Biology Discussion Notes

Wednesday 3/4/2015

Goals for Today• Be able to name and describe the two major steps of

protein synthesis (how proteins are made)

• Be able to list the molecules & structures involved in Transcription & Translation.

• Be able to describe the differences between DNA & RNA

“Question” of the Day 3/04

• What process makes an mRNA molecule?

• What is needed to produce it?

• What sets mRNA apart from DNA? (Look at QoD from yesterday if you can’t remember)

Messenger RNA - mRNA

DNA’s “recipes” are transcribed by the enzyme ____ ____________ to make a molecule of mRNA.

mRNA is like a different language then DNA

mRNA is the language that the ribosome -(protein building machine) can read.

Steps of Protein Synthesis• The next major process in protein synthesis is known as

“translation” in this process mRNA is translated into protein.

2. Before translation can happen mRNA must move out of the nucleus ( in __________ organisms) and into the cytoplasm. This is a crucial step because RIBOSOMES (our cell’s __________ factories) are only found outside the nucleus.

Steps of Protein SynthesisThe next stage of Protein Synthesis is TRANSLATION

Steps of Protein Synthesis

If someone asked you to “Translate” something what would that mean, what would they be asking you to do?

What “languages” are we using?

Steps of Protein Synthesis

• The next step of Protein Synthesis is TRANSLATION

3. Once the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enters

the cytoplasm the mRNA Attaches to a ribosome (our cell’s __________making machine)

– Made of RIBOSOMAL RNA - rRNA

Steps of Protein Synthesis

3. Once the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm the mRNA Attaches to a ribosome (our cell’s protein making machine)

4. Next a molecule of Transfer RNA (tRNA) attaches to the mRNA strand

Anatomy of a Transfer “t” RNA (tRNA)Draw one in your notes!!!

Anatomy of a (tRNA)

Steps of Protein Synthesis

4. Next a molecule of Transfer RNA (tRNA) attaches to the mRNA strand

Steps of Protein Synthesis

4. Next a molecule of Transfer RNA (tRNA) attaches to the mRNA strand

5. Amino acids are linked together by the ribosome to form the final protein (which is really just a long chain of amino acids)

Translation

• Real Time Animation

Protein Synthesis

Lets put it all together!

Create the mRNA, tRNA and find the Amino Acid coded for on mRNA

Pick a decoder

Create the mRNA, tRNA and find the Amino Acid coded for on mRNA

Create the mRNA, tRNA and find the Amino Acid coded for on mRNA

Important!…..

• The genetic code is REDUNDANT

• but NOT AMBIGUOUS (Unambiguous)

What else besides Amino Acids do you see in your chart?

How do you figure these things out?

• Any ideas how you would start if you don’t know any of this?

Nobel WinnersPhysiology & Medicine 1968

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 was awarded jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis".

Is this genetic code Universal?

• Do all organisms have DNA?

• Do all organisms have RNA?

• Do all organisms’ RNA code for proteins in the same way (Same codon = same AA)?

The (near) universality of the genetic code is what allows transformation to work.

DNA from one organism can be put into another (AND FUNCTION) in that other organism!!!!

If I insert the gene (code for 1 _______ ) into another organism, what should that organism be able to do with it?

The (near) universality of the genetic code

If I insert the gene (code for 1 _______ ) into another organism, what should that organism be able to do with it?

MAKE PROTEINS CODED FOR

The (near) universality of the genetic code

Transformation Lab

Transformation Lab

The (near) universality of the genetic code is what allows –transformation

to work.

National Geographic Story:

• http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/05/photogalleries/glowing-animal-pictures/

“With great power comes great responsibility!”

• Next week we will discuss what this technology can do, and debate what we should or shouldn’t do with it.

On 3/04/2015 I _______ ________ learned how to decode the code in all* living things.

*almost all

Let’s simplify before we complicate

Protein Synthesis Story

• Go over page 2 – Questions?

Protein Synthesis Story

• Complete through #5 on page 3 for tomorrow