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Biological Information and Biological Databases
Meena K Sakharkar
Bioinformatics Centre
National University of Singapore
Biological Information
Nature of Life Science Information
• Descriptive
• Classification and Nomenclatural
• Observational and Phenomenological
• Experimental
• Deduced/Computed
• Simulated?
• Theoretical?
Descriptive
Classify and Give Names
• Classification and Nomenclature
• Linnaeus - binomial nomenclature
• Group into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, species, subspecies, strains, etc
• Associate descriptions to these classification schema, and classify according to description etc
Observational/Phenomenological
• Like descriptive, yet more active
• Observe a lot of biological phenomenon
• Charles Darwin
• Gregor Mendel to McClintock
• Start to do some experiments
Experimental
• From dissections to complex genetic engineering experiments
BioInformatics
• Deduced/Computed
• Simulated?
• Theoretical?
What is BioInformatics?
• Many related terms and buzzwords • A multiplicity of names:
– bioinformatics
– biocomputing
– biological computing
– computational biology
– computational genomics
– biological data mining
Overview of the challenges of Molecular Biology
Computing
• The huge dataset problem – automated DNA sequencers – the Human Genome Project – bulk sequencing of cDNAs (ESTs)
Human Genome Project
• What is the Human Genome Project? – 15-year effort formally begun in October 1990. coordinated by the
U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.
– identify all the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA, – determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical bases that make
up human DNA,
– store this information in databases,
– develop tools for data analysis, and
– address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.
• Who is head of the U.S. Human Genome Project? – The DOE Human Genome Program is directed by Ari Patrinos,
and Francis Collins directs the NIH Human Genome Program.
– Ari Patrinos also heads the Department of Energy Office of Biological and Environmental Research.
• What are the comparative genome sizes of humans and other organisms being studied?
If compiled in books, the data would fill an estimated 200 volumes the size of a Manhattan telephone book (at 1000 pages each), and reading it would require 26 years working around the clock
Informatics: Data Collection and Interpretation
HUMAN GENETIC DIVERSITY
• The Ultimate Human Genetic Database
• Any two individuals differ in about 3 x 106 bases (0.1%).
• The population is now about 5 x 109.
• A catalog of all sequence differences would require 15 x 1015 entries.
• This catalog may be needed to find the rarest or most complex disease genes.
Databases
Basic Terminology
What is a nucleotide/protein sequence database and
databank?
• Database is a collection of Nucleotide/protein sequence and their Associated annotations.
• Databanks
Groups which collect, compile, maintain and distribute the database.
Fundamental
Dogma
Work from the Code of Life
Deduced and Computed Information in the Era of Computational Biology
Databases
• What are the different kinds of databases and their formats?
Nucleic Acid Sequence EMBL at EBI. GENBANK at NCBI. DDBJ at Japan.
Protein Sequence SWISS PROT NBRF(PIR)
Database
• Protein structure databases
PDB
• Information on the structural data for the proteins/nucleic acids.
• whose 3-D structure solved by X-ray crystallography/NMR
• PDB database
NRL 3D Database
• NRL_3D is a sequence-structure database.
• Can be used in conjunction with PIR.
• PDB with PIR.
GenBank Entry
EMBL Entry
SwissProt Entry
Other databases
• Genome Databases– GDB :Genome Data Bank– OMIM
• Pattern Databases– Prosite– TFD
Usage of databases• Annotation Searches - KW, Authors, Features.
– What is the protein sequence for human insulin?
– How does the 3D structure of calmodulin look like?
– What is the genetic location of cystic fibrosis gene?
– List all introns in rat?
• Homology Searches– Is there any protein sequence that is similar to mine?
– Is this gene known in any other species?
– Has someone already cloned this sequence?
Usage of databases• Pattern searches
– Does my sequence contain any known motif (that can give me a clue about the function)?
– Which known sequences contain this motif?
– Is any part of my sequence recoganised by a transcription factor?
– List all known start, splice and stop signals in my genomic sequence
• Prediction - Use the database as knowledge database– What may the structure of my protein be?
• Secondary structure prediction
• Modeling by homology
– What is the gene structure of my genomic sequence?
– Which parts of my protein have a high antigenicity?
Usage of Databases
• Comparisons:– Gene Families– Phylogenetic Trees
GenBank Growth Chart
0
200000000
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1000000000
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1600000000
Dec-82
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Feb-87
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Jun-88
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Oct-93
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Apr-95
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Apr-97
Oct-97
Apr-98
Year
Bases
Evolutionary basis of Alignment
• Enable the researcher to determine if two sequences display sufficient similarity to justify the inference of homology.
• Similarity is an observable quantity that may be expressed as say %identity or some other measure.
• Homology is a conclusion drawn from this data that the two genes share a common evolutionary history.
Sequence Formats
Fasta Format
>SANJAY REFORMAT of: SANJAY.seq check: 8826 from: 1 to: 573 March 12, 1998
MASSSVPPMITEEEARFEAEVSAVESWWRTDRFRLTRRPYSARDVVSLRGTLHHSYASDQ
MAKKLWRTLKSHQSAGTASRTFGALDPVQVTMMAKHLDTIYVSGWQCSSTHTATNEPGPD
LADYPYNTVPNKVEHLFFAQLYHDRKQHEARVSMTREQRAKTPYVDYLRPIIADGDTGFG
GATATVKLCKLFVERGAAGVHIEDQSSVTKKCGHMAGKVLVAVSEHINRLVAARLQFDVM
GVETVLVARTDAVAATLIQSNVDLRDHQFILGATNPDFKRRSLAAVLSAAMAAGKTGAVL
QAIEDDWLSRAGLMTFSDAVINGINRQLPEYEKQRRLNEWAAATEYSKCVSNEQGREIAE
RLGAGEIFWDWDIARTREGFYRFRGSVEAAVVRGRAFAPHADLIWMETSSPDLVECGKFA
QGMKASHPEIMLAYNLSPSFNWDAAGMTDEEMRDFIPRIAKMGFCWQFITLGGFHADALV
TDTFAREFAKQGMLAYVERIQREERNNGVDTLAHQKWSGANYYDRYLKTVQGGISSTAAM
GKGVTEEQFKEESRTGTRGLDRGGITVNAKSRL
GCG Format
ckl.seq Length: 473 September 15, 1999 12:25 Type: P Check: 8103 .. 1 MSTKYSASAE SASSYRRTFG SGLGSSIFAG HGSSGSSGSS RLTSRVYEVT
51 KSSASPHFSS HRASGSFGGG SVVRSYAGLG EKLDFNLADA INQDFLNTRT
101 NEKAELQHLN DRFASYIEKV RFLEQQNSAL TVEIERLRGR EPTRIAELYE
151 EEMRELRGQV EALTNQRSRV EIERDNLVDD LQKLKLRLQE EIHQKEEAEN
201 NLSAFRADVD AATLARLDLE RRIEGLHEEI AFLRKIHEEE IRELQNQMQE
251 SQVQIQMDMS KPDLTAALRD IRLQYEAIAA KNISEAEDWY KSKVSDLNQA
301 VNKNNEALRE AKQETMQFRH QLQSYTCEID SLKGTNESLR RQMSEDGGAA
351 GREAGGYQDT IARLEAEIAK MKDEMARHLR EYQDLLNVKM ALDVEIATYR
401 KLLEGEESRI SLPVQSFSSL SFRESSPEQH HHQQQQPQRS SEVHSKKTVL
451 IKTIETRDGE VVSESTQHQQ DVM
Taxonomy Database
Blast Results
Examples of the New Biology
1. Full genome-genome comparisons
2. Rapid assessment of polymorphic genetic variations
3. Complete construction of orthologous or paralogous groups of genes
4. Structure determination of large macromolecular assemblies/complexes
5. Dynamically simulation of realistic oligomeric systems
6. Rapid structural/topological clustering of proteins
7. Prediction of unknown molecular structures; Protein folding
8. Computer simulation of membrane structure and dynamic function
9. Simulation of genetic networks and the sensitivity of these pathways to component stoichiometry and kinetics
10.Integration of observations across scales of vastly different dimensions and organization to yield realistic environmental models for basic biology and societal needs
Theoretical?• The day will dawn when we
will have sufficient information to understand how basic life functions are integrated into a living cell, and how such cells intercommunicate and interoperate to function as a living whole. Then maybe, we can start talking about theoretical biology
Categories of BioDbs - by domain of information
• DNA• RNA• Protein• Genomic Mapping• Pathways• Structure• Bibliographic• Biochemical/Molecular/Miscellaneous
Other categories
• By category of species
• By families or superfamilies of molecules
etc
• Demo
http://www.infobiogen.fr/services/dbcat/
Demonstration of BioDatabases
• Majority of Life Science databases are online, accessible with Web via Internet
• Catalogs of databases available
• Need for a Registry to keep track and offer quality control