Biology Discussion Notes Mon 2/23/2015. Goals for Today Be able to name the scientists that helped...
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Transcript of Biology Discussion Notes Mon 2/23/2015. Goals for Today Be able to name the scientists that helped...
![Page 1: Biology Discussion Notes Mon 2/23/2015. Goals for Today Be able to name the scientists that helped build our knowledge of DNA and be able to describe.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062722/56649f385503460f94c54d54/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biology Discussion Notes
Mon 2/23/2015
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Goals for Today• Be able to name the scientists that helped
build our knowledge of DNA and be able to describe their contributions
• Be name the 3 basic components of DNA
• Be able to list and describe the nitrogen bases and how they pair
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Question of the Day 2/23
What was Erwin Chargaff’s discovery about DNA?
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Erwin Chargaff
• Chargaff’s research determined that in DNA there were always equal parts
• Adenine = Thymine
As well as equal parts • Cytosine = Guanine
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Nitrogenous Base Pairing
Nitrogen bases form the rungs of the “ladder” by forming Hydrogen bonds
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Nitrogen Base Pairing• Many scientists who worked to give clues
on how the bases paired together.
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2 Hydrogen bonds between Adenine & Thymine
3 Hydrogen bonds between Cytosine & Guanine
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Let’s Practice!
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How long have we known what was the genetic material? (What
molecules allow us to inherit similarities and characteristics
from our parents?)
Your Q:Who figured out about DNA and how did they figure it out
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3 likely candidates• DNA• RNA• Protein
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What do we know about the relationship between
DNA & Protein?
• DNA• RNA• Protein
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Griffith’s Experiments (1928 – publication)
Griffith discovered that harmless bacteria could turn virulent when mixed with bacteria that cause disease.
A bacteria that is virulent is able to cause disease.
Griffith had discovered what is now called transformation, a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.
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Oswald Avery’s Experiments (1930 – 1944)
•Series of experiments showed that the activity of the material responsible for transformation is not affected by protein-destroying enzymes.
•The activity is stopped, however, by a DNA-destroying enzyme.
•Thus, almost 100 years after Mendel’s experiments, Oswald Avery and his co-workers demonstrated that
DNA is the material responsible for transformation NOT protein.
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DNA or Proteins?
• Even after Avery’s experiments it was not widely accepted that DNA was the genetic material, but this line of research did spark a race of sorts to figure out more about the physical structure of DNA
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DNA’s Role Revealed
In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used the bacteriophage (__________) to prove that DNA carried genetic material.
A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria.
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Is a virus a living thing?
• What if you knew it wasn’t made of cells?
• What if you knew it can’t replicate without the help of something with cells? (Like Bacterial cells or our cells!)
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Life Cycle of a virus (bacteriophage)
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Hershey & Chase use viruses to prove DNA is the genetic material
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Hershey & Chase use viruses to prove DNA is the genetic material
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Hershey & Chase use viruses to prove DNA is the genetic material
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Still needed to know the structure!
• What is the structure of DNA?
• Who discovered the structure of DNA?
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DNA is shaped like a double helix (a twisted ladder)
The discovery of the shape is typically credited to two scientists:
James Watson & Francis Crick
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Scientific Knowledge• Scientific knowledge and discovery is
always built on what we already know, past discovery & knowledge
• Were Watson & Crick the only ones responsible for discovering the structure of the DNA molecule?
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Who is Rosalind Franklin?
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Scientist Matching
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Scientist Matching1. What Scientist(s) used bacteria to show that DNA was the material
responsible for transformation?
2. What Scientist(s) determined that in DNA there are always equal parts A-T & equal parts C-G
3. What Scientist(s) used bacteria, and discovered the process of Transformation
4. What Scientist(s) first to accurately describe and model the chemical structure of DNA
5. What Scientist(s) used bacteria & Viruses to prove that DNA was the genetic material?
Hershey & ChaseAveryWatson & Crick
GriffithChargaff
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Work Order 2/23
• Code of Life Poster
• Fill in the questions you can answer now on our class questions sheet.
• Leave some space on Question #1
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Species of the Day 2/23
Northern Hawk Owl
-Surnia ulula
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Species of the Day 2/23
Northern Hawk Owl
-Surnia ulula
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Species of the Day 2/23
Northern Hawk Owl
-Surnia ulula
Cool Facts• The Northern Hawk Owl
can detect prey by sight at a distance of up to 800 meters (half a mile).
• Though it is thought to detect prey primarily by sight, the Northern Hawk Owl can find and seize prey under 30 cm (1 foot) of snow.
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Species of the Day 2/23
Northern Hawk Owl
-Surnia ulula
What nitrogen bases pair together in the DNA of this Northern Hawk Owl?
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Extra Credit – DNA technology online labs
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Back to our old seats tomorrow