Biologi . Plant Body
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Transcript of Biologi . Plant Body
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANT’S BODY
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
OBJECTIVE
• To identify the structure and the functions of the plant body
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Plant Tissue (Jaringan Pada tumbuhan)
• Meristem tissue : jaringan muda yang senantiasa membelah.
• Epidermis is the outher part of plant organ• Cortex is a filter space between the
epidermis and the vascular tissue ex: Parenchyma,collenchyma and
schlerenchyma• Vascular tissue fills the inside part of the
plant organ
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Meristems Tissue (Jaringan meristem)
Figure. 35.15
Apical meristem Leaf primordia
Developingvascularstrand
Axillary budmeristems
0.25 mm
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Parenchyma cells60 m
PARENCHYMA CELLS
80 m Cortical parenchyma cells
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
Collenchyma cells
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
Cell wall
Sclereid cells in pear
25 m
Fiber cells
5 m
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem)
WATER-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE XYLEM
Vessel Tracheids 100 m
Tracheids and vessels
Vesselelement
Vessel elements withpartially perforated end walls
Pits
Tracheids
SUGAR-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE PHLOEM
Companion cell
Sieve-tubemember
Sieve-tube members:longitudinal view
Sieveplate
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Companioncell
30 m
15 m
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
The Organs of Plant are: 1.Root2.Stem3.Leaf4.Flower5.Fruit
THE MAIN
ORGANS
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
ROOT / AKAR• The structure of plant that located in the
ground• Root have three main functions:
- Absorb water and minerals from the soil- Anchor a plant in the ground- Store food
(a) Prop roots (akar penyangga) (b) Storage roots(c) “Strangling” aerial
roots
(d) Buttress roots (akar tunjang) (e) Pneumatophores
Modified Roots
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Types of Root
• Fibrous Root System• Taproot System
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Fibrous Root System
• Consist of many similarly sized roots that form a dense
• Grass, Corn, and Onions have fibrous root system
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Taproot System• A taproot system has one long,
thick main root.• Many smaller roots
branch off the main root• A plant with a taproot system
is hard to pull out of the ground• Mango, Orange, and Apple
have taproot system
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
The Structure of a Root• Tip of the root is rounded
and is covered by a sructurecalled the ROOT CAP
• The Root cap protects the root from injury from rocks as the root grows through the soil
• Root hairs grow out of the root’s surface
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Inner Structure of Root• Surface cells (Epidermis)• Cortex• Endodermis• Stele (Center of the root) Vascular SystemVascular System consist of Xylem and PhloemXylem: Transports water and minerals upward to the plant’s stem and leaves.Phloem: Transport food manufactured in the leaves to the root.The root tissues may then use the food for growth or store it for future use by plant
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Akar dikotil
CortexVascularcylinder
EndodermisPericycle
Core ofparenchymacells
Xylem
50 m
EndodermisPericycle
XylemPhloem
Key
100 m
VascularGroundDermal
PhloemTransverse section of a root with parenchymain the center. The stele of many monocot roots is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchymasurrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.
(b)Transverse section of a typical root. In theroots of typical gymnosperms and eudicots, aswell as some monocots, the stele is a vascularcylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylemwith phloem between the lobes.
(a)100 m
Epidermis
Akar monokotil
Activity 1
Root hair model
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
STEM / batangThe stem of a plant has three main functions:• The stem carries substances between the
plant’s root and leaves• The stem also provides support for the plant• Store food
Rhizomes. The edible base of this ginger plant is an example of a rhizome, a horizontal stem that grows just below the surface or emerges and grows along thesurface.
(d)
Tubers. Tubers, such as these red potatoes, are enlarged ends of rhizomes specializedfor storing food. The “eyes” arranged in a spiral pattern around a potato are clusters of axillary buds that markthe nodes.
(c)Bulbs. Bulbs are vertical,underground shoots consistingmostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food. You can see the many layers of modified leaves attached to the short stem by slicing an onion bulb lengthwise.
(b)
Stolons. Shown here on a strawberry plant, stolons are horizontal stems that grow along the surface. These “runners”enable a plant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along each runner.
(a)
Storage leaves
Stem
Root Node
Rhizome
Root
BRAMBANG
KENTANG
STROBERI
JAHE
Modified Stems
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Types of Stem• Herbaceous
Herbaceous stems contain no wood and are often soft. Sunflower and pepper plant a have herbaceous stems.
• Woody woody stems are hard and rigid. Mango and roses have woody stems. A woody stem contains several layer of tissue.
Perbedaan batang berkayu dan herba
• Herba : lunak, berwarna hijau, tidak berkayu, batang kecil, umur pendek, epidermis tipis dan terdapat stomata
• Batang berkayu : keras, tebal, umur panjang, terdapat lentisel.
• Lentisel adalah tonjolan-tonjolan yg terbuka dan berhubungan dengan rongga antar sel, fungsi sebagai tempat pertukaran gas.
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Annual Rings• These circles are called annual rings because they
represent a tree’s yearly growth.• Annual rings are made of xylem• Xylem cells that form in the spring are large and have
thin walls because they grow rapidly. They produce a wide and light brown ring.
• Xylem cells that form in the summer grow slowly and therefore are small and have thick walls. They produce a thin and dark ring.
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
The difference of stem structures between monocotyledon and dicotyledon
NO DICOTYLEDON MONOCOTYLEDON
1 Has branches Has no branches and straight
2 Has cambium so that it can enlarge Has no cambium
3Transport tissue are organized in circular fashion
Transport tissues are spread around irregularly
STRUKTUR BATANG DIKOTIL
XylemPhloem
Sclerenchyma(fiber cells)
Ground tissueconnecting pith to cortex
Pith
EpidermisVascularbundle
CortexKeyDermal GroundVascular
1 mm
## A eudicot stem. A eudicot stem (sunflower), withvascular bundles forming a ring. Ground tissue towardthe inside is called pith, and ground tissue toward theoutside is called cortex. (LM of transverse section)
Groundtissue
Epidermis
Vascularbundles
## A monocot stem. A monocot stem (maize) with vascularbundles scattered throughout the ground tissue. In such anarrangement, ground tissue is not partitioned into pith andcortex. (LM of transverse section)
STRUKTUR BATANG MONOKOTIL
Evaluation
1. What is meant of lentisel ? Write down its function !
2. Write down the difference between dicots stems and monocot stems ! (3)
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Bagian daun :• Helaian daun dg tulang daun• Tangkai daun• Pelepah daunStruktur luar• Berdasarkan susunan daunnya
dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu :- daun tunggal- daun majemuk
LEAF (DAUN)
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
LEAVES• Leaves vary greatly in size and shape• Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food-making process
of photosynthesis
The Function of Leaf
• The place of photosynthesis (tempat fotosintesis)
• The place of gaseous exchage (tempat pertukaran gas)
• Alat pengeluaran kelebihan air
• Alat perkembangbiakan vegetatif
(a) Tendrils. The tendrils by which thispea plant clings to a support are modified leaves. After it has “lassoed” a support, a tendril forms a coil that brings the plant closer to the support. Tendrils are typically modified leaves, but some tendrils are modified stems, as in grapevines.
(b) Spines. The spines of cacti, such as this prickly pear, are actually leaves, and photosynthesis is carried out mainly by the fleshy green stems.
(c) Storage leaves. Most succulents, such as this ice plant, have leaves modified for storing water.
(d) Bracts. Red parts of the poinsettia are often mistaken for petals but are actually modified leaves called bracts that surround a group of flowers. Such brightly colored leaves attract pollinators.
(e) Reproductive leaves. The leaves of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe daigremontiana, produce adventitious plantlets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil.
Modified leaves
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
The Structure of a LeafThe leaf’s top and bottom surface layers protect the
cell inside.Between the layers of cells are veins that contain
xylem and phloem.The surface layers of the leaf have small openings or
pores called stomata.Stomata open and close to control when gases enter
and leave the leaf.The cells that contain the most chloroplasts are
located near the leaf’s upper surface.The chlorophyll in the chloroplasts traps the sun’s
energy
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
Controlling Water Loss
• The process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaves in called transpiration.
• One way that plants retain water is by closing the stomata.
• The stomata often close when leaves start to dry out.
NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
FLOWER / BUNGA
Bagian bunga :1. Tangkai bunga2. Kelopak3. Mahkota bunga4. Kepala sari5. Tangkai sari6. Kepala Putik7. Bakal buah
3
7
6
4
5
2
1
NILLA DWI KARTIKA, S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
BIJI TANAMAN DIKOTIL
Seed coat
Radicle
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Cotyledons
NILLA DWI KARTIKA, S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO
BIJI TANAMAN MONOKOTIL
Scutellum(cotyledon)
Coleoptile
Coleorhiza
Pericarp fusedwith seed coat
Endosperm
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Radicle