biological and biotechnological control advances in arachis diseases
Biological Control of Diseases in the Nursery...Biological Control of Diseases in the Nursery Julie...
Transcript of Biological Control of Diseases in the Nursery...Biological Control of Diseases in the Nursery Julie...
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Biological Control of Diseases in the
Nursery Julie Graesch
Biological Program Manager – Insect Management
December 17th 1:55-2:45pm
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Overview • IPM • General biopesticide info• Programs
– Foliar disease– Soil disease– Available solutions
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3Journal of Integrated Pest Management, (2019) 10(1): 12; 1–
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• Sanitation ‒Remove weeds‒Manage surrounding grounds‒Remove diseased plants and crop residues‒Do not re-use potting media ‒Wash hands regularly ‒Sanitize tools and equipment ‒Sanitize surfaces, pots/trays/containers‒ Filter and treat recycled irrigation water
Disease IPM
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• Cultural – Obtain clean seed and plant material– Keep fungus gnats under control– Crop rotation– Irrigation – Soil solarization – Fertilization
• Other measures– Obtain proper diagnosis of disease
• Damping-off, wilt, crown and root rots – Host plant resistance – Pest biology – Preventive biofungicides– Rotation of registered fungicides for high disease pressure
Disease IPM
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Scouting & Recordkeeping
• Log and track pest presence/populations• Current & past info on ID and location of pests• Evaluate treatment effectiveness• Invite consultants
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Photo credit: Griffin Sales
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• Need to change your mindset• Biopesticides typically not chemicals• Do not expect to use the same way• Don’t always expect the same results
– Non-systemic– Pests don’t drop dead immediately– May not preform under high pressure
• Shelf life• Plant safety
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The Chemical Paradigm
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Plant Safety• Biopesticides have not been tested
on all varieties or in all tank mixes‒Check compatibility
• Mineral oil and sulfur • Use caution when making
applications during bloom• Test on a small number of plants to
check for phytotoxicity
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Why Biopesticides1. Low REIs and PHIs2. Safer for workers, consumers, &
environment- Many exempt from tolerances and MRLs
3. Reduced resistance to synthetic pesticides
4. Improve efficacy of chemicals5. Improve plant, soil and environmental
health over time with continued use6. Consumer demand
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Biopesticides Can…
• Be used to help prevent disease – Sometimes curative
• Manage disease at low to moderate pressure
• Trigger induced plant resistance• Manage chemical residues • Help prevent loss
– Season long and after dormancy• Produce healthier more productive crops • Help provide quicker turns• Manage diseases via multiple MOA
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Multiple Modes of Action: Trichoderma 1. Antagonistic metabolites
• Bioactive compounds: antibiotics, anti-fungal peptides/proteins, enzymes, biosurfactants, specific toxins, etc.
2. Competition • Nutrients and niche in soil and plant
surfaces3. Rhizosphere competence
• Form of niche competition• Physically and biochemically blocking
access to root systems4. Predation / Hyperparasitism
• Pathogen as a food source• Physically attacking, infecting and/or
consuming by force, bioactive compounds, and/or digestive enzymes
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Biopesticides Can't…• Offer 100% protection• Cure diseases and insect pests• Work in environmental extremes• Work at high disease pressures• Last indefinitely
– Defined shelf lives and storage conditions– Frequent applications, especially on foliage
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Factors Affecting Biopesticide Efficacy • IPM program
– Tank-mixing or rotation with synthetic fungicides• Active ingredient • Pathogen species • Pathogen incidence and severity• Rate • Application interval• Potting medium • Fertility regime
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• Preventative‒Diseases: At first
detection or when conditions are optimal for pathogen development‒Insects: As early as
possible upon detection or before economic threshold is reached
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Factors Affecting Biopesticide Efficacy Application Timing
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Factors Affecting Biopesticide Efficacy
Coverage
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• Incorrect timing and poor coverage are primary causes of biopesticide failure
• Directed spray nozzles –Hydraulic sprayers–Backpack sprayers–Cold-foggers
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Factors Affecting Biopesticide
Efficacy Shelf Life
Many biopesticides are living organisms
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• Physical compatibility– Jar test– Avoid multiple
inputs• Spore viability
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Factors Affecting Biopesticide Efficacy
Chemical Compatibility
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BCA Compatibility
• Varies with biopesticide/chemical
• Compatibility guides • Companies/consultants
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Disease AI Insect AIBacillus sppStreptomyces sppPseudomonas sppExtract of SwingleaUlocladium oudemansiiCopperHyrdogen Dioxide Potassium bicarbonate
Beauveria bassianaMetarhizium anisopliaeIsaria fumosoroseaMineral Oil AzadirachtinPyrethrinsBurkholderia sppChromobacterium subtsugae
TrichodermaMycorrhizae Bacillus sppStreptomyces sppPseudomonas sppPlant proteins/amino acids Extract of SwingleaHyrdogen Dioxide
Beneficial Nematodes AzadirachtinBeauveria bassiana Plant extracts
Foliar
Root
Developing a Program
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Programs:Decision-Making Considerations
• Product cost‒ Cost per application:
• product, labor, and equipment‒ Number of applications per crop‒ Number of diseases controlled by
product
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Programs:Decision-Making Considerations
• Direct and indirect benefits‒ Cost savings
• Same or improved efficacy‒ Increased productivity:
• low REI, low/no PHI‒ Greater plant safety ‒ Greater worker safety‒ Lower resistance to conventional
fungicides and insecticides‒ Compatibility with other inputs
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Developing or Modifying a Program• Preventive: exclusion, sanitation, environment• Properly ID, don’t assume• Advice from manufacturers, growers, extension & consultants
– No one program fits all• Identify gaps in your program
– Efficacy– Resistance– Compatibility– Safety– Convenience– Market– Labor
How do you measure these?
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• Test new products on a small scale – Set-up a good comparison– Integrate vs. replace
• Document your tests– Keep track of what, how, when– Record what you see and experience– Photos: the good, the bad, the surprises
Developing a Program – Cont.
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Adding Products to your Current Program • Current rotation program products• Is this a new MOA• Does the new product offer
– Efficacy– Lower REI– Plant or worker safety – Environmental safety – Broad or narrow spectrum – Application considerations – Resistance management
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Define what Success looks like
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Foliar Programs (Preventive)
Initial Spray(single or tank mix)
Biopesticide Spray
Rotation Partner
Biopesticide Spray
Rotation Partner
Basic Biological Program
General Rotation Program
Dip (first true leaves and/or transplant)
Dip (first true leaves and/or
transplant)
Products with multiple MOALow pressure Short turns
Incorporate BCAs
Biopesticide spray before harvest
Repeat ApplicationsApplication interval
depends on product & pressure
Biopesticide spray before harvest
Biopesticide Spray
Products with multiple MOAApplication interval depends on product and pressure
Single or tank-mixedLonger turns
Incorporate BCAs
How you start the program will depend on disease pressure
at season start
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0
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Untreated Check
% L
eaf S
urfa
ce A
ffect
ed
• Treatments applied I=7 DAP, II=14 DAP, III=21 DAP, IV=28 DAP, V=35 DAP • Treatments applied in 40 gal water per acre. Disease evaluation 42 DAP
• Powdery mildew: Sphaerotheca fuliginea and Erysiphe cichoracearum
Squash
University of FloridaHomestead, FL, 2009
97% Reductionin Leaf Surface
Affected
Procure®8oz/a
biweekly
Regalia®
1% v/vweekly
Actinovate®12 oz/aweekly
Regalia® 1% v/vAlt.
Procure 8oz/aweekly
Actinovate 12 oz/aAlt.
Procure 8oz/aweekly
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Biofungicides Used Early and in a Program with Complementary Fungicides Provides Powdery
Mildew Control in Squash – Pam Marrone
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Soilborne Disease Programs Preventive & Knockdown
Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia diseasesInitial Drench
WP, WDG, L, etc.Single or tank-mix
Pre-plant Incorporation (G) Container/tray bath WP, WDG, L, etc.
Repeat Drench Applications
2-12-week IntervalsDepends on product
DipSeeding, sticking
or transplantBiopesticide Drench
before Shipping
Chemical Knockdown Drench Alone or tank-mixed with
biofungicide
Chemical KnockdownTransplant
Pre-Treatment
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5. Define what success looks like
Tips for Developing Your Own Program
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5. Define what success looks like
Tips for Developing Your Own Program
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