Biology EOCFirst Grading Period Review

Topics 2010 

Intro to ScienceA. Scientific Methods

1. Make an Observation2. State the Problem3. Develop a Hypothesis4. Design and perform an Experiment

Parts of an experiment:1) Control group -Test done under normal conditions 2) Experimental group -Test in which one variable is different and tested 3) Variables (two types)

A) Independent variable – factor being tested (something you change) (u know)B) Dependent variable – what you observe (doesn’t change) (u don’t know)

5. Collect/ Analyze the Data

6. Draw a Conclusion

The effect of temperature on Enzyme

Data AnalysisData may be presented in the form of a chart, graph, or table.1. Be able to interpret regardless of background knowledge.2. Read carefully, look at the entire diagram, and note all labels,

units or headings.3. Make sure you know what the question is asking!

Biochemistry: Organic Compounds

A. Life Function: Synthesis - making monomers from polymers (building organic molecules (food))

B. Organic Molecules 1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O)

Subunit: Monosaccharide/GlucoseFunctions: Quick energy source or structural components Examples: Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin Shape: Hexagon

2. Lipids (C, H, O) Subunit: Fatty acid and Glycerol

Functions: Long term energy storage, cell membranes, insulation Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids Shape: “Letter E”

Organic Compounds continued… 3. Proteins (C, H, 0, N) Subunit: Amino acid

Functions: Structural components & speed up chemical reactions Examples: Lactase, insulin, hair, muscle, cartilage and enzymes

4. Nucleic Acids (C, H, 0, N, P)Subunit: NucleotideFunctions: Store genetic information and protein synthesis

Examples: DNA & RNAShape: Circle, Pentagon, Rectangle

Tests for Indicators

Compound Indicator Initial Color Final Color (positive test)

Starch Lugol’s Iodine Solution

Amber (yellow) Blue-Black

Sugar Benedict’s Solution

Blue Yellow-Orange

Protein Biuret’s Solution Blue Purple

Lipid Brown Paper Bag

Opaque (cant see through)

Translucent (can see through)

Carbon Dioxide Bromothymol Blue Solution

Blue Yellow-green

Enzymes -Biological catalysts (speed up chemical reactions)-Belong to the organic molecules of Proteins-Specific to substrates-Usually end in “ -ase“-Affected by:

1) pH*pH Scale: 0-14Acid (0-6) “the lower the number the stronger

the acid”Neutral (7) “equal amounts”Base (8-14) “the higher the number the

stronger the base”

2) Temperature 3) Concentration of enzyme/substrate

-May be denatured (CHANGE IN SHAPE= CHANGE IN

FUNCTION)

Biology - First Quarter Review

NC DPI

Sample EOC Questionshttp://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5

1. The work of scientists usually begins with ______.

A. testing a hypothesis

B. careful observations

C. creating experiments

D. drawing conclusions

2. Organic compounds are molecules that contain which of the following elements?

A. Hydrogen

B. Carbon

C. Fluoride

D. Phosphorous

3. Proteins are polymers formed from ___________.

A. Amino acids

B. Nucleotides

C. Fatty acids

D. monosaccharides

4.The brown paper test for lipids is positive when food is placed on the paper and a spot forms which will allow light to pass through it. Which food would give the strongest positive test for lipids?

A. potato chipsB. breadC. sugarD. carrots

5. An enzyme speeds up a reaction by _____________.

A. Lowering the activation energy

B. Raising the activation energy

C. Releasing energy

D. Absorbind energy

6. Which elements are present in all organic compounds?

A. C,H, O

B. C, P, N

C. C, H, P

D. C, H, O, P, N

7. Carbohydrates are polymers formed from a ___________.

A. Amino acids

B. Nucleotides

C. Fatty acids

D. monosaccharide

8. The point where an enzyme attaches to its substrate is called ______________.

A. Restriction site

B. Activation site

C. Motivation site

D. Key site

9. Organic molecule that provides a quick energy source for cells is a ______________.

A. Protein

B. Lipids

C. Carbohydrate

D. DNA

10. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test ____________.

A. a conclusion

B. a mass of information

C. several variables

D. a single variable

11. Enzymes are classified as which organic compound?

A. Proteins

B. Carbohydrates

C. Lipids

D. Nucleic Acids

12. Organic molecule that is stored in plants such as potatoes is ____________.

A. Protein

B. Lipids

C. Starch

D. DNA

13. Nucleic Acids are macromolecules formed from __________.

A. Amino acids

B. Fatty acids

C. Monosaccharide

D. Nucleotides

14. Lipids are macromolecules formed from __________.

A. Amino acids

B. Fatty acids

C. Monosaccharide

D. nucleotides

Cells

A. Microscopes 1) Compound light microscope- lets light pass thru specimen2) Electron Microscope- beams of electrons to pass thru specimen3) Scanning Probe Microscope-Scanning Probe Microscope- traces surface of sample

B. Cell Theory1. All living things are made of cells2. Cells are the basic units of organization in living things 3. All cells come from preexisting cells

C. Types of Cells:1. Prokaryotes - no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles EXAMPLE: bacteria REMEMBER: PRO NO NUCLEUS

2. Eukaryotes - nucleus and membrane-bound organellesEXAMPLE: protists, fungi, plant, and animalREMEMBER: EU DO HAVE A NUCLEUS

Cells Structure and Function (Organelles have a specific function)

Nucleus - controls cellular activities

Ribosome's - site of protein synthesis

Mitochondria - provides energy (cellular respiration)

Vacuoles – storage of water and minerals

Chloroplast - food production (photosynthesis)

Plasma membrane - controls what enters and leaves the CellAKA: Cell Membrane or Fluid Mosaic Model

Cell Wall - support and protection

Cytoplasm - suspends organelles

Cell PartsALL CELLS have a: a. Cell Membrane b. Cytoplasm c. Ribosome's

d. DNA

ONLY PLANT CELLS have a: a. Cell wall b. Chloroplastc. large Vacuole

ONLY ANIMAL CELLS have a:a. centrioles

Cell Parts

Organelles that contain their OWN DNA:

a. Nucleus

b. Mitochondria

c. Chloroplast

Organelles that are membrane bound:

a. Vacuole

b. Chloroplast

c. Mitochondria

d. Nucleus

Cell Specialization

A. Levels of organization

Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

B. Specialized Cells (Structure determines function)

a. Skin cell – protection

b. Muscle cell - contraction/ movement

c. Blood cell - carries oxygen, food, and nutrients

d. Nerve cell - transmits nerve impulses

e. Sperm and Egg cell – reproduction

f. Guard cells - gas exchange in plants

g. Protozoan Cell- pumps out excess water with contractile vacuole

Biology - First Quarter Review

NC DPI

Sample EOC Questionshttp://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5

15. What is the function of a cell’s selectively permeable membrane?

A. to regulate energy production in the cell

B. to keep mitochondria from using nuclear material

C. to maintain a constant lipid-protein ratio in the cell

D. to control materials entering and leaving the cell

16. Some organelles have their own DNAthat is distinct from the cell’s nuclearDNA. This is true of which organelle?

A. cell wallB. mitochondriaC. plasma membraneD. vacuole

17. At which organelle are proteins manufactured?

A. mitochondrion

B. nucleus

C. ribosome

D. vacuole

18. Which of the following is the correct sequence for levels of organization in a multicellular organism?

A. System Organism Organ Tissue Cell

B. System Organism Cell Tissue OrganC. Organism Tissue Organ Cell SystemD. Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

19. While observing an Elodea plant cell through a microscope, a student noticed some small, moving green disks. These organelles were most likely which of the following?

A. chloroplastsB. leucoplastsC. mitochondriaD. ribosome's

20. Specialized cells that are involved with gas exchange and food production in plants are called ____________ cells.

A. BloodB. NerveC. SpermD. Guard

21. A student examines a cell under the microscope and determines that it is a eukaryote. Which structure did the student identify in order to come to this conclusion?A. vacuoleB. nucleusC. cell wallD. ribosome

22. Cellular Respiration occurs at which structure below?

A. IB. IIC. IIID. IV

23. The major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence or absence of which of the following?

A. membrane-bound organelles

B. cytoplasm

C. a cell membrane

D. nucleic acids

24. Which of the following is found only in eukaryotic cells?

A. cell membrane

B. cytoplasm

C. DNA

D. mitochondria

25. _______________ is a process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks.

A. Migration

B. Specialization

C. Immunization

D. Translocation

26. Protein synthesis occurs at which of the structures shown below?

A. IB. IIC. IIID. IV

Cell Transport-Cell Membrane

1. Bilayer of phospholipids are embedded with proteins

2. Made up of:a. Phospholipids heads:

- polar (hydrophilic "water loving")

-face outside and inside of cellb. Phospholipids tails

-nonpolar (hydrophobic "water fearing")

-face each other forming a barrier 3. Plasma membrane is selectively permeable

because it controls what enters and leaves cell

4. Plasma membrane maintains our HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining an internal equilibrium (only allowing certain substances to pass through)

Transport Protein

Proteins

Carbohydratechains

Phospholipids

Lipid Bilayer

Cell Transport

1) Passive Transport:-doesn't require energy-particles move from high to low concentration1. simple Diffusion- movement of

particlesEX: Oxygen from lungs into our

bloodstream2. Osmosis- diffusion of water EX: Water into a paramecium3. Facilitated Diffusion- diffusion

with the help of transport proteins

EX: transport of LARGE moleculesa. Hypotonic – low solute, high

water(Cells swell and burst)b. Hypertonic – high solute, low

water (Cells shrivel/shrink)c. Isotonic – equal water in and

out of cell (No change in cells)

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

Water moves out

Water moves in & out

Water moves in

2) Active Transport: - requires energy (ATP) - particles move from low to

high concentration1.Sodium-potassium pump-

transport proteins EX: Sodium ions pumped

out of a red blood cell 2. Endocytosis- taking

material into a cellEX: White blood cell

engulfing bacterium 3. Exocytosis- material

existing the cellEX: Cells expelling wastes

Cell Transport

Life Characteristics

1. Living things are made up of units called cells

2. Living things reproduce

3. Living things are based on a universal genetic code

4. Living things grow and develop

5. Living things obtain and use energy

6. Living things respond to their environment

7. Living things maintain a stable and internal environment “Homeostasis”

8. Living things change over time

Biology - First Quarter Review

NC DPI

Sample EOC Questionshttp://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5

27. A plant has been removed from its natural environment and placed into a body of water that contains more salt than the inside of each plant cell. This situation is most similar to which of the following events?

A. a sea plant put into fresh water

B. a freshwater plant put into sea water

C. a sea plant put into distilled water

D. a land plant put into tap water

28. A cell with 5% solute concentration is placed in a beaker with a 1% solute concentration.

What will happen to the cell over time?A. The cell will gain H2O and expandB. The cell will lose H2O and shrinkC. The cell will both gain and lose equal amounts of H2O; thus, it will remain the same sizeD. The cell will undergo no exchange of H2O

with its surroundings

29. What regulates the flow of water through a cell membrane?

A. The concentration of solutes

B. The absence of a cell wall

C. The thickness of the membrane

D. The presence of a cell wall

30. Which of the following statements concerning diffusion and active transport is correct?

A. both diffusion and active transport require cell energy

B. neither diffusion nor active transport requires cell energy

C. diffusion requires cell energy while active transport does not

D. active transport requires cell energy while diffusion does not

31. A plant cell with a 10% salt concentration is placed in a 20% salt water concentration. What type of solution is this? What process will occur in the cell?

A. hypotonic; plasmolysis

B. hypotonic; cytolysis

C. hypertonic; plasmolysis

D. hypotonic; active transport

32. The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as _________.

A. exocytosisB. phagocytosisC. endocytosisD. osmosis

33. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?

A. growth and development

B. ability to move

C. response to the environment

D. ability to reproduce

34. The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant is called __________.

A. homeostasis

B. evolution

C. metabolism

D. photosynthesis

Good Job