Biology E.O.C. ReviewBrinkman and Shepherd

Men in Science

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist, best known for his work on the development and improvement of the microscope.

Robert Hooke- Discovered cells.

In 1665, the English physicist Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed some "pores" or "cells" in it.

Gregor Mendel

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden. Using Pea Plants.

Francesco Redi – Disproving the Theory of Spontaneous Generation The Francesco Redi

Experiment Francesco Redi was

able to disprove the theory that maggots could be spontaneously generated from meat using a controlled experiment. 

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

He debunked the widely accepted myth of spontaneous generation.

Watson and Crick discover chemical structure of DNA

determined that the structure of DNA was a double-helix polymer, or a spiral of two DNA strands

Early Concepts of Evolution: Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Lamarck believed that the long necks of giraffes evolved as generations of giraffes reached for ever higher leaves.

Charles Darwin- Sailed to the Galapagos on the H.M.S. Beagle

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Survival of the Fittest.

Wrote the book, “Origin of Species.”

Carl Linnaeus- famous for his work in Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus is famous for his work in Taxonomy, the science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc.).

Alexander Fleming Biologist, Scientist (1881–1955)

Discovery and Development of Penicillin.

First Anti-biotic.

ECOLOGY REVIEW

The study of the environment.

Biomass Pyramid- Only 10% of energy goes to next feeding (trophic) level. Producers (Autotrophs)

are base of the pyramid. Herbivores- Eats Plants. Omnivores- Eats both

Plants and Animals. Carnivores- Eats Meats. Detrivores-

Decomposers.

Environmental Factors

Biotic Factors- Living factors in the environment.

Deer Humans Trees Plants Fungi Bacteria

Abiotic Factors- Non-living factors in the environment.

Rocks

Soil

Temperature

Water

Wind

pH

Energy Flow in an Ecosystem

Food Chain- Direct Feeding Relationship.

Food Web- Interconnected Food Chain.

Biomes

Population Growth- Carrying capacity is the maximum # of organisms an environment can hold.

Ecological Succession- Primary (starts with no life) and Secondary (life existed, then disappeared and other organisms took over)

Cells- The basic building block of all living organisms.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell

Has no Nucleus

No Membrane Bound Organelles

Has Capsule

Has Nucleus

Membrane Bound Organelles

Bacterial Cell (Prokaryotic Cell) cell does not have Nucleus

Kingdom Archaebacteria- Ancient Bacteria

Examples Thermophiles, Halophiles

Kingdom Eubacteria- New Bacteria

Examples Gonorrhea, MRSA, STAPH, E. COLI

Viruses- Non-Living

Membrane Bound Organelles

Cell membrane- Gate Keeper of cell

Nucleus- Control Center

Endoplasmic Reticulum- Manufacturing Department

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- produces proteins

Golgi- Packaging Department

Ribosome- Proteins

Mitochondria- Battery or Powerhouse cell (ATP)

Cytoskeleton- Microtubules and Microfilaments strength of cell

Lysosomes- Garbage Truck of cell

Centrioles- Pulls apart chromosomes

Vacuole- Warehouse

Chloroplast- Contains Chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Cell Transport Across Cell Membrane, Maintaining Homeostasis (constant environment)

Diffusion- requires No Energy

High to low concentrationOsmosis- Diffusion

of WaterFacilitated- Helping

across membrane

Active Transport- Requires Energy

Na+ and K+ pump

Cellular Respiration (Aerobic= Oxygen)C6 H12 O6 + O2 --- CO2 + H2O

(Reactants) (Products)

1 Glucose molecule yields 36-38 (ATP)

Glycolysis (Breaking Down of Sugars) = 2 ATP

KREBS cycle = 2 ATPElectron Transport Chain (E.T.C.)= 32-

34 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration = (NO Oxygen Present)

Fermentation- end products sugars form Alcohol or Lactic Acid

PhotosynthesisCO2 + H2O -- C6 H12 O6 + O2

(Reactants) (Products)

Light Dependent- Splitting Water Molecules, Oxygen Released ATP and NADPH must be produced

Light In-Dependent- CALVIN CYCLE- Take in CO2 to make Glucose (C6 H12 O6)

* HAPPENS in the CHLOROPLASTS

Interdependence of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis (Circle of Life)

Mitosis- Division of All Body Cells (except Sperm and Egg) 46 chromosomes to 46 chromosomes (EXACT COPIES!!!)

Meiosis- Cell Division of SPERM and EGG only! 46 Chromosomes in Humans to 23 Chromosomes

Cuts number of chromosomes in HALF!

Compare Mitosis VS. Meiosis

DNA (Deoxyribosenucleic Acid) Contains Genetic Information

DNA Replication- Making a new copy of DNA

(MITOSIS) EXACT COPY!

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS-

TRANSCRIPTION-

WHERE? NUCLEUS

WHAT? mRNA forms

TRANSLATION-

WHERE? Ribososmes

WHAT? Forms Proteins

CODONS (3 bases CODE for 1 Amino Acid)building blocks of proteins—polypeptides (chains of many Amino Acids!!)

Translation of genetic information

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

DNA mutations- Insertion, Deletion, Substitution (for any unknown reasons)

Gregor Mendel

Law of Segregation- Separate Characteristics

Law of Independent Assortment- random separation of chromosome pairs

Predicting genetic outcomes using a PUNNETT SQUARE

MONOHYBRID- crossing of 1 genetic trait

HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT- 2 of the same traits (GG)

HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE- 2 of recessive traits (gg)

HETEROZYGOUS- 1 of each trait

Genetic Allele (Gene Trait)

GENOTYPE- The letters of the genes

PHENOTYPE- Physical appearance (color)

DIHYBRID CROSS- The crossing of 2 genetic traits

9:3:3:1

Incomplete Dominance-

Co-Dominance

SEX-LINKED: on the X Chromosome onlyMALE= XY FEMALE= XX

Sex-Linked Pedigree Chart

BioChemistry and Organic Molecules

Atoms- The smallest unit of matter

Protons- Positive Charged Particle

Neutrons- Particle with NO charge

Electron- Particle with Negative Charge

Nucleus- Contains Protons and Neutrons

Atom Characteristics

Atomic Number= # of Protons in Element

(Also # of Electrons, they have to be the same)

Atomic Mass= # of Protons and Neutrons in Nucleus

Element Symbol= The abbreviation of Element Name

Types of Bonds- the way atoms attach to form molecules

Ionic Bond- Transfer of Electrons

Covalent Bond- Sharing of Electrons

Polar Covalent- Uneven Sharing of Electrons (WATER MOLECULE)

Reactants and Products

ReactantsProducts

4 Organic Compounds of Living Organisms

Carbohydrates- Glucose, C6H12O6, Sugar

Saccaharide (sugar) Mono, Di, and Poly

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

4 Organic Compounds of Living Organisms

Protein- Amino Acids are building blocks or Monomers of Proteins

Peptide bonds- Bonding of Proteins

4 Organic Compounds of Living Organisms

Lipids- Fats Examples (Butter, Wax, Steroids)

Long Chain of Carbons Saturated and Unsaturated

Hydrophobic:Fears Water

4 Organic Compounds of Living Organisms

Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA

NucleotidesPhosphate, Sugar, and Nitrogen Base

Enzymes- Specialized Proteins to Start a Reaction

Ph Scale measures Acids and Bases

Acids- Hydronium Ions # of H+ Ions

Neutral- Equal # of H+ and OH- Ions

Alkalines (BASE)- Hydroxide Ions # of OH- Ions

Buffers- Neutralizes Hydroxide and Hydronium Ions

Kingdom Plantae

Gymnosperms Naked Seeds Examples (Pine

trees, Christmas trees, and evergreen trees)

Angiosperms Flowering Plants

Non Vascular Plants vs. Vascular Plants

Non Vascular Plants needs to absorb water

Will not grow tall (mosses)

Vascular Plants- Has system that allows water and nutrients to flow

XYLEM- Transports H20

PHLOEM- Transports Sugars

Allows trees to grow tall

Reproductive Parts of a Flower