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Biology  Weekly  Packet    March  18th  –  March  22nd,  2013  

Monday  March  18,  2013  Speciation  

Species-­‐a  group  of  organisms  that  can  interbreed  and  produce  fertile  (can  reproduce)  offspring  Population-­‐a  group  of  a  species  that  live  together,  compete  for  resources,  and  interbreed    Speciation-­‐the  creation  of  two  or  more  species  from  a  common  ancestor.    For  speciation  to  happen,  a  population  must  become  isolated  in  some  way  that  prevents  it  from  breeding  with  other  populations.  1.    Geographic  isolation-­‐a  physical  barrier  separates  a  population  into  different  groups  (river,  mountain)  2.    Temporal  isolation-­‐two  populations  breed  at  different  times  (day  and  night,  seasons)  3.    Behavioral  isolation-­‐  the  different  behaviors  of  the  two  populations  prevent  them  from  breeding  4.    Reproductive  isolation-­‐two  species  mate  but  their  offspring  is  not  fertile  (gametes  don’t  match)    Once  two  populations  are  separated,  their  allele  frequencies  must  change  if  they  are  to  become  two  separate  species.    When  we  look  at  populations,  we  can  look  at  the  differences  between  them  by  examining  the  gene  pool-­‐the  combined  genetic  information  (allele  frequencies)  of  the  population  How  can  the  allele  frequencies  change  over  time?  1.    Genetic  Drift-­‐  the  random  change  in  gene  frequencies  over  time  (volcano  explodes  and  randomly  kills  some  of  

the  population,  a  gene  randomly  gets  passed  on  more  frequently)  2.    Gene  Flow-­‐  organisms  leave  the  population  and  new  organisms  come  into  the  population  3.    Natural  selection-­‐the  environment  determines  which  traits  make  an  individual  most  fit  4.    Sexual  selection-­‐the  opposite  sex  determines  which  traits  make  an  organism  the  best  mate.    When  we  have  small  populations,  it  is  much  easier  for  changes  in  the  gene  pool  to  take  place  because  there  are  fewer  individuals  and  thus  it  takes  less  time  for  a  new  gene  to  become  a  large  part  of  the  gene  pool.    However,  these  small  populations  are  also  more  likely  to  have  problems  adapting  to  changes  in  the  environment  because  they  do  not  have  a  large  amount  of  genetic  variation  for  natural  selection  to  work  on.    Natural  selection  can  only  choose  from  the  variation  available  in  the  population.    This  is  one  reason  it  is  so  hard  to  save  species  when  their  population  number  get  small-­‐they  will  not  have  the  genetic  variation  needed  to  adapt  to  changes  in  the  future.    Monday  Catalyst  

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   Tuesday  March  19,  2013  

Adaptations  Adaptation-­‐a  physical  or  behavioral  trait  that  helps  an  organism  survive    Stabilizing  selection:    favors  the  average  individuals  Directional  selection:  favors  individuals  with  an  extreme  of  a  trait  (biggest,  smallest)  Disruptive  selection:  favors  individual  with  either  extreme  of  a  trait  (biggest  and  smallest)  

   

                                       

Hibernation-­‐the  ability  to  slow  down  the  metabolic  pathways  of  the  body  and  sleep  through  periods  of  low  food  (low  heart  rate,  low  breathing  rate).    Living  in  groups:    easier  to  spot  predators,  protection  in  numbers,  easier  to  find  food                                                                More  competition  for  resources  and  mates,  easy  for  a  disease  to  spread    Plant  seeds:    adapted  for  dispersal  by  wind,  by  attaching  to  animals,  or  by  being  in  fruit  so  animals  will  transport  the  seeds  and  drop  them  off  in  fertilizer    Night  adaptations:    many  animals  are  nocturnal  (come  out  at  night).    This  allows  them  to  avoid  being  seen  by  animals  that  want  to  eat  them.    They  often  have  big  eyes  so  they  can  see  better  in  the  dark.                      

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Tuesday  Catalyst  

 

   Wednesday  March  20,  2013  Wednesday  Catalyst  

 

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   Thursday  March  21,  2013  

Ecology  Terminology  Abiotic:    Things  that  are  not  alive  (rock,  dirt,  air,  cloud,  sun,  oxygen,  nitrogen,  carbon)    Biotic:    Things  that  are  alive  (plants,  animals,  bacteria,  protists,  fungi).    Made  of  cells,  can  reproduce  on  their  own,  grow  and  develop,  have  DNA  or  RNA,  obtain  and  use  energy,  maintain  a  fairly  stable  internal  environment  (homeostasis),  respond  to  changes  in  their  environment    Autotrophs  (producers):  produce  their  own  food  by  photosynthesis  or  chemosynthesis  Heterotrophs  (consumers):  must  consume  (eat)  other  organisms  for  energy  

               Primary  consumers:  consume  autotrophs  (producers).                                              Are  herbivores  (eat  plants)                Secondary  consumer:  consume  heterotrophs  (consumers).      

     Are  carnivores  (eat  meat)  or  omnivores  (eat  plants  and  meat).  Decomposers:  break  down  dead  organisms  into  detritus  (saprotrophs)    Symbiotic  relationships-­‐  “symbiosis=living  together”.    Both  need  the  other  to  

survive  (lichen)  Mutualism:  both  species  benefit  from  the  relationship’  Commensalism:  only  one  species  benefits  and  the  other  isn’t  effected  Parasitism:  one  organism  benefits  at  the  expense  of  the  other  (parasite/host)  Predator-­‐Prey:    when  one  organism  (predator)  hunts  and  feed  on  another  

organism  (prey)    -­‐  Organism-­‐individual  living  thing  -­‐  Population-­‐group  of  organisms  of  the  same  species  that  live  at  the  same  place  at  the  same  time  Community-­‐all  the  populations  of  different  species  living  in  the  same  place  at  the  same  time  -­‐  Ecosystem-­‐Community  of  living  things  and  their  environment  around  them  (soil,  rocks,  water)  -­‐  Biosphere-­‐all  of  the  ecosystems  on  Earth  (all  the  places  on  Earth  organisms  can  live).                

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Thursday  Catalyst  

 

 Friday  March  22,  2013  Friday  Catalyst  

 

   Weekly  Vocabulary  Carrying  Capacity-­‐  the  maximum  number  of  organisms  that  an  environment  can  support  Commensalism-­‐  an  interaction  where  one  organisms  benefits  and  the  other  is  not  effected  Interdependent-­‐  when  two  things  are  connected  and  changing  one  will  affect  the  other  Mutualism-­‐  an  interaction  where  both  organisms  benefit  Parasitism-­‐  an  interaction  where  one  organism  benefits  and  the  other  suffers  Symbiosis-­‐  an  interaction  where  two  organism  rely  or  need  each  other  to  survive      

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Weekly  Objectives  Monday:  SWBAT  describe  the  major  forces  that  lead  to  speciation.  Tuesday:  SWBAT  explain  how  adaptations  evolve  and  give  examples  of  adaptations.  Wednesday:  SWBAT  apply  their  knowledge  of  speciation  and  adaptations  in  a  lab.  Thursday:  SWBAT  describe  the  difference  between  biotic  and  abiotic  factors,  define  ecological  labels,  and  describe  the  ecological  relationships.  Friday:  SWBAT  apply  their  knowledge  of  ecology  in  a  lab.  

   Homework  Monday  March  18,  2013                                                          

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           Homework  Tuesday  March  19,  2013  How  can  you  tell  if  two  organisms  are  the  same  species  are  not?        Label  the  type  of  isolation  in  the  following  situation:      

• one  population  breeds  at  night  and  the  other  during  the  day  _________________________________________  • two  populations  that  use  different  songs  before  mating  _______________________________________________  • a  giant  mountain  grows  splitting  a  population  into  two  ________________________________________________  • a  lion  and  tiger  mate  and  produce  a  liger  which  is  not  fertile.  __________________________________________  

 Label  the  reason  allele  frequencies  change  in  the  following  situations:      

• organisms  move  into  the  population,  __________________________________________________________  • the  females  only  mate  with  males  with  long  tails  _________________________________________________  • a  volcano  randomly  kills  a  quarter  of  the  population  ________________________________________________  • individuals  with  longer  fur  survive  the  winter  better  and  have  more  children  ________________________  

 What  is  the  advantage  of  living  in  a  small  group?    What  is  the  disadvantage?        What  is  an  adaptation?        Label  the  type  of  selection  in  the  following  situations:      

• Bigger  beaks  allow  birds  to  eat  more  seeds  • medium  fur  length  allows  for  warmth  without  it  getting  caught  in  things  • big  and  small  feet  allow  you  to  walk  on  ice  while  medium  feet  do  not  

 Why  do  organisms  hibernate?            Why  do  organisms  live  in  groups?  What  are  the  dangers  of  living  in  groups?          If  an  organism  lived  at  night,  what  adaptations  might  be  helpful?    

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Homework  Thursday  March  21,  2013                                        

 

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Ph.D.  Extra  Credit  Summarize  the  following  article  for  extra  credit  points.  As Wolves’ Numbers Rise, So Does Friction Between Guardians and Hunters

Narayan Mahon for The New York Times

Nancy Jo Dowler, the president of the Timber Wolf Preservation Society, with Comet.

By STEVEN YACCINO Published: November 1, 2012

GREENDALE, Wis. — When people like Nancy Jo Dowler started raising wolves here decades ago, the animals were rare

in Wisconsin and nearly extinct across the country.

Now the president of the Timber Wolf Preservation Society, Ms. Dowler, 66, cares for five full-grown purebreds. She

bottle-fed them as pups and howls with them at passing sirens. The other day she gave one breath mints through a hole in

the fence, passing it directly from her lips to his.

Hers seems a fairy tale world compared with the legal dogfights occurring beyond these kennels. Out there, Wisconsin is

three weeks into its first wolf-hunting season, sanctioned by the State Legislature in April. Minnesota is scheduled to begin

its first registered wolf hunt this weekend.

The legalization of wolf hunting in both states was devised to manage a rebounding wolf population after the federal

government stopped listing the species as endangered in the region last year. Both have drawn lawsuits from local and

national animal rights groups that fear the undoing of nearly four decades of work to restore a healthy number of wolves.

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“We’ve spent a lot as a nation to protect them,” said Wayne Pacelle, president of the Humane Society of the United

States, which in October announced a lawsuit against the federal Fish and Wildlife Service to restore protections for

wolves. “These plans in Wisconsin and Minnesota are draconian, severe and unwarranted, and we think they may

jeopardize the health and viability of this population.”

Since the wolf hunt began last month, at least 42 have been killed in Wisconsin. All told, officials expect 600 wolves will

die at the hands of hunters and trappers in the two states before spring.

Wolves were once so numerous in the United States that ranchers and government agencies paid people to kill them. By

the time the Endangered Species Act began protecting wolves in 1973, they were nearing extinction in the lower 48 states.

Today, wolf numbers have grown to 4,000 and exceeded recovery goals in the western Great Lakes area, according to

federal estimates.

But some of those packs have started to cause problems again for ranchers in northern Wisconsin and have cost the state

hundreds of thousands of dollars in livestock reimbursement payments, said officials at the Wisconsin Department of

Natural Resources. “Without controls, what we’ve seen in the state is a feeling of needing to take it into their own hands

for folks that are frustrated,” said Kurt Thiede, head of the wildlife management program for the agency.

After the Wisconsin Legislature approved the wolf hunt, which ends Feb. 28, more than 20,000 people applied for the

required license. The state awarded 1,160 permits and capped this year’s harvest at 201 kills, or roughly a quarter of its

current wolf population.

In Minnesota, about 3,600 licenses were available to hunt up to 400 wolves, which would reduce the state’s numbers by

about 15 percent.

“There ain’t too many people that have one hanging in their living room,” said Timothy Mueller, a hunter from Silver Cliff,

Wis. He, like others with a wolf license, was waiting for winter because pelts will be thicker and the snow will make it

easier to track the animals.

Yet some hunters who once proudly talked about the rare opportunity would now rather keep their adventures private. A

number declined to speak about the controversy because of reported threats made against a hunter who was among the

first to register his kill with the state.

“There are a lot of the claims about how easy this is and how this is senseless slaughter,” said Scott Meyer, a lobbyist for

the United Sportsmen of Wisconsin. “When you see the terrain and the geographies of everything, you understand that the

advantage is toward the wolf.”

Animal rights groups have little sympathy for the hunters. They argue that the state kill quotas do not properly account for

other ways that wolves can die, like poaching and vehicular collisions and the killing of the animals by farmers and

ranchers protecting their livestock. Those additional causes, they say, could put the animals at risk again.

On Oct. 15, the day Wisconsin’s wolf-hunting season began, two national groups — theHumane Society and the Fund for

Animals — filed a 60-day notice of their intent to sue the federal government to restore wolf protections.

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In addition, Wisconsin humane groups have filed a lawsuit to prohibit the use of dogs for hunting wolves, calling it

cruel. Minnesota advocates also took legal action against their state in an attempt to stop its hunt, which lasts from Nov. 3

to Jan. 31. And Minnesota’s Chippewa tribes have banned wolf hunting and trapping on its reservation lands.

“The whole balance of nature, they don’t want to hear any of that,” said Ms. Dowler, criticizing hunters for killing the

animals she has devoted years to protect. “People absolutely love them or they absolutely hate them. There are few people

in the middle.”

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