BIOL 2041 Energy: Consumption and Sources Chapters 9 and 10.
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Transcript of BIOL 2041 Energy: Consumption and Sources Chapters 9 and 10.
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Energy: Consumption and Sources
Chapters 9 and 10
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A brief history of energy
• In the beginning……• Here comes the sun• Wood and muscle• Fossil fuels (they ain’t makin’ any more of it)
– Industrial Revolution– Coal, oil, natural gas
• The future– Renewable energy sources– Cleaner energy sources
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Economics
• Modern economies– More industry more energy
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Ecological Foot Print
Cultural Development
Per capita energy use (MJ/day)
Foraging 20
Prim. Agriculture 48
Ad. Agriculture 104
Industrial 308
Ad. Industrial 1025
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Economics
• Modern economies– More industry more energy– Cheap, easy-to-handle, efficient fuel– Cars
• The price of oil (~$50/barrell)
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How is energy used?
• Residential
• Industrial
• Transportation
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Alternate fuel vehicles
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles– Electric – disadvantages– Gasoline – disadvantages– Merge in HEV
• Alternate fuels– Compressed Natural Gas– Methanol– Hydrogen– Propane
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China
• Far more fuel efficient per capita
• Rapidly industrializing
• Potential for tremendous strain on world fuel reserves
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Fuel Sources
• Non-renewable resources
• Renewable resources
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Trends and OPEC
• Know the historical trends (pg. 185-191)
• 75% of the world’s oil reserves– 60% in Middle East
• Power of OPEC– Disunity– Other nations– Foreign policy
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Resources and reserves
• Resource (Fig. 10.2)– Naturally occurring substance that can
potentially be extracted
• Reserve– Know deposits from which materials can be
extracted profitably with existing technology under certain economic conditions
• Hibernia• Tar sands
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Production, Consumption, and Reserves
Fuel Canadian Production
Reserves Reserve Life
Coal (106
tonne)75.1 8623 114
Oil (106 m3) 128.4 1448 11
Natural Gas (109 m3)
160.5 1809 11
Freedman 2004
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Potential Petroleum Reserves
• What is left?
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Non-renewable Sources
• Formation (text 197-198)• Coal (mining)
– environmental– Health and safety– Acid deposition
• Petroleum (crude oil)– Extraction – less damage– Less pollution– Harder to find
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History of leaded gasoline
• How old is the earth?– Clair Patterson
• Tetraeythl lead– Neuro-toxin– Eythl Gasoline
• Lead in atmosphere coincides with leaded gasoline
• Unleaded gas (1986 US, 1990 Canada)
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Non-renewable Sources
• Coal (24%)
• Petroleum (crude oil – 40 %)
• Natural Gas (27%)– Extraction similar to oil– Difficult to transport– Least environmentally damaging
• Burning of all fuels -> Carbon Dioxide -> global warming
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Renewable Sources
• Cost-effective?• Types
– Hydroelectric– Tidal– Geothermal (housing)– Wind– Solar
• new break through
– Biomass conversion
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Nuclear Energy
Chapter 11
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Overview
• History
• Cost/benefit
• Dangers/disposal
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History
• Atomic bomb– Splitting of atoms– Atoms for peace
• Three Mile Island and Chernobyl
• Phasing out
• Nuclear fusion– Fusing of atoms
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Costs/benefits
• Benefits– 7% of world’s energy– Clean in the short-term
• Costs– Radiation– Thermal pollution– decommissioning
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Waste Disposal
• What to do with transuranic waste?– Political problems– Geological problems– Transport problems
• Yucca Mountain