BIOL1151L - Clayton State University All Course... · 5 LAB 2: Organ Systems; Histology Part I...
Transcript of BIOL1151L - Clayton State University All Course... · 5 LAB 2: Organ Systems; Histology Part I...
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Table of Contents LAB 1: Introduction, Microscopes, Anatomical Terminology .................................................................... 2
Pre-Lab Assignment 1: Anatomical Terms ......................................................................................................................... 2
Microscope In-Lab Assignment .......................................................................................................................................... 3
LAB 2: Organ Systems; Histology Part I .................................................................................................... 5
Pre-Lab Assignment 2: Organs, Histology I: Epithelial Tissue .......................................................................................... 5
Epithelial Tissues ID Sheet ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Rat Dissection ID Sheet ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
LAB 3: Osmosis & Diffusion; Histology Part II .......................................................................................... 8
Pre-Lab Assignment 3A: Osmosis & Diffusion.................................................................................................................. 8
Pre-Lab Assignment 3B: Histology II ................................................................................................................................ 9
Connective Tissues ID Sheet ............................................................................................................................................ 10
LAB 4: Histology Part III ......................................................................................................................... 11
Pre-Lab Assignment 4: Histology III ................................................................................................................................ 11
Histology III ID Sheet ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
LAB 5: Axial Skeleton .............................................................................................................................. 13
Pre-Lab Assignment 5: Axial Skeleton ............................................................................................................................. 13
Axial Skeleton ID Sheet .................................................................................................................................................... 14
LAB 6: Appendicular Skeleton................................................................................................................. 15
Pre-Lab Assignment 6: Appendicular Skeleton ................................................................................................................ 15
Appendicular Skeleton ID Sheet ....................................................................................................................................... 16
LAB 7: Muscles ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Pre-Lab Assignment 7: Muscles ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Muscle ID Sheet ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
LAB 8: Nervous System Physiology ......................................................................................................... 20
Pre-Lab Assignment 8: Nervous System Physiology ....................................................................................................... 20
LAB 9: Nervous System Anatomy ............................................................................................................ 21
Pre-Lab Assignment 9: Nervous System Anatomy .......................................................................................................... 21
Neuroanatomy ID Sheet .................................................................................................................................................... 22
REFERENCE MATERIAL/STUDY GUIDES ......................................................................................... 23
Root Words from Latin and Greek (BIOL1151/L,BIOL1152/L) ..................................................................................... 23
Histology Review Guide ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Rat Dissection Diagrams and Photos ................................................................................................................................ 40
Neuroanatomy Lab Photos ................................................................................................................................................ 46
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LAB 1: Introduction, Microscopes, Anatomical Terminology
Pre-Lab Assignment 1: Anatomical Terms
Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment. Type up the answers and turn in at the BEGINNING of lab.
Part I: Define the following terms.
1. Superior
2. Inferior
3. Cranial
4. Caudal
5. Anterior
6. Ventral
7. Dorsal
8. Posterior
9. Proximal
10. Distal
11. Frontal plane 12. Sagittal plane
13. Transverse plane
14. Thoracic cavity
a. Pleural cavities
b. Mediastinum
c. Pericardial cavity
15. Abdominopelvic cavity
a. Abdominal cavity
b. Pelvic cavity
Part II: Latin and Greek Root Words
Review the Latin and Greek Root Words handout. Identify the roots of the following words (some words have
more than one root) and use your handout to define these words:
Example: brachydactylic – brachy-dactyl-ic
brachy = short, little dactyl = finger, toe ic = pertaining to
Definition – pertaining to short fingers or toes
1. Adipocyte
2. Osteoblast
3. Achondroplasia
4. Endocarditis
5. Cardiomyoplasty
6. Neurohypophysis
7. Otorhinolaryngology (note: ‘laryngo’ = throat/larynx)
8. Synarthrosis
9. Hydrocephalous
10. Trichotillomania (note: ‘tillo’ = to pull out/pluck)
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Microscope In-Lab Assignment
Focusing the Microscope
1. Properly pick up your microscope and take it to your station.
2. Obtain a slide of the letter “e”. They are at the front of the room.
3. Examine the letter “e” slide before placing it on the stage of the microscope. Make sure the “e” is oriented
right side up.
4. Make the nosepiece has the lower power objective (4X) facing the stage and the stage is lowered. Secure the
slide to the stage with the stage clips. Turn the microscope on. Move the slide by slowly raising the stage
using the coarse adjustment knob. Use the stage adjustment knobs to move the stage side to side and back
to front to find the “e” in the eyepiece. Once the “e” is grossly in focus, use the fine adjustment knob to
sharpen the focus. How is the “e” oriented in the field of view?
5. Make sure the “e” is in the middle of your field of view.
6. Move the nosepiece to medium power (10X). Do not use the coarse adjustment knob. Do not move the stage
from front to back or side to side. You should only have to adjust the fine adjustment knob to clearly focus
the “e”.
7. Move the nosepiece to high power (40X). Again, do not touch the coarse adjustment knob. You should only
have to alter the fine adjustment knob.
8. Call your instructor to have them verify that you have focused the “e” on the highest power.
9. Return the nosepiece to the lowest power (4X).
10. Lower the stage.
11. Remove the slide. Instructor’s Initials _________
Fill out the following.
1. Match the following terms with the correct definition from the column.
____ Arm A. The surface on which the slide sits
____ Coarse adjustment knob B. The microscope’s light source
____ Fine adjustment knob C. Lenses of various powers of magnification
____ Iris diaphragm D. Moves the stage up and down; provides gross focus
____ Lamp E. Allows fine tuning of the focus
____ Objective lens F. The lens through which you look to view the slide
____ Ocular lens G. Supports the body of the microscope
____ Stage H. Controls the amount of light passing through the slid
2. Magnification of the ocular lens is usually __________________.
3. How do you carry the microscope?
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4. Before you begin, you should make sure that ______________________________.
5. If you are using the 10X objective, what is the total magnification? _______________
6. Describe the steps you should use to focus the image on the slide.
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LAB 2: Organ Systems; Histology Part I
Pre-Lab Assignment 2: Organs, Histology I: Epithelial Tissue
Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment. Complete the following prior to coming to lab, use your textbook for reference. Type the answers, print
them out, and turn them in at the BEGINNING of lab.
Part I: List the organs found in the following organ systems and the basic function of each system. Use
your textbook for reference. 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal system
3. Nervous system
4. Cardiovascular system
5. Respiratory system
6. Muscular system
7. Digestive system
8. Urinary system
9. Lymphatic system
10. Endocrine system
11. Reproductive system
Part II: Define the following terms, list their functions, and tell where in the body you would
typically find these cells/tissues.
1. Simple epithelial tissue
2. Stratified epithelial tissue
3. Simple squamous epithelium
4. Stratified squamous epithelium
5. Simple cuboidal epithelium
6. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
7. Transitional epithelium
8. Simple columnar epithelium
9. Stratified columnar epithelium
10. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
11. How do simple and stratified epithelial tissues differ?
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Epithelial Tissues ID Sheet
Epithelial Tissues
For this lab we will only be looking at one type of tissue. Epithelial tissues are found lining or covering various
organs in the body. They can be recognized by the presence of a free surface, where the cells are in contact with
spaces inside the body (e.g., the cells that line your blood vessels and digestive system). They are held in place
by being anchored to a basement membrane. These types of cells are classified based on the shape of the cells
and the number of layers. A simple epithelial tissue has one layer of cells, while a stratified epithelium has at
least 2 layers. A pseudostratified epithelium is one that appears to have multiple players, but in fact has only
one. There are three main shapes: squamous (squashed flat cells), cuboidal (square cells), and columnar
(rectangular-shaped cells). Transitional epithelium refers to a stratified epithelium that is able to expand and
contract, so depending on how stretched out it is, the shape of the cells can vary.
For each type of tissue listed, you should be able to…
1) Identify the tissue from a slide
2) Name at least one function for that type of tissue
3) Identify at least one location in the body where you would find that type of tissue
1. Simple squamous epithelium
2. Simple cuboidal epithelium
3. Simple columnar epithelium
4. Stratified squamous epithelium
5. Transitional epithelium
6. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Rat Dissection ID Sheet
You should be able to identify and name at least one function for all of the following organs on dissected rats.
You should also be able to identify the non-reproductive structures on the human torso model.
Non-reproductive structures:
1. Salivary gland
2. Trachea
3. Esophagus
4. Thymus
5. Aorta
6. Heart
7. Vena cava
8. Lungs
9. Liver
10. Gallbladder (only ID on human torso model)
11. Diaphragm
12. Mesentery
13. Stomach
14. Caecum
15. Small intestine
16. Kidney
17. Large intestine (colon)
18. Ureter
19. Pancreas
20. Urinary bladder
21. Spleen
Reproductive structures
Female
1. Ovary
2. Horn of uterus (fallopian tubes in humans)
Male
1. Seminal vesicles
2. Vas deferens
3. Head of the epididymis
4. Testes
5. Prostate
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LAB 3: Osmosis & Diffusion; Histology Part II
Pre-Lab Assignment 3A: Osmosis & Diffusion
Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment.
Type your answers and turn the assignment in at the BEGINNING of lab.
Part I: Define the following terms.
1. Diffusion
2. Concentration gradient
3. Equilibrium
4. Osmosis
5. Hypotonic
6. Hypertonic
7. Isotonic
8. Tonicity
9. Crenate
10. Lyse
11. Active process
12. Passive process
13. Carrier mediated
14. Solute
15. Solvent
Part II. Fill in the blanks and answer the following questions.
1. Diffusion is a _______________ process where a solute moves from a __________ concentration to a
________________ concentration.
2. Osmosis is the movement of ______________ from a solution with a ____________ concentration to a
solution with a _______________ concentration.
3. Isotonic saline and 5% dextrose in water are solutions considered isotonic to human blood. What effect on
red blood cells would you expect if a patient were given these fluids intravenously? A solution of 10%
dextrose in water is hypertonic to human blood. What would happen if you were to infuse your patient
with this solution?
4. Gatorade and other sports drinks are actually hypotonic solutions. How do these drinks rehydrate their user’s
cells?
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Pre-Lab Assignment 3B: Histology II
Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment.
Complete the following prior to coming to lab, use your textbook for reference. Type the answers, print them
out, and turn them in at the BEGINNING of lab.
Define the following terms, list the function of each type of tissue, and tell where in the body you would
typically find these tissues.
1. Loose connective tissue
2. Dense regular connective tissue
3. Dense irregular connective tissue
4. Fibrocartilage
5. Compact bone
6. Spongy bone
7. Adipose tissue
8. Areolar tissue
9. Blood
10. Hyaline cartilage
11. Reticular tissue
12. Elastic cartilage
13. Classify #’s 4-12 into the correct subtype of connective tissue: loose, dense, fluid, supporting
14. What is a ground substance?
15. Differentiate between elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and collagen fibers.
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Connective Tissues ID Sheet
For each type of tissue listed, you should be able to…
1) Identify the tissue from a slide
2) Name at least one function for that type of tissue
3) Identify at least one location in the body where you would find that type of tissue
1. General connective tissues
a. Loose Tissues
i. Areolar Tissue
ii. Adipose Tissue
iii. Reticular Tissue
b. Dense
i. Regular (white fibrous)
ii. Irregular
2. Cartilage
a. Hyaline Cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic Cartilage
3. Bone
a. Compact Bone
b. Spongy (cancellous) Bone
4. Blood
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LAB 4: Histology Part III
Pre-Lab Assignment 4: Histology III
Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment.
Complete the following prior to coming to lab, using your textbook for reference. Type the answers, print
them out, and turn them in at the BEGINNING of lab.
Define the following terms, list their functions, and tell where in the body you would typically find these
cells/tissues.
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
4. Neuron
5. Neuroglial cell
7. Describe the size and shape of each of the muscle cells. Which ones are striated? How many
nuclei does each type of muscle cell contain?
8. List the parts and functions of a neuron.
9. What are the functions of neuroglial cells?
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Histology III ID Sheet
Because these slides are composed of tissues from real organisms, you will often find multiple tissues on the
same slide. Make sure that you are looking at the appropriate tissue on each slide. Some tissues may be
available only on specific microscopes set up on either side of the lab. Check with your instructor for
confirmation.
For each type of tissue listed, you should be able to…
1) Identify the tissue from a slide
2) Name at least one function for that type of tissue
3) Identify at least one location in the body where you would find that type of tissue
Muscle tissue
1. Striated (skeletal) muscle
2. Cardiac muscle (may be labeled as “intercalated disks”)
3. Smooth muscle
Nervous tissue
1. Neuron
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LAB 5: Axial Skeleton
Pre-Lab Assignment 5: Axial Skeleton
Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment.
Type up the answers and turn in at the BEGINNING of lab.
Part I. Define the following terms. How many of each is found in a human being? For #1 and #2, list the
different bones and how many of each are in category (i.e., facial bones are made up of several different
bones, name each one and how many of each exist).
1. Cranial bones
2. Facial bones
3. Hyoid bone
4. Ribs
5. Sternum
6. Temporal bone
7. Parietal bone
8. Occipital bone
9. Sphenoid
10. Frontal bone
11. Ethmoid
12. Mandible
13. Maxilla
14. Vomer
15. Lacrimal bone
16. Nasal bone
17. Palatine
18. Zygomatic
19. Inferior nasal conchae
20. Axis
21. Atlas
22. Cervical vertebrae
23. Thoracic vertebrae
24. Lumbar vertebrae
25. Sacrum
26. Coccyx
Part II.
1. Where are the following sutures located?
Sagittal Suture
Squamous Suture
Coronal Suture
Lambdoid Suture
2. Which bones make up the orbit?
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Axial Skeleton ID Sheet
You should be able to identify all of the following skeletal elements. When identifying the vertebrae, you will
only need to provide the name for the type of vertebra, not the specific number for a given one (except that the
Atlas and Axis should be identified as such).
Skull (whole)
1. Frontal bone
a. Supraorbital margin
2. Parietal bone
3. Occipital bone
a. Occipital condyles
b. Foramen magnum
4. Temporal bone
a. Mastoid process
b. Styloid process
c. Zygomatic process
d. External auditory meatus
e. Jugular foramen
f. Carotid foramen
5. Maxilla
6. Zygomatic bone
a. Temporal process
7. Sphenoid bone
8. Nasal bone
9. Lacrimal bone
10. Ethmoid bone
11. Vomer
12. Inferior nasal concha
13. Mandible
a. Coronoid process
b. Condylar process
14. Coronal suture
15. Sagittal suture
16. Squamous suture
17. Lambdoid suture
Skull (disassembled)
1. Occipital bone
2. Frontal bone
3. Parietal bone
4. Temporal bone
5. Maxilla
6. Zygomatic bone
7. Sphenoid bone
8. Nasal bone
Fetal Skull
1. Frontal bone
2. Parietal bone
3. Temporal bone
4. Occipital bone
5. Anterior fontanel
6. Sphenoidal fontanel
7. Mastoid fontanel
8. Occipital fontanel
Vertebral column (whole and disassembled)
1. Atlas
a. Posterior arch
b. Anterior arch
2. Axis
a. Dens
3. Cervical vertebrae
4. Thoracic vertebrae
5. Lumbar vertebrae
6. Sacrum
a. Base
b. Apex
7. Coccyx
8. Intervertebral discs
Parts of vertebrae
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse process
3. Vertebral body
4. Vertebral foramen
5. Superior vs. inferior side
6. Dorsal vs. ventral side
7. Articular processes (superior vs. inferior)
Rib cage
1. Ribs
2. Sternum
a. Manubrium
b. Body
c. Xiphoid process
3. Costal cartilages
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LAB 6: Appendicular Skeleton
Pre-Lab Assignment 6: Appendicular Skeleton
Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment.
Type up the answers and turn in at the BEGINNING of lab.
Part I. Define the following terms. How many of each is found in a human being? For #’s 21-26, list the
different bones and how many of each are in category (i.e., pelvic girdle is made up of different bones, name each
one and how many of each exist).
1. Scapula
2. Clavicle
3. Humerus
4. Radius
5. Ulna
6. Carpals
7. Metacarpals
8. Phalanges
9. Femur
10. Patella
11. Tibia
12. Fibula
13. Tarsals
14. Metatarsals
17. Ilium
18. Pubis
19. Ischium
20. Hip bone (Os coxae)
21. Pectoral girdle
22. Pelvic girdle
23. Wrist
24. Hand
25. Ankle
26. Foot
Part II.
1. How can you determine if the following bones are from the left or right side of the body?
Femur
Tibia
Humerus
Scapula
Radius
Ulna
Hip Bone (Ox coxae)
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Appendicular Skeleton ID Sheet
You should be able to identify all of the following skeletal elements using the terminology from your textbook.
Where indicated, you should be able to identify whether a particular bone is from the left or right side of the
body
Pectoral Girdle
1. Clavicle
2. Scapula (left vs. right)
a. Spine
b. Supraspinous fossa
c. Infraspinous fossa
d. Acromion
e. Coracoid process
f. Glenoid cavity
g. Lateral border
h. Medial border
i. Superior border
Upper Limbs
3. Humerus (left vs. right)
a. Head
b. Body
c. Trochlea
d. Capitulum
e. Olecranon fossa
f. Lateral epicondyle
g. Medial epicondyle
4. Radius (left vs. right)
a. Head
b. Styloid process
c. Tuberosity
5. Ulna (left vs. right)
a. Head
b. Olecranon
c. Trochlear notch
d. Styloid process
6. Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
a. Carpals
b. Metacarpals
c. Phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)
Pelvic girdle
7. Os coxae/hip bones (left vs. right)
a. Obturator foramen
b. Acetabulum
c. Ilium
i. Iliac crest
ii. Iliac fossa
iii. Greater sciatic notch
d. Pubis
e. Ischium
i. Lesser sciatic notch
Lower Limbs
8. Femur (left vs. right)
a. Head
b. Neck
c. Greater trochanter
d. Lesser trochanter
e. Lateral condyle
f. Medial condyle
g. Intercondylar fossa
9. Patella
10. Tibia (left vs. right)
a. Tuberosity
b. Medial malleolus
c. Medial condyle
d. Lateral condyle
e. Intercondylar eminence
f. Anterior border/crest
11. Fibula
a. Head
b. Lateral malleolus
12. Ankle, Foot, and Toes
a. Tarsals
i. Talus
ii. Calcaneus
b. Metatarsal
c. Phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)
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LAB 7: Muscles
Pre-Lab Assignment 7: Muscles
Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment.
Complete the following prior to coming to lab, type your answers, and turn them in at the beginning of
lab.
Part I. Define the following terms.
1. Epimysium
2. Fascicle
3. Perimysium
4. Muscle fiber
5. Endomysium
6. Sarcolemma
7. T-tubule
8. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
9. Terminal cisternae
10. Myofibril
11. Thick filament
12. Thin filament
13. Actin
14. Myosin
15. Action potential
16. Cross-bridge cycle (contraction cycle)
17. Excitation-contraction coupling
18. Sliding filament theory
19. Length-tension relationship
20. Zone of overlap
21. Troponin
22. Tropomyosin
23. Tendon
24. Ligament
25. Aponeurosis
26. Motor end plate
27. Neuromuscular junction
28. Sarcomere
29. Origin
30. Insertion
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Part II 1. Using the numbers 1 through 12, place the following events in correct chronological order, beginning with
the command to contract from the central nervous system.
______________ Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate, opening sodium channels.
______________ Calcium binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to roll away from the active sites on actin.
______________ An action potential travels down the axon of a motor neuron to the synaptic terminal.
______________ ATP binds to myosin, causing it to release actin.
______________ Sodium ions rush in, triggering an action potential that travels along the sarcolemma.
______________ Voltage-gated calcium channels open, and calcium rushes into the synaptic terminal.
______________ Myosin binds with a second actin, and the cycle repeats, resulting in muscle contraction.
______________ Vesicles containing acetylcholine fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing ACh into the synaptic cleft.
______________ The myosin head splits the ATP into ADP and phosphate, putting it back into its original position.
______________ Myosin binds with actin’s active site, producing a cross-bridge.
______________ The action potential causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
______________ The myosin head releases ADP and phosphate, causing the head to pivot towards the M line.
2. How is the series of steps above terminated (i.e. how is the signal turned off)? What happens to the
acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft? What happens to the calcium released from the SR?
3. The drug Botox is made from the toxin of the bacterium Clostridium boutlinum. It is injected subdermally to
minimize fine lines and creases in the face. The toxin prevents motor neurons from releasing
acetylcholine. How would this produce the desired cosmetic results? What could happen if this toxin
were absorbed systemically?
4. You are at the gym with a friend who complains that she cannot lift as much weight on a new machine as she
could on the old machine. You examine the machine and note that the starting position for the exercise
puts your friend’s muscles in a stretched position. How does this explain her seeming loss of strength?
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Muscle ID Sheet
You should be able to identify each of the following muscles in PAL 3.0 software. You should also be able to
name ONE SPECIFIC action for all of the following muscles on this ID sheet (you will find the actions using
your textbook). An example of a specific action is “elevates scapula”.
Muscles of Head and Face
1. Orbicularis oculi
2. Orbicularis oris
3. Sternocleidomastoid
4. Buccinator muscle
5. Masseter muscle
6. Temporalis
Muscles that Move Pectoral Girdle
1. Trapezius
2. Levator scapulae
3. Serratus anterior
Muscles that Move Arm
1. Deltoid
2. Pectoralis major
3. Teres major
4. Latissimus dorsi
Muscles that Move Forearm
1. Triceps brachii
2. Biceps brachii
3. Brachioradialis
Muscles that Move Hand
1. Flexor carpi ulnaris
2. Extensor digitorum
3. Extensor carpi ulnaris
Muscles of Abdominal Wall
1. External oblique
2. Rectus abdominis
Muscles that Move Thigh or Leg
1. Tensor fasciae latae
2. Adductor longus
3. Gluteus maximus
4. Gracilis
5. Sartorius
6. Rectus femoris
7. Vastus medialis
Muscles that Move Foot
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Tibialis anterior
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LAB 8: Nervous System Physiology
Pre-Lab Assignment 8: Nervous System Physiology
Type up the answers and turn in at the BEGINNING of lab. Don’t forget to type your
name on the assignment.
Part I. Define the following terms and explain their function(s).
1. Neuron
2. Soma (cell body)
3. Dendrite
4. Axon hillock
5. Axon
6. Axon terminal (synaptic terminal)
7. Propagation
8. Schwann cells
9. Oligodendrocytes
10. Myelin sheath
11. Node of Ranvier
12. Synapse
13. Synaptic vesicle
14. Synaptic cleft
15. Presynaptic cell
16. Postsynaptic cell
17. Membrane potential
18. Resting membrane potential
19. Action potential
20. Graded (local) potential
21. Depolarization
22. Repolarization
23. Hyperpolarization
24. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
25. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
26. Neurotransmitters
Part II.
1. Which part(s) of the neuron is capable of generating an action potential?
2. Which part(s) of the neuron is capable of generating a graded potential?
3. Where are synaptic vesicles located?
4. What triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles?
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LAB 9: Nervous System Anatomy
Pre-Lab Assignment 9: Nervous System Anatomy
Don’t forget to type your name on the assignment.
Type up the answers and turn in at the BEGINNING of lab.
Part I: Define the following terms and list their function(s).
1. Dura mater
2. Pia mater
3. Cerebral hemispheres
4. Cerebral cortex
5. Corpus callosum
6. Fornix
7. Diencephalon
8. Thalamus
9. Hypothalamus
10. Pons
11. Medulla oblongata
12. Cerebellum
13. Superior colliculus
14. Inferior colliculus
15. Mammillary body
16. Pituitary gland
17. Infundibulum
18. Pineal body (gland)
19. Ventricles
20. Choroid plexus
21. Cerebral spinal fluid
22. Spinal cord
Part II:
1. Where is cerebral spinal fluid produced?
2. What do think the chances are of survival if the hypothalamus was severely damaged? Explain your answer.
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Neuroanatomy ID Sheet
You should be able to identify and name one function for all the following structures. Your ability to identify
them will be based on the models viewed in lab and dissections (where possible).
Whole brain – ventral side
1. Dura mater
2. Olfactory bulbs
a. Olfactory tracts
3. Optic chiasm
a. Optic nerves (CN II)
b. Optic tracts
4. Pituitary gland (hypophysis) if visible
5. Infundibulum
6. Mammillary body
7. Hypothalamus
8. Cerebral peduncle
a. Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
9. Pons
10. Medulla
11. Spinal cord
Whole brain – dorsal side
1. Cerebrum
2. Sulci
3. Gyri
4. Pineal body
5. Corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
a. Superior colliculus
b. Inferior colliculus
6. Cerebellum
7. Longitudinal fissure
Frontal section
1. Lateral ventricles
Ventricle model
1. Lateral ventricles
2. Third ventricle
3. Fourth ventricle
4. Intraventricular foramen
5. Cerebral aqueduct
Mid-sagittal section
1. Corpus callosum
2. Cerebrum
3. Lateral ventricles
4. 3rd ventricle
5. 4th ventricle
6. Cerebral aqueduct
7. Pineal body
8. Corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
9. Cerebellum
a. Arbor vitae
10. Medulla oblongata
11. Pons
12. Infundibulum
13. Choroid plexus
14. Thalamus
Spinal cord models
1. Central canal
2. Ventral root
3. Dorsal root
a. Dorsal root ganglion
4. Spinal nerve
5. White matter
6. Gray matter
a. Anterior vs. posterior horns
7. Anterior median fissure
Neuron models
You should be able to identify the following
structures and their functions on the neuron models
in the lab.
1. Soma
2. Axon
3. Dendrites
4. Synaptic terminals
5. Myelin (if present)
6. Axon hillock
23
REFERENCE MATERIAL/STUDY GUIDES
Root Words from Latin and Greek (BIOL1151/L,BIOL1152/L)
Prefix/Root/Suffix Greek (G) or Latin (L)
Meaning Examples
a-, an- G without, not anaerobic, asexual
ab- L from, away from abnormal, abduct
acr(o)- G height, summit, tip acrosome, acrodont
ad- L to, toward, near adduct, adhere
adip(o)- L fat adipose, adipocyte
-algia G pain neuralgia, fibromyalgia
ambi- L both ambidextrous, ambivalent
amphi- G both sides amphicoelous, amphibian
an-, ana- G up, back, again, against anaphylaxis, anabolic
andr(o)- G male, masculine androgen, android
ante- L before antepartum, antecedent
angi(o)- G blood vessel angiogram, angiogenesis
anti- L against antibiotic, antibody
arthr(o)- G joint arthritis, arthropod
articul(o)- L joint articular, articulation
-ase enzyme amylase, peptidase
audi- L hearing, listening, sound auditory, audible
aut(o)- G self autonomic, autoimmune
bi- L two, twice biceps, binary
blast(o)- G sprout, bud, embryo, germ
blastocyst, hemocytoblast
brachi(o)- G, L arm brachiocephalic, brachium
brachy- G short, little brachycephalic, brachydactylic
brady- G slow bradycardia, bradyphagia
bronch(i)- G windpipe bronchitis, bronchiole
bucc- L cheek, mouth, cavity buccal, buccogingival
cardi(o)- G, L heart cardiology, cardiac
carp(o)- L wrist carpal tunnel, carpi radialis
cata- G down, under catabolism, cataract
caud- L tail caudal, caudofemoralis
-cele, coel- G pouching, hernia, hollow coelom, hydrocele
cephal(o)- G head hydrocephalous, brachiocephalic
cervi(c)- L neck cervical, cervix
chir(o)- G hand chiropractor, Chiroptera
chol(e)- G bile cholecystokinin, cholecystitis
chondr(i)o- G cartilage, gristle chondrocyte, chondroplasty
chrom(ato)- G color chromatophore, hemochromatosis
cili- L cilia, eyelashes, eyelids ciliary body, ciliectomy
circum- L around something circumcision, circumvent
24
Prefix/Root/Suffix Greek (G) or Latin (L)
Meaning Examples
-clast G break osteoclast, cranioclast
co-, com-, cor- L with, together, association
coenzyme, compatible
coron(o)- L garland, crown coronary, corona
cost(o)- L rib intercostal, costochondral
crani(o)- G, L skull craniology, cranium
-crine G to secrete endocrine, exocrine
cutane(o)- L skin subcutaneous, cutaneous
cyan- G blue cyanotic, cyanide
cyst- G bladder, capsule cystic fibrosis, cystitis
cyt-, -cyte G cell cytokine, leukocyte
-dactyl- G a finger, a toe pterodactyl, polydactyl
de- L away from, cessation debridement, dementia
dendr- G resembling a tree dendrite, dendrochronology
dent- L tooth, teeth dentures, dentition
derm- G skin dermatitis, dermatome
di- G two, twice diploid, dipole
dia- G through, during, across dialysis, diastema
dis- L separation, taking apart dissection, distension
dont- G tooth, teeth orthodontist, periodontal
dors(o)- L back dorsal, dorsalis pedis
dys- G bad, difficult, painful dysmenorrhea, dysentery
-eal L pertaining to corneal, esophageal
ec-, ecto- G out, outer, outside ectopic pregnancy, ectoderm
-ectomy G removal, resection, excision
mastectomy, appendectomy
-emesis G vomiting hematemesis, hyperemesis
-emia G blood condition anemia, leukemia
encephal- G brain encephalogram, encephalitis
endo- G inside, within endocardium, endocrinology
eosin- G red eosinophil, eosinophilia
enter(o)- G intestine gastroenterology, enteric nervous system
epi- G above, upon, on epidermis, epidural
erythr(o)- G red erythrocyte, erythropoietin
eu- G true, good, well, new eukaryote, euphoria
ex- L out of, away from excision, exclude
exo- G outside, external exoskeleton, exobiology
extra- L outside extrahepatic, extrauterine
fibr(o)- fiber, fibrous fibroblast, fibromyalgia
-form L resembling, in the shape of
cuneiform, deformity
fore- before, ahead forehead, forearm
25
Prefix/Root/Suffix Greek (G) or Latin (L)
Meaning Examples
front- L forehead frontonasal, frontal bone
gastr(o)- G stomach, belly gastric bypass, gastroenterology
gen- G race, kind, birth genocide, genital
-genic G produced by or in cardiogenic shock, hypoallergenic
gingiv- L gums gingivitis, gingivoplasty
glia- G glue microglia, neuroglia
glob- L sphere globule, global
grad-, -gred-, gress- L walk, step, go retrograde, regress
-gram G record, picture angiogram, electrocardiogram
-gyn(ec)o G woman gynecology, gynocide
hemat(o)-, hemo-, hema-
G, L blood hemocytoblast, hematology
hepat(o)-, hepatic- G liver hepatocyte, hepatology
hist(o)-, histio- G tissue histology, histamine
hydr(o)- G water hydrocephalous, hydrotherapy
hyper- G over, above, beyond, extreme
hypertension, hyperglycemia
hyp(o)- G below, under hypovolemia, hypocalcemia
hyster(o)- G womb, uterus hysterectomy, hysteria
-iasis G condition (of disease) giardiasis, psoriasis
-ic G pertaining to hepatic, acidic
infra- L below infrared, infraorbital
inter- L between, among intercellular, interarticular
intra- L within, inside, interior intracellular, intramural
iso- G equal isotonic, isotope
-itis inflammation arthritis, tonsillitis
karyo- G nucleus eukaryote, prokaryote
kin(e)-, kin(o)- G movement kinesthesia, kinetics
labi(o)- L lip labiodental, labioplasty
lact(i)-, lact(o)- L milk lactation, lactose
-lepsis, -lepsy G attack, seizure epilepsy, narcolepsy
leuc(o)-, leuk(o) G white leukocyte, leukemia
lingu(a)-, lingu(o)- L tongue lingual, linguistics
lip(o)- G fat liposuction, lipoma
lith(o) G stone, rock otolith, lithotripsy
-logist G specialist in a certain field
pathologist, psychologist
-logy G study of a certain field urology, hematology
lys(o)-, -lytic G dissolution, dissolving lysosome, hemolytic
-lysis G destruction, separation paralysis, hydrolysis
26
Prefix/Root/Suffix Greek (G) or Latin (L)
Meaning Examples
macr(o)- G large, long macrophage, macroglia
mamm(o)- L breast mammary gland, mammogram
mania G mental illness kleptomania, maniac
melan- G black, dark melanocyte, melanin
mening(o)- G membrane meningitis, meninges
mes(o)- G middle mesoderm, mesocolon
meta- G after, behind metacarpal, metatarsal
-meter G instrument to measure tachometer, barometer
-metry G process of measuring optometry, lipometry
micro- G small microscope, microglia
my(o)- G muscle myoglobin, cardiomyopathy
myel(o)- G bone marrow, spinal cord
myeloblast, myelitis
narc(o)- G numb, sleep narcolepsy, narcotics
nas(o)- L nose nasal, nasoocular
necr(o)- G death necrosis, necropsy
neo- G new neoplasm, neonatal
nephr(o)- G kidney nephron, nephrologist
neur(i)-, neur(o)- G nerves, nervous system neurologist, neurofibromatosis
ocul(o)- L eye oculist, oculoplasty
odont(o)- G teeth orthodontist, odontoid
-oid G resemblance to odontoid, sarcoidosis
olig(o)- G having little, having few oligodendrocyte, oligopeptide
-oma (singular), -omata (plural)
G tumor, mass, collection sarcoma, lymphoma
onco- G tumor, bulk, volume oncologist, oncogene
ophthalm(o)- G eye ophthalmology, ophthalmologist
or(o)- L mouth oral, oropharynx
orth(o)- G straight, correct, normal orthodontist, orthopedist
-osis G condition, disease, increase
osteoporosis, psychosis
ost(e)-, oste(o)- G bone osteoporosis, osteoblast
ot(o)- G ear otolith, otology
pachy- G thick pachyderma, pachydactyly
par(a)- G beside, near parallel, paravertebral
path(o)- G disease pathology, pathophysiology
-pathy G disease, disorder neuropathy, sociopathy
-ped-, -pes L foot biped, pedoscope
ped-, pedo- G child pediatrician, pedophilia
-penia G deficiency osteopenia, erythropenia
peri- G surrounding, around periodontal, pericardium
27
Prefix/Root/Suffix Greek (G) or Latin (L)
Meaning Examples
-phage, -phagia G eating, ingestion macrophage, hyperphagia
-phil(ia), -philic G attraction for hemophilia, hydrophilic
phleb(o)- G vein phlebotomy, phlebography
-phobia, -phobic G exaggerated fear, sensitivity
hydrophobic, arachnophobia
-physis G growing, growth epiphysis, zygapophysis
-plasia G formation, development achondroplasia, hyperplasia
-plasty G surgical repair, reconstruction
rhinoplasty, oculoplasty
-plegia G paralysis paraplegia, quadriplegia
pleur(o)-, pleur(a)- G,L ribs, side of body pleural, pleurisy
-plexy G stroke, seizure cataplexy, apoplexy
pneum(o)-, pneumat(o)- G lungs, air pneumonia, pneumothorax
-pod-, -pus G foot podiatrist, podocyte
post- L after, behind postmortem, postoperative
pre- L before, in front of prematurity, precapillary
pro- G before, in front of prokaryote, procephalic
proct(o)- G anus proctologist, proctoscope
pseud(o)- G false pseudostratified, pseudonym
psych(e)-, psych(o)- G mind psychiatrist, psychologist
pulmon-, pulmo- L lungs pulmonary, pulmonologist
pyro- G fever antipyretic, pyrogen
quadr(i)- L four quadriceps, quadrilateral
re- L again, backward relapse, resuscitation
ren(o)- L kidney renal, adrenal
reticul(o)- L net reticulocyte, reticular formation
retro- L backward, behind retroversion, retroflex
rhin(o)- G nose rhinoplasty, rhinoceros
-rrhea G flowing, discharge diarrhea, menorrhea
sarco- G muscular, fleshlike sarcoma, sarcoplasmic reticulum
scler(o)-, -sclerosis G hard, hardening scleroderma, atherosclerosis
-scope G instrument for viewing stethoscope, microscope
-scopy G use of instrument for viewing
endoscopy, colonoscopy
sec-, sect-, seg- L cut dissect, segment
semi- L one-half, partly semiconscious, semilunar
ser(o)- L body fluid serum, serotonin
somat(o)- G body, bodily somatic, somatosensory
spondyl(o)- G vertebra, spine spondylitis, spondylolysis
-stasis G stopping, standing homeostasis, cytostasis
-stomy G creation of an opening colostomy, gastrostomy
sub- L beneath subcutaneous, subclavian
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Prefix/Root/Suffix Greek (G) or Latin (L)
Meaning Examples
super-, supra- L in excess, above supraorbital, superior
sy-, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys- G similarity, likeness, being together
sympathy, symptom
tachy- G fast, irregularly fast tachycardia, tachyphrenia
-tension, -tensive L pressure hypertension, hypotensive
thorac(i)-, thorac(o)- G, L chest, upper chest thorax, thoracotomy
thromb(o)- G blood clot thrombocyte, thrombosis
-tomy G cutting, incising, incision thoracotomy, appendectomy
trans- L across, through transfusion, transdermal
tri- L three triceps, triangle
trich(i)-, trich(o)- G hair, hair-like structure trichocyst, trichotillomania
-trophy G nourishment, development
atrophy, hypertrophy
un(i)- L one unilateral, unilobar
ur(o)- G urine, urinary system urologist, urology
vas(o)- L blood vessel vasoconstriction, vasodilation
ven- L vein venospasm, intravenous
ventr(o)- L belly, stomach cavities ventrolateral, ventromedial
-version L turning anteversion, introversion
viscer(o)- L internal orgams viscera, evisceration
xen(o)- G foreign, different xenograft, xenophobia
xer(o)- G dry, desert-like xeroderma, xerostomia
zyg- G yoke, join together zygote, zygapophysis
29
Histology Review Guide
The histology labs focus on the examination and identification of tissues
that make up the organs of the body. The tissues are divided into four main categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and neuronal. All of the
photomicrographs were taken using the 40X objective (400X magnification), which is the highest magnification we use in this lab.
Remember, for the practical, you are expected to:
1) Identify the tissues 2) Know where the tissues are found
3) Know one function for the tissues
Epithelial tissue
Simple squamous epithelium
Epithelial tissue that lines the air pockets (alveoli) of
the lungs.
30
Stratified squamous
epithelium
The identification is from the shape of the top layer
of cells.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
This tissue lines the tubules of the kidney. You can see the
lumen (open area) and
the single layer of cuboidal cells that enclose
a tubule. The cells are cuboidal in shape with the
nucleus in the center.
31
Simple columnar
epithelium
This tissue lines the digestive tract. The light
fuzz on the apical surface of the cells are microvilli
that increase the absorptive area of the
cell. The light purple
structures are goblet cells, which are unicellular
glands that secrete mucous.
Pseudostratified
epithelium
This tissue lines the
trachea. On the apical surface are cilia that are
used to move mucous along the surface of the
trachea. The cells vary in
shape but there is only one layer of cells attached
to the basement membrane. The shorter
cells mixed with columnar cells give this epithelium
the appearance of being made up of layers of cells.
32
Transitional Epithelium
This tissue lines the bladder. The cells are
stratified and are capable of changing their shape to
accommodate the
stretching of the bladder.
Connective tissue
Bone
There are two osteons in this micrograph. The dark
and light ovals are the central canals or
Haversian canals through which blood vessels and
nerves project. Surrounding cen
tral canals are the lamellae with the
osteocytes embedded in
the solid calcium and phosphate matrix. The
fine lines radiating out from the center are
canaliculi.
33
Blood
This micrograph shows red blood cells
(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes),
and platelets
Adipose tissue
Most of the cell volume is taken up by a triglyceride
droplet. On some of the cells you can see the
nucleus pushed up against
the plasma membrane.
34
Areolar connective tissue
This tissue is characterized by oval plasma cells and 3
different kinds of fibers: collagen (thick and light
pink), elastic (thinner and
dark), and reticular (thinnest and dark).
Reticular connective tissue
Small pink reticular cells are surrounded by dark brown reticular fibers.
35
Elastic tissue
The branching pink structures are the elastic
fibers. Embedded you can see the nuclei of some
fibroblasts.
Dense regular connective tissue (white tissue)
This tissue makes up the tendons and
ligaments. The cell bodies are darkly stained and
elongated.
36
Hyaline cartilage
Lacunae (small openings) contain the chondrocytes, which are embedded in a
smooth matrix. Chondroblasts,
which secrete the matrix,
can be seen at the top of the micrograph.
Elastic cartilage
Lacunae containing the chondrocytes, which are
characteristic of cartilage, are embedded in a matrix
with elastic fibers. The fibers are dark and canbe
seen most clearly on the right side of the
micrograph.
37
Fibrous cartilage
The lacunae are not as numerous in this cartilage
and they are smaller. the nuclei of the chondrocytes
is a red-purple color.
Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle cells are
cylindrical in shape. They are multinucleate and
striated. The nuclei are found against the plasma
membrane.
You should be able to see the striations on the
larger image or on this micrograph.
38
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle cells are
also striated but unlike skeletal muscle, they have
a single nucleus and are branched. The cardiac
muscle cells are attached to each other through
desmisomes. The desmisomes and gap
junctions together make up the intercalated discs,
which are the dark blue lines that run
perpendicular to the muscle fiber.
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle has a spindle shape and a single
nucleus. It is NOT striated.
Nerve tissue
39
Nerve tissue
The large central structure
is a motor neuron surrounded by the small
dark nuclei of the glial cells that are important in
maintaining the tissue environment. The motor
neuron is multipolar and exhibits an axon and
dendrites extending from the body of the cell.
42
This image shows an entire rat that has already been opened up.
Here's a closeup of the rat's trachea (it's a little buried in the tissues of the neck, but you can see the cartilage rings clearly)
43
Here's a picture of the rat's heart. You can see the lungs to either side, and the diaphragm in the lower left of the picture.
Here's the abdominal cavity as it looks when you first open it. The liver and intestines fill most of the view.
44
This probe is stuck in the rat's cecum
In this picture, the liver has been moved up, so that you can see the stomach and spleen. The kidney is also visible in the lower right portion of the picture.
In this picture you can see the pancreas sitting at the point where the stomach
and small intestine join.
45
This picture shows the mesentery connecting the portions of the small
intestine.
This image shows the female urogenital system. You can see the uterus, with
its two horns, and the urinary bladder.
This picture shows the male reproductive system - you can see the testes and head of the epididymis
46
Neuroanatomy Lab Photos
Here's a picture showing the ventral side of the sheep's brain.
Here's the cerebellum pushed downward to expose the corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
and pineal body.
47
Here's the dorsal view of the brain.
Here's the intact brain, lateral view, with labels.
Here's a mid-sagittal section of a sheep's brain.
48
Here’s the mid-sagittal section with labels.
Here’s another mid-sagittal section with labels.
Here’s a picture of the ventricle model from the side.
49
Here’s the ventricle model from the front.
Here’s the mid-sagittal view of the human brain model.
50
Here’s a mid-sagittal view of an actual human brain.
Here’s a frontal section of the human brain.