Biol 405/505 Principles of Organic Evolutiondybdahl/EvoLect1-06.pdf · What is Organic Evolution?...
Transcript of Biol 405/505 Principles of Organic Evolutiondybdahl/EvoLect1-06.pdf · What is Organic Evolution?...
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Biol 405/505
Principles ofOrganic Evolution
Instructor: Dr. Mark Dybdahl
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Outline• What is organic evolution?
– Descent with modification
– Natural selection
• Darwin’s insight
• Evolution of the theory of
evolution
• What evolution explains?
• Course logistics & info
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What is Organic Evolution?
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What is Organic Evolution?
Change over time
1928 today
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What is Organic Evolution?
Change in the form,physiology, life-history,or behavior of organismsbetween generations
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What is Organic Evolution?
Populations evolveindividuals do not
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What is Organic Evolution?
Current species are evolved frompre-existing, ancestral species
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Darwin’s InsightCharles Darwin
1809-1882
H.M.S. Beagle (1831-1836)
Origin of Species, 1859
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
1. Species evolve over time: “descent with modification”
2. Adaptations arise by natural selection
Pattern
Mechanism
Charles Darwin
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The Insight
Alfred RussellWallace
1823-1913
• Similar ideas• Lessevidence
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Descent with Modification
Organic Evolution -->tree-like branching
• splitting, extinctionof lineages
1. Species areAncestral & Derived
2. Common ancestors
Phylogeny
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Descent with ModificationGood day (English)
Buenos dias (Spanish)
Bonjour (French)
Buongiorno (Italian)
Bom día (Portuguese)
Guten tag (German)
Goedendag (Dutch)
Variation, divergencefrom common ancestor
“Romance”from Latin
“Germanic” fromgerman type
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Natural selection
variability
heritability
competition
Fitnessdifferences
Freq. of long necks increases
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Before Darwin
Two views:1. Species were immutable, fixed2. Species changed but there was no
mechanism
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2. Species changehumans
apes
mice
lizards
fish
jellyfish
• Aristotle’s “Great Chainof Being”
• Evolutionary “ladder”• Progressive• Mechanism =Supernatural force
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2. Species change
Jean-BaptisteLamarck
Mechanism of speciesChange:
Inheritance ofacquired characters
1744-1829
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LamarckianEvolution
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After Darwin: ‘Evolution’ of thetheory of evolution
1. Species evolution:– Quickly accepted
2. Natural selection:• Controversial until1920s
• No mechanism ofinheritance
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“Evolution of a theory”
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Natural selection?
Problem: No mechanism of inheritance• Darwin accepted Lamarckian heredity• A. Weissman 1880’s: acquiredcharacters are not inherited!
variability
heritability
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After Darwin
• 1900-1920 Mendeliangenetics rediscovered
• 1940’s ModernSynthesis
Evolution: Changes ingene frequencies ofpopulations over time
Fig 3.3a
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“Evolution is just a theory”
Oxford English Dictionary: 2. “a hypothesisthat has been confirmed or established byobservation or experiment, and is propoundedor accepted as accounting for the knownfacts.”
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What does evolution explain?Why study Evolution?
1. The processesthat createbiodiversity
• Macroevolution
• Lineage branching• Extinction
Fig 17.12
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• Microevolutionand speciation
• Darwin’s finches,Galapagos:divergence
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What does evolution explain?2.The shape of life:
mechanisms ofadaptations
Darwin (1859)'how the innumerable species
inhabiting this world havebeen modified, so as toacquire that perfection ofstructure and coadaptationthat most justly excites ouradmiration.’
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What does evolution explain?
3. The history of life
• Ancestor of whales?
• Ancestor of modernhumans?
Fig. 14.4
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What does evolution explain?
4. Evolution and society: Themanagement of…
• infectious disease
• crop pests
• endangered species
• fisheries
• etc…
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What does evolution explain?
“Nothing in biology makes senseexcept in the light of evolution”
T. Dobzhansky, 1900-1975
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There are two main features of Darwin’s theory: Organisms evolve, and natural selection leads toAdaptation
Natural selection was controversial, and DarwinAgreed with Lamarckian inheritance
The rediscovery of Mendel’s laws of inheritance And its incorporation into Darwin’s theory lead to The Modern Synthesis.
The theory of evolution underwent important changesUntil it was universally accepted, and continues to Change today.