasts to make sugars. I like the sunlight and have many organelles. What kind of cell am I?

Eukaryote – Plant Cell

63 B-2.3 I am a cell that has a cell wall and ribosomes. I have cell membrane but my DNA is not in strands. I can be found by myself many times. What kind of cell am I?

Bacteria – Prokaryote

64 B-2.4 As cells divide and grow they become specialized in their structure and function. What is this process called?

Differentiation

65 B-2.4 If all cells of a multicellular organism have exactly the same chromosomes and DNA, how do they become differentiated to do their specific jobs?

Only specific parts of the DNA are activated during differentiation

66 B-2.4 Cells are arranged in what hierarchy? Cells � Tissues � Organs � Organ Systems � Organism

67 B-2.4 These cells are unspecialized cells that reproduce themselves and have the ability to differentiate into any type of specialized cell. What are they called?

Stem Cells

68 B-2.5 What is homeostasis? The ability to maintain constant or stable conditions.

69 B-2.5 What is passive transport? The movement of items across the cell membrane without the use of energy.

70 B-2.5 The process of items moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down its concentration gradient, without energy is called?

Diffusion

71 B-2.5 The diffusion of water is called? Osmosis


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72 B-2.5 If the water concentration is greater on the outside of the cell than the inside of the cell, water will move into the cell. What will happen to an animal cell? A plant cell?

Animal – Lyse or Burst Plant – Expands

73 B-2.5 If the water concentration is greater on the inside of the cell than the outside of the cell, water will move out of the cell. What will happen to an animal cell? A plant cell?

Animal – Shrink Plant - Shrink

74 B-2.5 The process of items moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down its concentration gradient, the aid of a protein is called?

Facilitated Diffusion

75 B-2.5 The process of items moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, using energy is called?

Active Transport

76 B-2.5 What are some examples of items that must be passed through the cell using energy?

Calcium, Potassium, Sodium

77 B-2.5 If a cell uses a vesicle to take a large molecule into the cell, what process has occurred? To expel a large molecule from the cell?

Endocytosis – Take In Exocytosis – Expel

78 B-2.5 What are some reasons that cells must use transport to maintain homeostasis?

Expel Waste Take in Food Maintain appropriate size

79 B-2.6 What occurs in the steps during Interphase? G1 – Cell grows and produced proteins S – Chromosomes are replicated G2 – Cell continue to grow and produce proteins

80 B-2.6 What is the name of the structure that holds sister chromatids together? centromere

81 B-2.6 What is mitosis? The process of cell division

82 B-2.6 What are the steps of mitosis in order? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase


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83 B-2.6 During mitosis, if the centromeres that join the sister chromatids split and the chromatids are moving to opposite sides of the cell, what phase is the cell in?

Anaphase

84 B-2.6 During mitosis, if the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell and the spindle fibers are connected to the centromere, what phase is the cell in?

Metaphase

85 B-2.6 During mitosis, if the chromosomes begin to uncoil, a nuclear envelope begins to reform around each pole, the spindle fibers begin to break down and the cell starts to split, what phase is the cell in?

Telophase

86 B-2.6 During mitosis, if the chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope disappears and the centrioles are on opposite poles of the cell, what phase is the cell in?

Prophase

87 B-2.6 What is cytokinesis in plants called? Animals? Cell Plating in plants Cleavage Furrowing in animals

88 B-2.6 What does cytokinesis mean? Cytoplasm splitting

89 B-2.7 What controls cell division? Chemicals – Internal and External Regulation

90 B-2.7 What do we call critical control points in the cell cycle where the cell is told whether “stop” or “go”?

Checkpoints

91 B-2.7 How do cells respond when they touch one another? They release a chemical when they are close and cell division is turned off, so they stop mitosis.

92 B-2.7 What can result from uncontrolled cell division? Cancer

93 B-2.7 A mass of cells that results from uncontrolled cell division and invades and impairs the function of one or more organs is called a?

Malignant Tumor


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94 B-2.7 A mass of cells that that results from uncontrolled cell division and remains at the original site is called a?

Benign Tumor

95 B-2.7 How do can cancer cells travel in the body? Circulatory System

96 B-2.8 What is the amount of energy required for a biochemical reaction to occur called?

Activation Energy

97 B-2.8 What is the name of the substance that reduces the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction in a living system called?

Enzyme / Catalyst

98 B-2.8 What are some things that can affect the enzyme? Temperature and pH

99 B-2.8 What type of biological compound are enzymes? Proteins

100 B-2.8 What is given off as a result of a biochemical reaction? Heat – Your Body Temperature

101 B-2.8 What is a substrate? The particular reactant that the enzyme works on.

102 B-2.8 Are enzymes general or specific? Specific – one enzyme per substrate

103 B-2.8 An enzyme works best in the stomach at a pH of 3. If the stomach suddenly becomes a pH of 5, what happens to the enzyme?

It does not work

104 B-2.8 Your sibling has a fever of 105oF, why is this a problem?

Enzymes control all the chemical reactions in your body and if you temperature is too high it destroys the enzyme and therefore your body does not continue its biochemical reactions and you can die.


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105 B-3.1 What is the ultimate source of all energy? Sun

106 B-3.1 The process of using light energy to convert CO2 and water to glucose is called?

Photosynthesis

107 B-3.1 What is the chemical formula for glucose? C6H12O6

108 B-3.1 What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Light Dependent Rxn & Light Independent Rxn

109 B-3.1 What occurs in the light dependent reaction? • Water is split and oxygen is released • ATP and NADPH is made

110 B-3.1 What occurs in the light independent reaction? • Sugars are made (Glucose)

111 B-3.1 What is the equation for photosynthesis H2O + 6CO2 + Sunlight � C6H12O6 + 6O2

112 B-3.2 What is the ultimate goal of Cellular Respiration? To make ATP

113 B-3.2 What is energy used for in the cell? Active Transport, Protein Synthesis, Muscle Contractions and other cellular processes.

114 B-3.2 What are the three steps of cellular respiration if oxygen is present? Glycolysis � Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle � Electron Transport Chain

115 B-3.2 What is the equation for cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 � H2O + 6CO2 + Energy


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116 B-3.2 What process occurs if oxygen is not available? Anaerobic Respiration / Fermentation

117 B-3.2 What types of organisms undergo alcoholic fermentation? Bacteria and yeasts

118 B-3.3 What does ATP stand for? Adenosine Triphosphate

119 B-3.3 What are the components of ATP? (what is it made of) • Nitrogen Base • Ribose Sugar • Three Phosphates

120 B-3.3 How is energy released from ATP? A phosphate is broken off.

121 B-3.3 How is energy stored in APT? A phosphate is added back on.

122 B-3.3 Fill in the equation: ADP + Phosphate + Energy � __________ ATP

123 B-3.4 How many amino acids are there? 20

124 B-3.4 How many amino acids are made by the body? How do you get the others?

12; You get them from the food you eat.

125 B-3.4 What is the caloric value of protein? The same as a carbohydrate (4 calories)

126 B-3.4 Which will your body use first for energy? Proteins, Carbohydrates or Lipids

Carbohydrates


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127 B-3.4 What is the caloric value of carbohydrates? Depends on the number of carbon – hydrogen bonds but typically about 4 calories.

128 B-3.4 What is the caloric value of lipids? 9 calories

129 B-3.4 What are proteins made up of? Amino Acids

130 B-3.4 What are carbohydrates made up of? Monosaccharides (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

131 B-3.5 What are the functions of proteins? Structure, Transport of Substances, Regulation of Processes, Speed up Chemical Reactions and Control Growth

132 B-3.5 What is an example of a protein used for structure? Collagen

133 B-3.5 What is an example of a protein used for transport? Hemoglobin

134 B-3.5 What is an example of a protein that is used for contractions? Muscles

135 B-3.5 What is an example of a protein that is used in biochemical control? Enzymes

136 B-3.5 What is the primary function of carbohydrates? Energy Source

137 B-3.5 What is an example of a carbohydrate used as structure in plants? Cellulose


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138 B-3.5 What are lipids / fats used for in the body? Energy, Cushioning Vital Organs, Insulation for the Body, Cell membranes

139 B-3.6 What is a food chain? The simplest path that energy takes through an ecosystem

140 B-3.6 What is each level of a food chain or food web called? Trophic Level

141 B-3.6 What is found at the first level of an energy system? Autotrophs / Producers / Primary Producers

142 B-3.6 What is found at the second level of an energy system? Primary Consumers / Heterotrophs

143 B-3.6 What are organisms that eat green plants called? Herbivores

144 B-3.6 How is energy lost in an energy system? Waste Heat

145 B-3.6 What is found at the third level of an energy system? Consumers

146 B-3.6 What are organisms that eat primary consumers are called? Carnivores

147 B-3.6 What are organisms that eat primary producers and primary consumers called?

Omnivores

148 B-3.6 A heterotroph that decomposes organic material and returns the nutrients to soil, water and air called?

Detritivore


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149 B-3.6 A scientific model that shows all the different ways that energy can flow through an ecosystem is called a?

Food Web

150 B-3.6 What type of pyramid shows the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem?

Energy Pyramid

151 B-3.6 What type of pyramid shows the number of individual organisms available for every at each trophic level in an ecosystem?

Number Pyramid

152 B-3.6 What is the type of pyramid that shows the total mass of living organic matter at each trophic level called?

Biomass Pyramid

153 B-3.6

How many trophic levels are in this pyramid?

5

154 B-3.6 What is the top consumer in the diagram above? Hawk

155 B-4.1 What are the two types of nucleic acids? Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

156 B-4.1 What are the bases in DNA? Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T)

157 B-4.1 What are the bases in RNA? Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Uracil (U)


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158 B-4.1 What are the parts of a nucleotide? • Nitrogen Base • Sugar • Phosphate group

159 B-4.1

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in terms of • Number of Strands • Bases • Sugars • Function

DNA RNA # of Strands 2 – Double Helix 1

Bases A, T, G, C A, U, G, C Sugars Deoxyribose Ribose

Functions Genetic Code Protein Code

160 B-4.1 Name which bases are complementary to each other for DNA G with C, A with T

161 B-4.1 Name which bases are complementary to each other for RNA G with C, A with U

162 B-4.2 What makes up a chromosome? Chromosomes are long threads of DNA that is tightly coiled together.

163 B-4.2 How are DNA and proteins related? DNA is the code that makes the proteins.

164 B-4.2 How many genes are on chromosomes? Thousands

165 B-4.3 What determines the specificity of proteins? The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA.

166 B-4.3 A segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein is a? Gene

167 B-4.3 How many chromosomes do humans have? 46 chromosomes; 23 pairs


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168 B-4.3 The pair of chromosomes that determines the sex is called? Sex Chromosomes

169 B-4.3 What are all the chromosomes but the 23rd pair called? Autosomes

170 B-4.3 Where does you chromosomes come from? Mom and Dad

171 B-4.3 What is the DNA like if two organisms are closely related? Very similar

172 B-4.3 Why do organisms look different? The DNA has a different sequence, hence, the proteins are coded differently like blonde or brown hair.

173 B-4.3 What are two bases combined together called • Complementary / Base Pairs

174 B-4.3 How does DNA replicate?

THIS IS ALL CONTROLLED BY ENZYMES: • DNA unzips the helix. • DNA strands are separated. • Bases bond to its complement. • New strand and old strand combine together. • Strands turns back into a helix

175 B-4.3 Why is DNA considered as the "code of life"? It contains the code for each protein that the organism needs.

176 B-4.3 If dogs receive 39 chromosomes from each parent, how many chromosomes do they have in total?

78 chromosomes

177 B-4.3 With which organism would a red maple tree be more likely to share more of the same genes, an oak tree, earthworm, or rose?

Oak tree


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178 B-4.4 What is the process called that creates proteins? Protein Synthesis

179 B-4.4 Where does protein synthesis take place? At the ribosome

180 B-4.4 What are the two parts of protein synthesis 1. Transcription 2. Translation

181 B-4.4 What occurs in the first part of protein synthesis? The process by which DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA in the nucleus.

182 B-4.4 The strand of RNA that is made in the nucleus is called? Messenger RNA (mRNA)

183 B-4.4 What occurs in the second part of protein synthesis? The process of transferring the information from mRNA into a protein.

184 B-4.4 What is the three base code on mRNA called? Codon

185 B-4.4 What does the three base code match with? Anticodon

186 B-4.4 Convert this DNA sequence to mRNA and then tRNA. AUG - GGG –AAA – TTT – CAT – TAG – GCG

UAC - CCC –UUU – AAA – GUA – AUC – CGC

187 B-4.4 What does the sequence of codon code for? Amino Acids which combine together to make a protein.

188 B-4.4 What holds amino acids together? Peptide Bonds


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189 B-4.4 Name the step of protein synthesis where DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA.

transcription

190 B-4.4 Name the process that interprets the genetic message from DNA language into protein language.

Translation

191 B-4.4 What does each codon specifiy? A particular amino acid

192 B-4.4 Which type of RNA molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled together?

tRNA

193 B-4.4

Use the picture to describe what happens during translation.

1. tRNA with its attached amino acid pairs to the codon of the mRNA attached to a ribosome

2. a second tRNA pairs to the next codon, the attached amino acid breaks from the first tRNA and attaches to the amino acid of the 2nd tRNA

3. a ribosome forms a peptide bond between the a.a.

4. the empty tRNA leaves the ribosome

194 B-4.5 How does the chromosome number at the end of mitosis compare to the chromosome number at the end of meiosis?

The chromosome number at the end of meiosis is half the number of chromosomes at the end of mitosis.

195 B-4.5 What are homologous chromosomes? Two chromosomes containing the same type of genes.

196 B-4.5 What does diploid mean? Containing two set of chromosomes, one set from each parent

197 B-4.5 What does haploid mean? Containing only one set of chromosomes


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198 B-4.5 Name a type of haploid cell. Eggs and sperm

199 B-4.5 Name a type of diploid cell. Skin, hair, lung, muscle, eye cells

200 B-4.5 What is the reduction in chromosome number called? Meiosis

201 B-4.5 What is the final result of meiosis? Four haploid cells

202 B-4.5 What are the steps of meiosis? Interphase Meiosis I Meiosis II

203 B-4.5 What occurs in prophase I of meiosis?

• Nuclear membrane breaks down. • Centrioles separate from each other to the

poles • Spindle fibers begin to form. • Homologous chromosomes pair up to form

tetrads, which consist of 4 chromatids.

204 B-4.5 What occurs in metaphase I of meiosis? • The tetrads line up in the middle of the cell

205 B-4.5 What occurs in anaphase I of meiosis? • The chromosome pairs pull to each side of the

cell but the sister chromatids remain attached to each other.

206 B-4.5 What occurs in telophase I of meiosis? • Chromosomes gather at the poles and the nuclear membrane may form.

207 B-4.5 What occurs in cytokinesis I of meiosis? • The division of the cytoplasm occurs


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208 B-4.5 What occurs in prophase II?

• Nuclear membrane breaks down. • Centrioles separate from each other to the

poles • Spindle fibers begin to form.

209 B-4.5 What occurs in metaphase II? • Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids into the center of the cell

210 B-4.5 What occurs in anaphase II of meiosis? • The chromosomes separate so that one

chromatid from each chromosome goes to each pole.

211 B-4.5 What occurs in telophase II of meiosis? • The nuclear membrane forms around each set of the chromosomes.

212 B-4.5 What occurs in cytokinesis II of meiosis? • The division of the cytoplasm occurs.

213 B-4.5 What phase does crossing over occur in? Prophase I

214 B-4.6 What is the study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms called?

Genetics

215 B-4.6 Two genes that are different forms of the gene are called? Alleles

216 B-4.6 When an organism has two identical alleles for a particular trait the organism is called?

Homozygous

217 B-4.6 When an organism has two different identical alleles for a particular trait the organism is called?

Heterozygous

218 B-4.6 What is a genotype? The genetic makeup of an organism


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219 B-4.6 What is a phenotype? The physical appearance in an organism; how the gene is expressed.

220 B-4.6 Which law explains how alleles are separated in meiosis? Law of Segregation

221 B-4.6 The law that states the segregation of the alleles of one trait does not affect the segregation of the alleles of another trait is called?

Law of Independent Assortment

222 B-4.6 If genes are found very close on a chromosome and are typically passed onto the offspring together, they are called?

Linked Genes

223 B-4.6 Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios of a cross involving two heterozygous tall plants. (Hint: complete a monohybrid cross)

Genotype: 1:2:1 Phenotype: 3:1

224 B-4.6 Determine the phenotype ratios of a cross involving two plants that are heterozygous tall and yellow. (Hint: complete a dihybrid cross)

9:3:3:1

225 B-4.6 A dihybrid cross compares how many traits? Two

226 B-4.7 What does crossing over increase? Genetic diversity in organisms

227 B-4.7 When one allele is not completely dominant over another and organisms appear to have a phenotype between the two parents it is called? (Hint: red and white flowers produce pink flowers)

Incomplete Dominance

228 B-4.7 When both alleles are expressed in an organism it is called? (Hint: chickens and cows have this occur)

Codominance

229 B-4.7 When you have multiple combinations of alleles that result in the same phenotype it is called? (Hint: blood types are this)

Multiple Alleles


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230 B-4.7 When traits are controlled by two or more traits, it is called? Polygenic Inheirtance

231 B-4.7 When traits that are expressed are carried on the X or Y chromosome, it is called?

X-Linked Inheirtance / X-Linked Traits

232 B-4.7 A female is designated by what genotype? A male? XX; XY

233 B-4.7 What is the chance of a boy with each pregnancy? 50%

234 B-4.7 Create a monohybrid cross to determine the phenotype ratio of a male who is colorblind who has a child with a female who carries the trait.

XC X

XC XCXC XCX

Y XCY XY

Bolded kids will be colorblind

235 B-4.7 Create a monohybrid cross to determine the phenotypes of the children who have a hemophiliac carrier mother but a dad who is not a hemophiliac.

XH X

X XXH XX

Y XHY XY

Bolded kids will have hemophilia

236 B-4.7 What is a pedigree? A chart that shows inheritance patterns within a family through multiple generations.

237 B-4.7

Identify all of the individuals affected with the trait.

I,2, II,1; III.2; III,4


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238 B-4.7

Which sex is more likely to have the trait?

Female

239 B-4.7

What type of inheritance does this look like?

Recessive but they may make an argument for sec-linked if the females are carriers.

240 B-4.7 What does gene linkage mean? Genes that are on the same chromosome will be inherited together.

241 B-4.8 How are gene mutations different from chromosome mutations? Gene mutations affect just a single gene, body cell mutations affect a group of genes or an entire chromosome.

242 B-4.8 What are some consequences of body cell mutations? Cancer, aging

243 B-4.8 What is a mutation? An alteration of a organism’s DNA

244 B-4.8 What are some causes of mutations? • Malfunction during meiosis • Chemical Exposure

245 B-4.8 If a mutation occurs in a body cell, will the trait be passed onto the offspring?

No


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246 B-4.8 If the mutation occurs in a gamete, will the trait be passed onto the offspring?

Yes

247 B-4.8 When an entire chromosome is affected by a mutation, what type of mutation has occurred?

Chromosomal

248 B-4.8 What are some examples of gene mutations? Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs, Huntington’s Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Albinism

249 B-4.8 If a mutation results in an abnormal number of chromosomes, usually from meiosis, what type of mutation is it considered?

Nondisjunction

250 B-4.8 Give some examples of chromosomal mutations. Klinefelter , Turner’s Syndrome, Down Syndrome

251 B-4.8 Are all mutations harmful? Why or why not? No, some can be beneficial. Depends on if they are useful to the organism in different or changing environments.

252 B-4.9 When a scientist removes replaces a specific gene in an organism in order to ensure a desired trait, the process is called?

Genetic Engineering

253 B-4.9 What does a gene map show? The placement and distance between genes.

254 B-4.9 When a scientist inserts a normal gene in the place of an abnormal or missing gene, the process is considered?

Gene Therapy

255 B-4.9 When people artificially select and breed only certain organisms with a desire trait to produce the next generation, it is called? (Hint: breeding dogs, cats and horses).

Selective Breeding

256 B-4.9 The process that involves selecting organisms that have a strong expression for two desired traits to produce an offspring that expresses both traits is called?

Hybridization


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257 B-4.9 What is a genome? All of the genetic material in an organism

258 B-5.1 What are the four key principles of Natural Selection?

1. Overproduction of Offspring 2. Variation 3. Adaptation 4. Descent with Modification

259 B-5.1 In terms of natural selection what is meant by fitness? An organism’s ability to be successful in its environment.

260 B-5.1 Why do animals have an overproduction of offspring? It ensures that a few will survive and grow to adulthood to reproduce.

261 B-5.1 What is the original cause of variation of organisms within a population? Genetics

262 B-5.1 Descent with modification refers to what being passed on? Traits

263 B-5.1 Compare microevolution with macroevolution. Microevolution occurs on a small scale and affects a single population. Macroevolution takes place on a large scale and affects species across populations.

264 B-5.1 Why does natural selection occur? Species with traits that allow them to interact more effectively with their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits.

265 B-5.1 How does overproduction of offspring lead to natural selection? It increases the competition for resources so the one with the best traits survive.

266 B-5.1 How does phenotypic variation lead to natural selection?

Individuals with phenotypes that do not interact well with the environment are likely to die and produce fewer offspring than those who do interact well with the environment

267 B-5.1 What is another common term for “natural selection”? Survival of the fittest


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268 B-5.1 What is decent with modification? it is the development of populations with new phenotypes that have adapted to new environments

269 B-5.2 What is passed on from generation to generation that allows organisms to continue to survive?

Genetics (DNA and / or RNA)

270 B-5.2 What is meant by “universal code of life,” when talking about DNA? All organisms have the same bases but in different orders to code for various traits

271 B-5.2 Where does the variability in organisms come from? Gene shuffling, crossing over, recombination of DNA, or mutations

272 B-5.2 How many parents do sexually reproducing organisms have? Asexual? Two; One

273 B-5.2 What are some examples of asexual reproduction? Binary Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Vegetative Propagation

274 B-5.2 Which type of organism has a higher reproduction rate? Sexual or Asexual? Why?

Asexual, must continue to reproduce continuously to ensure success of a few.

275 B-5.2 Why do organisms that lived long ago resemble those that are alive today?

All organisms share the same genetic processes and these processes have been passed along

276 B-5.2 How does sexual reproduction contribute to variability? Each parent’s genes are arrange in new ways in the offspring.

277 B-5.2 What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? The offspring are identical, so if they lack a trait that is needed to survive in an environment, they all will die.

278 B-5.3 A groups of organisms that share similar characteristics and can interbreed with one another to produced fertile offspring is called a?

Species


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279 B-5.3 How does a change in one individual in a population spread throughout to others in the population?

Share the same gene pool

280 B-5.3 Why is it important to have diversity within a population? The greater the chance of survival of the of the species during environmental changes.

281 B-5.3 Why are some traits seen more in populations than others? They are the most successful traits and therefore the organism survives to pass on their phenotype.

282 B-5.3 What is a species? A group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

283 B-5.3 What is a gene pool? All genes of all of the individuals of a population

284 B-5.3 If a species environment changes, what factor could help the species to be more likely to survive.

If the species has a diversity of phenotypes that will allow them to adapt.

285 B-5.3 If a species environment changes, how might the gene pool change? The organisms with traits that are beneficial for survival will become more prevalent.

286 B-5.4 What are the five factors that influence genetic variability in a population?

1. Genetic Drift 2. Gene Flow 3. Non-Random Mating 4. Mutations 5. Natural Selection

287 B-5.4

This is a random change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time where, due to chance, rare alleles in a population will decrease in frequency and become eliminated while others increase in frequency and become fixed. This is called?

Genetic Drift

288 B-5.4 The movement of genes in and out of a population is called? Gene Flow


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289 B-5.4 When the frequencies and the alleles spontaneously change in a population it is sometimes caused by?

Mutations

290 B-5.4 What are the five conditions that must exist to maintain genetic equilibrium?

1. The population must be large. 2. No movement in or out of the population. 3. Random Mating 4. No mutations within the gene pool. 5. No Natural Selection

291 B-5.4 When a new species is formed it is called? Speciation

292 B-5.4 What are some of the causes of a new species being formed?

• Behavioral • Reproductive • Temporal • Geographic

293 B-5.4

Please match the following definitions with the terms. A. Gradual changes of a species in a particular way over a long period of time. B. Periods of abrupt change in a species after a long period of little change

within the species over time. C. When a number of different species diverge from a common ancestor,

typically occurs over many generations and allows organisms to survive in a variety of niches.

D. When different groups of organisms living in similar environments produces species that are similar in appearance and behavior.

E. Two or more species living in close proximity change in response to each other.

F. Elimination of a species often occurring when a species cannot adapt. This may occur gradually or happen all at one time.

1. C - Adaptive Radiation / Divergent Evolution

2. D - Coevolution

3. E - Convergent Evolution

4. A - Gradualism

5. F - Extinction

6. B - Punctuated Equilibrium

294 B-5.4 What are some factors that will influence genetic variability in a population?

Genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, mutations, natural selection

295 B-5.4 Name the principle that takes place when there is genetic equilibrium and no change in the allele frequencies in a species.

Hardy-Weinberg principle


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296 B-5.4 What is a factor that leads to speciation? When organisms are isolated from the rest of the population and the gene pools cease to blend.

297 B-5.4 How is mass extinction different from gradual extinction? Mass extinction happens when a catastrophic event takes place, gradual extinction occurs at a slow rate

298 B-5.4 What is punctuated equilibrium? Abrupt changes in a species after long periods of little change

299 B-5.5 What are homologous structures? Similar characteristics resulting from common ancestry

300 B-5.5 & B-5.6 How does the field of anatomy influence evolutionary theory?

Scientists study structures and determine if relationships may exist between them.

301 B-5.5 & B-5.6

How does the field of embryology influence evolutionary theory?

Scientists look for similarities in patterns of development of structures that occur during embryonic development and may not be apparent in adults.

302 B-5.5 & B-5.6

How does the field of biochemistry influence evolutionary theory? Scientists study genes and proteins to look for similar sequences that might indicate a relationship between organisms.

303 B-5.5 & B-5.6 How does the field of paleontology influence evolutionary theory?

Scientists use the fossil record to provide evidence of life forms over a timeline and compares the change of structures over time.

304 B-5.6 What is convergence? Structures becoming more similar with time.

305 B-5.6 What are transitional fossils? Fossils that show links in traits between groups of organisms

306 B-5.7 What does a phylogentic tree show you? The evolutionary history of species based on evolutionary relationships.


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307 B-5.7

Answer the questions based on the diagram:

1. What do lizards all have? 2. What do mice and chimps have that no other organisms pictured

here have? 3. What developed after the perch?

1. Claws or Nails, Lungs and Jaws 2. Fur, Mammary Glands 3. Lungs

308 B-5.7 What is a phylogenetic tree? It is a scientific diagram that shows the evolutionary history of a species. It classifies organisms into groups based on evolutionary relationships.

309 B-5.7 Name the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

310 B-5.7 Name the six kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

311 B-6.1 A community that includes all the abiotic and biotic factors in the area is considered an?

Ecosystem

312 B-6.1 What factors contribute to a stable ecosystem?

1. The population numbers fluctuate at a predictable rate

2. the supply of resources fluctuates at a predictable rate

3. energy flows through the ecosystem at a constant rate over time


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313 B-6.1

What does the following graph show?

Predator Prey Relationship

314 B-6.1 Explain the graph from above in terms of predation.

The fox moves into the area because there are plenty of rabbits to eat, when the rabbit numbers get low the foxes leave or die due to lack of food and the cycle begins again.

315 B-6.1 When two organisms need the same resource what occurs? Competition

316 B-6.1 What happens when two species try to occupy the same niche at the same time in the same area?

Competition. They fight and one will die or leave. They cannot exist together.

317 B-6.1 What is a symbiotic relationship? A permanent relationship between two organisms. When the population of one becomes unbalanced, it affects the other.

318 B-6.1

Identify the following as parasitism, mutualism or commensalism. 1. A flea that bites and sucks the blood from an animal. 2. Barnacles that attach to whales and eat as the whale moves. The

whale does not feel them or lost nutrition to the barnacle. 3. Plants that provide food for fungi and the fungi break down the

nutrients that the plants require. 4. Tapeworm that lives in the host and causes them to become weak.

1. Parasitic 2. Commensalism 3. Mutualism 4. Parasitism

319 B-6.2 The number of individuals living in a defined space is called? Population Density


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320 B-6.2

Identify the following as density independent or density dependent limiting factors. 1. A disease that destroyed all the chestnut trees.

2. A fire that killed all the plants.

3. A tornado

4. Bugs that drowned in the flood.

5. Fighting over mates.

6. Foxes moving into the area to eat the rabbits.

1. Density Dependent 2. Density Independent 3. Density Independent 4. Density Independent 5. Density Dependent 6. Density Dependent

321 B-6.2 Name three abiotic factors that can affect the population. Temperature, Water, pH, Soil Nutrients, Amount of Sunlight, Drought, Salinity

322 B-6.2 Name three biotic factors that can affect the population. Predators, Prey, Other organisms

323 B-6.3 When does primary succession occur? When there have been no organisms in the area or the area was completely destroyed.

324 B-6.3 What are the first types of plants that occur in primary succession? Lichens, grasses, small flowers and ferns

325 B-6.3 What is a pioneer species? The first organisms in the process of primary succession

326 B-6.3 Why is secondary succession usually faster than primary succession? Because soil is already present

327 B-6.3 What is a climax community? When a mature community results and there is little change in the composition of species in the area.

328 B-6.3 What are some causes of secondary succession? Hurricane, tornado, fire, human activities


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329 B-6.4 What are some ways that carbon is cycled on earth?

• Photosynthesis • Respiration • Decomposition • Conversion into Biochemical Compounds • Combustion • Weathering

330 B-6.4 What biochemical requires nitrogen? • Proteins. • Amino Acids require nitrogen

331 B-6.4 How do organisms play a role in recycling nitrogen?

• Nitrogen Fixation – bacteria convert chemical nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants

• Plants take in nitrogen from the soil and use it in their parts.

• Decomposition - bodies of animals decompose • Denitrification - bacteria break down nitrogen

compounds

332 B-6.4 What drives the water cycle? The Sun

333 B-6.4 How do organisms play a role in the water cycle? What processes do they undergo?

• Intake of water for photosynthesis and transport of nutrients.

• Transpiration – Plants release water into the atmosphere

• Respiration – organisms metabolize food for energy and produce water as a by-product.

• Elimination – get rid of waste

334 B-6.5 How does the earth maintain a constant supply of oxygen?

Animals give off CO2, which is utilized by plants in photosynthesis and O2 is given off as a by-product and used by animals. So photosynthesis and cellular respiration recycle oxygen and carbon dioxide.

335 B-6.5 What is the greenhouse effect? When the gases released such as CO2, methane, oxygen and water vapor, trap the heat energy and maintains the Earth’s temperature range.

336 B-6.5 As the amount of CO2 increases in the atmosphere, what happens to the temperature of the earth?

Increases


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337 B-6.5 How does water get cleaned in the water cycle? It is filtered through the rocks and soil which removes impurities.

338 B-6.5 What organisms help to cycle nutrients of dead animals? Fungi and Bacteria

339 B-6.5 How do the oceans act as a sink for carbon dioxide? The salt water of the oceans absorb the CO2 that plants do not use and convert it to salts such as calcium carbonate.

340 B-6.5 How is soil generated? The weathering of inorganic materials from wind, water, and ice, and the decaying of organic materials

341 B-6.5 What helps to keep the process of soil production to be consistent with the process of soil erosion?

The presence of plants

342 B-6.5 How is water purified?

• Evaporation • Water seeping through soil and rock and being

physically filtered • Heavier particles of sediment settling out as

water flows

343 B-6.5 If the amount of plant cover on earth increases, what will happen to the amount of CO2?

It will decrease

344 B-6.6 What is carrying capacity? The number of organisms a particular environment can support as determined by the available resources.

345 B-6.6 The continuous increase in human population growth causes what kinds of problems?

• Water and Food Shortages • Pollution • Spread of Disease

346 B-6.6 How has agricultural technology helped and hurt the environment?

• Helped o Produces more food due to machines

• Hurt o Machines use non-renewable resources

to work o Chemicals hurt soil


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347 B-6.6 How has Industrial technology helped and hurt the environment?

• Helped o Increased communication,

transportation and gratification of people.

• Hurt o Machines use non-renewable resources

to work o Chemicals released in air hurt

environment o Acid Rain

348 B-6.6 What are renewable resources? Name three.

Resources that can be remade in your lifetime. • Trees • Food • Water

349 B-6.6 What are non-renewable resources? Name three.

Resources that cannot be remade in your lifetime. • Fossil Fuels • Aluminum • Diamonds

350 B-6.6 As the Earth nears it’s carrying capacity, the death rate will increase and birth rate will decrease because of what factors?

• Food and water shortages • Pollution of the environment • Spread of diseases

351 B-6.6 What are two consequences of deforestation? 1. global warming from lest tress absorbing CO2 2. Increase of the erosion rate and decrease of

soil generation

352 B-6.6 What natural resources can be used for alternative energy technology? wind, water, geothermal and solar

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