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Transcript of Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.
![Page 1: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BiologyChemistry Unit
Test Review
Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images
![Page 2: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is Matter?Anything that has _______ and _________.
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What is Matter?Anything that has mass and volume.
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What is the smallest unit of matter?
Hint: not a Chihuahua!
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An Atom!
What is the smallest unit of matter?
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What is an
?Hint: It’s not the skateboarding company!
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An element is “pure stuff”. It is only one kind of atom in matter such as pure gold (Au) from the periodic table.
Other Examples:CarbonHydrogenOxygenSodiumPhosphorous
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What are atoms made up of? What are their charges?
?
![Page 10: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What are atoms made up of? What are their charges?
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What makes up the Atomic Mass of the atom?
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What makes up the Atomic Mass of the atom?
Protons (+) and
Neutrons (0)
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What is this number called? What does this number represent?
What is this number called? What does this number represent?
This is the element Boron and how it appears on the periodic table.
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Represents the
# of Protons (+)
Represents the # Protons + # Neutrons
Also indicates# of electrons (-)
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WHAT IS AN ION?
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AN ION IS WHEN AN ATOM HAS GAINED OR LOST ELECTRONS
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OK, now you know what an ion is, so what is an
Ionic Bond?
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“I”onic Bond: When electrons are lost or gained (NO SHARING) between atoms.
Hint: “I” am greedy! “I” give or take but do not share!
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What is a covalent bond?Hint:
Co-captains share their
position
Atom Atom
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Covalent bond: When two atoms are sharing electrons in a compound.
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What are…..
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Isotopes are same atom with different numbers of
NEUTRONS!
Isotopes of Carbon
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Define:Molecule / Compound
(same definition)
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2 or more elements chemically combined
Define:Molecule / Compound
(same definition)
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Chemical and Physical
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![Page 27: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What type of changes in matter would be considered
to be physical?
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![Page 29: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What type of changes in matter would be considered to be chemical?
![Page 30: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number). It is the
concentration of ___?___ in a solution.
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What does a pH scale indicate? (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
Know which numbers are acidic and basic
Strong Acid Weak AcidpH= 1-4 pH= 5,6
Weak Base Strong BasepH= 8,9 pH=10-14
NeutralpH = 7
![Page 33: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What is a buffer?
Don’t have a clue?
Hint: We have been dealing with pH, so it probably has something to do with that.
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A weak acid or weak base that can react with strong acids or bases to make small pH changes and maintain pH balance “HOMEOSTASIS”
Buffer
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Define & Give and Example:
•Solute
•Solvent
•Solution
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Solute: What is dissolved by the solvent Ex: SALT
Solvent : What does the dissolvingEx: WATER
Solution: When a solute is dissolved into a solvent Ex: Salt + Water
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What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?
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Suspension: No Dissolving
Sand + Water
Oil + Vinegar
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What is COHESION?
What is ADHESION?
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What is COHESION?
What is ADHESION?
Same molecules sticking together Water + Water
Different molecules sticking together Water + Glass
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What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water?
![Page 42: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water?
HYDROGEN BONDS
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H(+)
O(-)
H(+)
What is polarity?
See a resemblance?
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H(+)
O(-)
H(+)
Polarity: Unequal sharing of electrons
causing (+) on one side and (-) on the other
See a resemblance?
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MACROMOLECULES
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“__________________” removes water (H2O) when putting monomers together to make polymers.
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“DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS” removes water (H2O) when combining monomers to make polymers.
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•Name the 4 types of macromolecules?
•They are all organic compounds because they contain what?
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•Name the 4 types of macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids•They are all organic compounds because they contain what? CARBON
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Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure and support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
What elements are
in carbohydrates
?
![Page 52: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure and support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
![Page 53: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure and support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
What is the monomer for
Carbohydrates?
![Page 54: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure and support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
![Page 55: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure and support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
What are the two
functions?
![Page 56: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure & Support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
![Page 57: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure & Support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
What are animal and
plant examples of stored energy?
![Page 58: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure & Support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
![Page 59: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure & Support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
What are examples of
plant and animal
structure or support?
![Page 60: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Monosaccharide(sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆)
Energy – Quick
Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen
Structure & Support
Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)
![Page 61: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Lipids
(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Fatty Acids
Glycerol with fatty acid chains
attached
Energy Storage
Long term
Fats & Blubber
Cell
Membranes
Phospholipids
Chemical Signals
Hormones
Repel Water
Waxes
What the elements are
for lipids?
![Page 62: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Lipids
(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Fatty Acids
Glycerol with fatty acid chains
attached
Energy Storage
Long term
Fats & Blubber
Cell
Membranes
Phospholipids
Chemical Signals
Hormones
Repel Water
Waxes
![Page 63: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Lipids
(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Fatty Acids
Glycerol with fatty acid chains
attached
Energy Storage
Long term
Fats & Blubber
Cell
Membranes
Phospholipids
Chemical Signals
Hormones
Repel Water
Waxes
What are the monomers for lipids?
![Page 64: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Lipids
(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Fatty Acids
Glycerol with fatty acid chains
attached
Energy Storage
Long term
Fats & Blubber
Cell
Membranes
Phospholipids
Chemical Signals
Hormones
Repel Water
Waxes
![Page 65: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Lipids
(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Fatty Acids
Glycerol with fatty acid chains
attached
Energy Storage
Long term
Fats & Blubber
Cell
Membranes
Phospholipids
Chemical Signals
Hormones
Repel Water
Waxes
What are the 4 functions of lipids?
![Page 66: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Lipids
(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Fatty Acids
Glycerol with fatty acid chains
attached
Energy Storage
Long term
Fats & Blubber
Cell
Membranes
Phospholipids
Chemical Signals
Hormones
Repel Water
Waxes
![Page 67: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Lipids
(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Fatty Acids
Glycerol with fatty acid chains
attached
Energy Storage
Long term
Fats & Blubber
Cell
Membranes
Phospholipids
Chemical Signals
Hormones
Repel Water
Waxes
Give examples of
each function
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Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Lipids
(Fats, Oils, Waxes)
C, H, O
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Fatty Acids
Glycerol with fatty acid chains
attached
Energy Storage
Long term
Fats & Blubber
Cell
Membranes
Phospholipids
Chemical Signals
Hormones
Repel Water
Waxes
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Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Amino Acids
Movement Muscles
Absorb Light Pigments
Chemical Signals Hormones
Fight Infections Antibodies
Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin
Regulates Reactions
Enzymes
What are the elements for
proteins?
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Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Amino Acids
Movement Muscles
Absorb Light Pigments
Chemical Signals Hormones
Fight Infections Antibodies
Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin
Regulates Reactions
Enzymes
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Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Amino Acids
Movement Muscles
Absorb Light Pigments
Chemical Signals Hormones
Fight Infections Antibodies
Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin
Regulates Reactions
Enzymes
What are the monomers of
protein?
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Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Amino Acids
Movement Muscles
Absorb Light Pigments
Chemical Signals Hormones
Fight Infections Antibodies
Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin
Regulates Reactions
Enzymes
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Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Amino Acids
Movement Muscles
Absorb Light Pigments
Chemical Signals Hormones
Fight Infections Antibodies
Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin
Regulates Reactions
Enzymes
What are the 6 functions of
Proteins?
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Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Amino Acids
Movement Muscles
Absorb Light Pigments
Chemical Signals Hormones
Fight Infections Antibodies
Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin
Regulates Reactions
Enzymes
![Page 75: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Amino Acids
Movement Muscles
Absorb Light Pigments
Chemical Signals Hormones
Fight Infections Antibodies
Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin
Regulates Reactions
Enzymes
What are examples of
each function?
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Type of Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Amino Acids
Movement Muscles
Absorb Light Pigments
Chemical Signals Hormones
Fight Infections Antibodies
Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin
Regulates Reactions
Enzymes
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Type of
Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotides
Genetic Info
DNA
Protein
Synthesis (making)
RNA
Energy
ATP
What are the elements for
Nucleic Acids?
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Type of
Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotides
Genetic Info
DNA
Protein
Synthesis (making)
RNA
Energy
ATP
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Type of
Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotides
Genetic Info
DNA
Protein
Synthesis (making)
RNA
Energy
ATP
What are the monomers for Nucleic
Acids?
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Type of
Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P
Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotides
Genetic Info
DNA
Protein
Synthesis (making)
RNA
Energy
ATP
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Type of
Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P
Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotides
Genetic Info
DNA
Protein
Synthesis (making)
RNA
Energy
ATP
What are the functions 3 of
Nucleic Acids?
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Type of
Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P
Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotides
Genetic Info
DNA
Protein
Synthesis (making)
RNA
Energy
ATP
![Page 83: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Type of
Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P
Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotides
Genetic Info
DNA
Protein
Synthesis (making)
RNA
Energy
ATP
What are examples of
the functions?
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Type of
Molecule
Elements
Monomer
(Basic building block)
Functions
Examples
Nucleic Acids
C, H, O, N, P
Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotides
Genetic Info
DNA
Protein
Synthesis (making)
RNA
Energy
ATP
![Page 85: Biology Chemistry Unit Test Review Images in this power point were obtained from Google Images.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ca35503460f94963bd9/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies?
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Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies?
PROTEINS
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What are Enzymes?
?
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What are Enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.
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Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help _____________________.
Name the 3 parts
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Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help speed up chemical reactions.
Must know the 3 parts
Reactant that
needs the help of
an enzyme is
called a substrate
Lock & Key
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What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job?
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What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job?
Temperature & pH
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Chemical ReactionsWhat are the reactants and products of this
reaction?
A + B → C
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Chemical ReactionsWhat are the reactants and products of this
reaction?
A + B → CReactants Products
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What is Activation Energy?
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What is Activation Energy?Energy needed to get a reaction
started
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What is the difference between Exergonic and Endergonic
reactions?
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Activation Energy (energy needed to get a reaction started)
Energy Released
Energy Absorbed
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Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of………
__________, ___________, and ___________
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Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of………
Heat, Light, Sound
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A
B
What is the difference between reaction A & B?
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A
B
What is the difference between reaction A & B?
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