“Biological Organization” How living things are organized.

““Biological Biological Organization”Organization”

How living things How living things are organizedare organized

Core KnowledgeCore Knowledge

““History of Earth & Life Forms”History of Earth & Life Forms”

www.coreknowledge.org

In your notes, In your notes, write and answerwrite and answer the following question.the following question.

• Why is it important to know about the history of the Earth, including how it was formed?

Types of RocksTypes of Rocks

• Review from 4th Grade

• 3 Types– Sedimentary– Igneous– Metamorphic

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Rocks/Rocks8.html

Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocks made of rock fragments (sediments) or by chemical reactions.

The classification of sediments is shown below.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Sedrocks/Sedrocks6.html

Clastic rocks–made of cemented Clastic rocks–made of cemented sediments—are classified by their grain sediments—are classified by their grain

sizes.sizes.


Non-clastic rocks form by chemical precipitation Non-clastic rocks form by chemical precipitation (settling out from a solution.) Limestone is (settling out from a solution.) Limestone is made from calcite, chert from quartz, and halite made from calcite, chert from quartz, and halite is rock salt.is rock salt.


Biologic sedimentary rocks come Biologic sedimentary rocks come from the remains of organic matter.from the remains of organic matter.

• The most important of these is coal. Anthracite coal results from the greatest pressure and releases the most energy when burned. Other varieties are bituminous and lignite. “Petrified” (permineralized) wood is another organic rock.


More about sedimentary rocksMore about sedimentary rocks

• Shale is the most common sedimentary rock

• Sedimentary rocks cover about three-quarters of the land surface

• For more about sedimentary rocks:


IGNEOUS ROCKSIGNEOUS ROCKS

• Form by solidification (crystallization) of melted minerals

Types of Igneous Rocks

• Extrusive: Lave hardens to form rocks with tiny crystals and glassy textures.

• Intrusive: Beneath the surface, magma hardens to form rocks with easily visible crystal texture.

GraniteGranite

• Light-colored, coarse- grained, no pattern

• Mostly quartz, feldspar, mica, and hornblende

• Often used for buildings and monuments

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Rocks/Rocks10.html

BasaltBasalt

• Dark-colored, fine- grained, extrusive

• Formed where lava erupted onto surface

• Most widespread igneous rocks

• Found locally in the Palisades along west shore of Hudson River, Connecticut River valley

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Slideshow/Igrocks/Igrock2.html

GabbroGabbro

• Dark-colored, coarse- grained intrusive

• Similar composition to basalt—plagioclase feldspar with some pyroxene and olivine


ObsidianObsidian

• Natural volcanic glass

• Forms when lava cools very quickly

• Usually dark, but small pieces may be clear

• Fractures along curved (conchoidal) surface

• Used as spear and arrow points, knives


Pumice and other igneous rocksPumice and other igneous rocks

• Light colored, frothy (many air spaces)

• Same minerals as in granite, but finer in grain size

For more about igneous rocks: http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Igrocks/Igrocks1.html

Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks

• Formed by heat and pressure changing existing rocks

““Foliated” rocks contain much mica and Foliated” rocks contain much mica and other rocks that produce layering or bandingother rocks that produce layering or banding

Gneisses and schists are common in New York City and Westchester.

http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Metrocks/Metrocks5.html

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks include Non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble, which comes from limestone, and marble, which comes from limestone, and quartzite, which comes from sandstonequartzite, which comes from sandstone


The Rock Cycle

Here is another version of the Rock CycleHere is another version of the Rock Cycle


What is geology?What is geology?

• The study of the solid Earth and the processes by which it is shaped and changed.

• Geology provides primary evidence for plate tectonics, the history of life, evolution, and past climates.

How old is the Earth?How old is the Earth?

• The age of the earth is about 4.6 billion years, based on geologic evidence and

radioactive dating.

Geologic Time

• Geologic time: the time of the physical formation and development of the earth

Geologic Time PeriodsGeologic Time Periods• EON - Longest

Two or more geological eras form an Eon, which is the largest division of geologic time, lasting many hundreds of millions of years.

ERATwo or more geological periods comprise an era, which is hundreds of millions of years in duration.

PERIODThe period is the basic unit of geological time in which a single type of rock system is formed, lasting tens of millions of years.

AGE - ShortestAn age is a unit of geological time which is distinguished by some feature (like an Ice Age).

Important Events of Each Era

1. Precambrian2. Paleozoic3. Mesozoic4. Cenozoic

Precambrian Era4600 to 570 MYA • That time span previous to the

Paleozoic that comprises approximately 90% of earth history

• earliest forms of life, such as bacteria and blue-green algae; later in the period, invertebrates such as jellyfish

Paleozoic Era544 million to about 230 MYA

• Pangaea

• invertebrate life, such as trilobites

• followed by amphibians, and the beginning of reptiles

• simple plants, such as mosses and ferns

Pangea

• A hypothetical supercontinent that included all the landmasses of the earth before the Triassic Period.

Plate Tectonics• from the Latin word tectonicus "pertaining

to building“

• is a scientific theory that describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere, which is made of tectonic plates.

Mesozoic Era248 to 65 MYA

• Pangaea separates into continents

• “Age of Reptiles”; dinosaurs

• flowering plants

• small mammals and birds

Cenozoic Era65 MYA to the present

• Continents move into their current positions

• Ice Age & mammoths

• Gradual development of mammals, birds and other animals recognizable today

• Human civilization

Paleontology Paleontology

• a science dealing with the life of past geological periods as known from fossil remains

Principle of Uniformitarianism Principle of Uniformitarianism

• the process that occurred in the past times produced the same results as similar processes do today

Principle of Superposition Principle of Superposition

• younger rocks are deposited on top of older rocks

How can scientists estimate the How can scientists estimate the age of Earth?age of Earth?

Relative DatingRelative Dating

• A method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock

Radioactive DatingRadioactive Dating

• Calculating the age of a substance by analyzing the decay of radioactive isotopes.

• In other words…scientists measure the amount of particles that have been released by the nucleus of an atom over time.

Radioactive DatingRadioactive Dating

Radioactive DecayRadioactive Decay

1. Naturally-occurring radioactive materials break down into other materials at known rates. This is known as radioactive decay.

2. If a substance is radioactive it is unstable and has lost or gained electrons.

3. Each radioactive isotope has its own unique half-life. A half-life is the time it takes for half of the parent radioactive element to decay to a daughter product.

Elements as clocks?Elements as clocks?

• Many radioactive elements can be used as geologic clocks. Each radioactive element decays at its own nearly constant rate. Once this rate is known, geologists can estimate the length of time over which decay has been occurring by measuring the amount of radioactive parent element and the amount of stable daughter elements.

Radioactive DatingRadioactive Dating• The most common form of radioactive

dating is carbon dating.

How long has there been life on How long has there been life on the planet?the planet?

• Using radioactive dating, scientists have determined that life has been on planet Earth for 2- 3 billion years!

The oldest known fossilsThe oldest known fossils

Stromatolites are the Earth’s oldest known fossils, dating back to over 3 million years.

Stromatolites are fossilized layers of sedimentary rock and blue-green algae.

FossilsFossils

• Fossils are a record of the Earth’s history and past life forms.

Types of FossilsTypes of Fossils

• There are four main types of fossils

• 1. Mold Fossils

• 2. Cast Fossils

• 3. Trace Fossils

• 4. True Form Fossils

Mold FossilsMold Fossils

• a fossilized impression made in the substrate. A mold fossil makes a negative image of the organism

Cast FossilsCast Fossils

• formed when a mold is filled in

Trace FossilsTrace Fossils• Trace Fossils are also called ichnofossils

• Trace fossils may be impressions made on the substrate by an organism: for example, burrows, borings urolites (erosion caused by evacuation of liquid wastes), & footprints.

True Form FossilsTrue Form Fossils

• True form fossils are the fossilized remains of real animal parts or the actual animal. These fossils can be from animals or plants trapped in ice, tar or amber

Extinction• The end of an organism’s existence.

• Hundreds of creatures that once lived on the planet are now extinct, including dinosaurs, mammoths, dodo birds, and even modern animals, like the passenger pigeon.

Dinosaur Extinction

• Dinosaurs became extinct about 65 million years ago.• There are a few theories about dino extinction, but

scientists may never know for certain.• Theories include: asteroid impact, climate change,

volcanic eruptions, & disease carrying insects

The Future of Geology

• Yellowstone National Park’s Supervolcano

• Yellowstone, like Hawaii, is believed to lie on top of an area called a hotspot where hot, molten rock rises towards the surface.

• It is not a matter of if, but when, this supereruption will happen!

“Biological Organization” How living things are organized.

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