Biology 101 Vocabulary for Exam Prep

8/18/2019 Biology 101 Vocabulary for Exam Prep

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Lauren MarkishPeriod 7/8

Chapter 19: Introduction to Ecology

Vocaulary

!ection 1:

Ecology " the study o# the interactions et$een organis%s and

the li&ing and nonli&ing co%ponents o# their en&iron%ent'

(reenhouse E)ect " the %echanis% that insulates Earth #ro% the

deep #ree*e o# space' +his is ecause caron dio,ide and $ater

&apor intercept %uch o# the re-ected heat and direct it ack

to$ard Earth'

.iosphere " roadest %ost inclusi&e le&el o# organi*ation0 the thin&olu%e o# Earth and its at%osphere that supports li#e'

Ecosyste% " includes all o# the organis%s and the non"li&ing

en&iron%ent #ound in a particular place'

Co%%unity " all the interacting organis%s li&ing in an area'

Population " includes all the %e%ers o# a species that li&e in one

place at one ti%e'

!ection :

2aitat " $here an organis% li&es '

.iotic 3actors " the li&ing co%ponents o# the en&iron%ent'

4iotic 3actors " the physical and che%ical characteristics o# the

en&iron%ent'

+olerance Cur&e " a graph o# per#or%ance &ersus &alues o# anen&iron%ental &ariale such as te%perature'

4ccli%ation " process y $hich so%e organis%s can ad5ust their

tolerance to aiotic #actors0 occurs $ithin the li#eti%e o# an

indi&idual organis%'

Con#or%ers " organis%s that do not regulate their internal

conditions0 they change as their e,ternal en&iron%ent changes'


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6egulators " organis%s that use energy to control so%e o# their

internal conditions'

or%ancy " a state o# reduced acti&ity'

Migration " to %o&e to another %ore #a&orale haitat'6esources " the energy and %aterials the species needs'

iche " a species $ay o# li#e and/or the role the species plays in

its en&iron%ent0 includes the range o# conditions that the species

can tolerate the %ethods y $hich it otains needed resources

the nu%er o# o)spring it has its ti%e o# reproduction and all o#

its other interactions $ith its en&iron%ent'

3unda%ental iche " the range o# conditions that a species canpotentially tolerate and the range o# resources it can potentially

use'

6eali*ed iche " the range o# resources a species actually uses'

(eneralists " species $ith road niches0 they can tolerate a range

o# conditions and use a &ariety o# resources'

!pecialists " species that ha&e narro$ niches'


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Chapter : Populations

Vocaulary

!ection 1:

Population ensity " %easures ho$ cro$ded a population is0

al$ays e,pressed as the nu%er o# indi&iduals per unit o# area or

&olu%e'

ispersion " the spatial distriution o# indi&iduals $ithin the

population'

.irth 6ate " the nu%er o# irths occurring in a period o# ti%e'

eath 6ate/Mortality 6ate " the nu%er o# deaths in a period o#

ti%e'

4ge !tructure " the distriution o# indi&iduals a%ong di)erent

ages in an population'

!ur&i&orship Cur&es " cur&es on a chart that sho$ the likelihood o#

sur&i&al at di)erent ages throughout the li#eti%e o# the organis%'

!ection :

(ro$th 6ate " the a%ount y $hich a populations si*e changes

in a gi&en ti%e'

I%%igration " the %o&e%ent o# indi&iduals into a population'

E%igration " the %o&e%ent o# indi&iduals out o# the population'

.irth rate " death rate ; gro$th rate

E,ponential Model " descries a population that increases rapidly

a#ter only a #e$ generations'

E,ponential (ro$th " the larger the population gets the #aster it

gro$s'

Li%iting 3actor " a #actor that restrains the gro$th o# a population

Logistic Model " uilds on the e,ponential %odel ut accounts #or

the in-uence o# li%iting #actors'


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Carrying Capacity uals the death rate and gro$th stops'

ensity"independent #actors " reduce the population y the sa%e

proportion regardless o# the populations si*e'

ensity"dependent #actors " include resource li%itations and are

triggered y increasing population density'

Inreeding " %ating $ith relati&es'

!ection ?:

2unter"gatherer Li#estyle " otaining #ood y hunting ani%als and

gathering roots erries nuts shell@sh and #ruits'

4gricultural 6e&olution " $hen hu%ans disco&ered ho$ to

do%esticate ani%als and culti&ate certain plants #or #ood

e&eloped Countries " category that includes all o# the $orlds

%odern industriali*ed countries' Make up A o# the population'

e&eloping Countries " category that includes %ost countries in4sia and all o# the countries in Central 4%erica !outh 4%erica

and 4#rica' (enerally poorer than the %ore de&eloped countries'

Make up 8A o# the population'

Chapter 1: Co%%unity Ecology


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Vocaulary

!ection 1:

!y%ioses " the @&e %a5or types o# close interactions'

Predator " captures kills and consu%es another indi&idual'

Prey " indi&idual hunted y the predator


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species that re>uire the sa%e resource' Bhen si%ilar species

coe,ist each species uses only part o# the a&ailale resources'

Mutualis% " a cooperati&e relationship in $hich oth species

deri&e so%e ene@t'

Pollinators " ani%als that carry pollen'

Co%%ensalis% " an interaction in $hich one species ene@ts and

the other is not a)ected'

!ection :

!pecies 6ichness " the nu%er o# species a co%%unity contains'

!pecies i&ersity " relates the nu%er o# species in a co%%unityto the relati&e aundance o# each species'

!pecies"area E)ect " relationship that states that larger areas

usually contain %ore species than s%aller areas do'

!taility " indicates a co%%unitys resistance to change'

!ection ?:

!uccession " the gradual se>uential regro$th o# species in an

area'

Pri%ary !uccession " the de&elop%ent o# a co%%unity in an area

that has not supported li#e pre&iously such as are rock a sand

dune or an island #or%ed y a &olcanic eruption'

!econdary !uccession " the se>uential replace%ent o# species

that #ollo$s disruption o# an e,isting co%%unity'

Pioneer !pecies " the species that predo%inate early insuccession


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Vocaulary

!ection 1:

Producers " %anu#acture their o$n #ood


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+e%perate eciduous 3orests " characteri*ed y trees that lose all

o# their lea&es in the #all'

+e%perate grasslands " do%inated y grasses0 usually #or% in the

interior o# continents0 rain#all patterns are too dry to support

trees'

+ropical 6ain 3orests " characteri*ed y tall trees0 #ound near the

e>uator in 4sia 4#rica !outh 4%erica and Central 4%erica'

Canopy " a continuous layer that shades the tropical rain#orests

-oor'

Epiphytes " s%all plants that li&e on the ranches o# tall trees'

!ection :

Photic Fone " the part o# the ocean that recei&es sunlight


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Biology 101 Vocabulary for Exam Prep

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