BIOL 121 Chp 19: The Cardiovascular System - The Blood

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The Cardiovascular System: Blood

BIOL 121: A&P I Chapter 19

Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology HACC – York Campus Te

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Internal Fluid Environment of

the Body

Blood plasma (in blood vessels)

IntersLLal fluid (b/w cells)

FuncLons of Blood

Transport: O2, CO2, wastes, nutrients, heat,

hormones

RegulaLon: pH,

temperature, osmoregula*on

Immunity: white blood

cells (leukocytes)

CloNng: prevent blood

loss (hemorrhage)

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Blood Sampling Techniques

Venipuncture

Finger sLck

Heel sLck

Arterial sLck

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Venipuncture

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Finger sLck

7 Heel sLck

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Arterial SLck

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What is Blood?

Blood plasma & formed elements

pH = 7.4 (7.35-‐7.45)

Volume = 4-‐6 liters

High viscosity – benefits?

19_01a

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Blood Plasma

91.5% water

7% proteins

1.5% solutes

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Plasma Proteins

Albumins (54%)

Globulins (38%)

Fibrinogen (7%)

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Albumins

Most abundant

plasma protein

Made in the liver

Maintains blood osmoLc

pressure

Transports hormones

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Globulins

Immunoglobulins

AnLbodies

Heavy & light chains

Bind to anLgens

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Fibrinogen

Hemostasis

Soluble & inacWve

CloNng cascade

Fibrin (insoluble & acWve)

Solutes

Electro-‐ lytes

Nutrients Gases Hormones Wastes

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Formed Elements

Erythrocytes (Red blood

cells)

Leukocytes (White blood

cells)

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

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Hematocrit

Blood plasma (55% volume)

Formed elements (45%

volume)

Anemia: low RBCs

Polycythemia: high RBCs

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Hemopoiesis

ConWnual replacement of blood cells

Embryo: yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, red bone

marrow

AVer Birth & Adult: red bone marrow only

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Hemopoiesis

Pluripotent stem cells

Myeloid stem cells

Lymphoid stem cells

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Myeloid Stem Cells

Progenitor cells (Colony-‐forming units, CFUs)

Precursor cells (“Blasts”)

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Lymphoid Stem Cells

Precursor cells (“Blasts”)

T cells B cells Natural Killer (NK cells)

HemopoieLc Growth Factors (regulate differenWaWon & proliferaWon of blood cells)

ErythropoieLn (EPO, kidneys): increases RBCs

ThrombopoieLn (TPO, liver):

sWmulates platelet formaWon

Cytokines (bone marrow,

WBCs, fibroblasts, endothelial cells): sWmulate hemopoiesis;

increases WBCs; colony-‐sWmulaWng

factors & interleukins

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Flexible, biconcave disk High SA-‐V raWo

No nucleus or organelles

Contain hemoglobin

Do not divide 5.4 million per uL (men); 4.8 million per uL (women)

Erythrocytes

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Hemoglobin (Hgb)

4 polypepWde chains (quaternary)

1 heme (Fe+2) per chain

Each heme combines reversibly with 1 O2

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Gas Transport by

Hemoglobin

1 Hgb (4 hemes) can carry up to 4

O2

Globin carries CO2 to lungs

Also transports nitric oxide

(NO): vasodilator

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Blood Disorders:

Abnormal Hgb

Thalassemia

Sickle cell anemia

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Sickle-‐cell anemia

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RBC Life Cycle

120-‐day life span

Constant wear-‐and-‐tear

No repair possible: why not?

Dead RBCs removed by macrophages in liver, spleen, marrow

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Hemoglobin Recycling

Globin à amino acids

Heme à Fe+3 & biliverdin

Transferrin: transfers iron to liver or bone

marrow

Biliverdin à bilirubin à bile

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Erythropoiesis

RBC producWon in red bone marrow

SWmulated by hypoxia

CFU-‐E à Proerythroblasts

ReLculocytes à eject nucleus, then organelles

Become mature erythrocytes

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Leukocytes

No hemoglobin

Larger cells with nucleus

Less abundant than RBCs & platelets

Unique MHC-‐anWgens

Granular or Agranular

(a) Neutrophil (b) Eosinophil (c) Basophil (d) Lymphocyte (e) Monocyte LM all 1600x

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WBC Physiology

Only 2% in circulaWon

Most in lymph, skin, lung, nodes,

spleen

Leukocytosis

Leukopenia

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Leukocytosis

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Leukopenia

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WBC Anatomy

Granular (Granulocyte)

Agranular (Agranulocyte)

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Granulocytes

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

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Agranulocytes

Monocytes Lymphocytes

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Neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (“polys”)

60-‐70% of WBCs

Numerous, Wny granules

MulW-‐lobed nucleus

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Eosinophils

2-‐4% of WBCs

Large, orange-‐red granules

Nucleus with 2 lobes

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Basophils

<1% of WBCs

Large, blue-‐purple granules

Bilobed nucleus (omen hidden)

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Lymphocytes

20-‐25% of WBCs

Agranulocytes

B cells, T cells, NK cells

Large, round, darkly stained

nucleus

Sky blue cytoplasm

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Monocytes

3-‐8% of WBCs

Agranulocytes

Larger cell: 12-‐20 μm

Kidney or horseshoe-‐

shaped nucleus

Foamy blue-‐gray cytoplasm

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EmigraLon of WBC’s

EmigraLon = Exit out of blood capillary

SelecLns: on BV endothelium

Integrins: on WBC membrane

Roll à SWck à Squeeze

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Chemotaxis

Cellular movement toward

chemicals

Kinins: released from injured

Wssues

Toxins from microbes

Phagocytosis: neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages

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Neutrophil FuncLons Fastest response & emigraWon to

bacteria

Phagocytosis

Secrete lysozymes

Contain strong oxidants: O2

-‐, H2O2, OCl-‐

Contain defensins

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Phases of Phagocytosis

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Neutrophil with ECM net

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Eosinophil FuncLons

Emigrate into Wssue fluid

Secrete histaminase

(“an*histamine”)

Reduce inflammaWon from allergic reacWons

PhagocyWze anLgen-‐anLbody

complexes

Arack parasiWc worms

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Basophil FuncLons Emigrate into CT as mast cells

Secrete histamine, serotonin, & heparin

Intensify inflammaLon

Trigger hypersensiLvity

reacLons (allergies)

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Monocyte FuncLons Emigrate in large

numbers

PhagocyWze microbes

Remove dead Wssue post-‐infecWon

DifferenWate into

macrophages

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Macrophages

Fixed

Alveolar cells (lungs)

Kupffer cells (liver)

Wandering

Emigrate to site of injury/infecWon

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Lymphocyte FuncLons B cells: destroy bacteria

& toxins

B cells à Plasma cells (secrete anLbodies)

T cells: destroy viruses, fungi, organ transplants,

cancer cells, some bacteria

Natural Killer (NK) cells: destroy variety of infecWous microbes &

tumor cells

Mr. T

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Blood Counts

Complete (CBC)

DifferenLal (WBCs)

Hemoglobin (g/100 mL)

“I pity the fool cancer cell that

tries to mess with me!”

T cell clones

Mr. T cell

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DifferenLal WBC Count

Neutrophils: bacterial infecWon,

burns, stress, inflammaWon

Lymphocytes: viral infecWon, some leukemias,

infecWous mononucleosis

Monocytes: fungal/viral infecWon, some

leukemias, TB, other chronic

diseases

Eosinophils: allergic

reacWons or parasites,

autoimmune disease

Basophils: allergic

reacWons, leukemias, cancers,

hypothyroid-‐ism

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Platelets (Thrombocytes)

150,000-‐400,000 platelets/uL

5-‐9 day lifespan

Removed by macrophages in liver & spleen

FuncWon in hemostasis,

including blood cloNng

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Platelet Anatomy

Cell fragments

No nucleus; Contain many vesicles (granules)

Granules store cloNng factors & accessory clotng

chemicals

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Myeloid Stem Cells

CFU-‐Meg

Megakaryoblasts

Megakaryocytes

Platelets

81 Megakaryocytes

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Hemostasis

Vascular spasm

Platelet plug

Blood cloNng (coagulaLon)

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Vascular Spasm

BV damage triggers pain receptors

VasoconstricLon

Slows hemorrhaging

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Clotng (CoagulaWon)

Factors ADP ATP

Calcium ions Serotonin Thromboxane A2

Fibrin-‐Stabilizing-‐Factor

Platelet-‐Derived Growth Factor

(PDGF)

Platelet Chemicals

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Platelet Plug

1. Platelet adhesion

2. Platelet release reacLon

3. Platelet aggregaLon

Red blood cell

Platelet

Collagen fibers and damaged endothelium

1 Platelet adhesion Collagen fibers

Liberated ADP, serotonin, and

thromboxane A2

2 Platelet release reaction Collagen fibers

PLATELET PLUG

3 Platelet aggregation

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1. Platelet adhesion

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2. Platelet release reacLon

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3. Platelet aggregaLon

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CloNng (CoagulaLon)

Serum

Clot = insoluble fibrin

Traps blood cells

CloNng factors in plasma & platelets

Tissue factor

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Calcium ions (Ca+2) Clotng Factors

Tissue Factor (TF) or

ThromboplasWn

CloNng (CoagulaLon) Factors

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1. FormaLon of prothrombinase

2. Prothrombin à Thrombin

3. Fibrinogen à Fibrin

CloNng Cascade

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CloNng Cascade

Extrinsic pathway

Intrinsic pathway

Common pathway

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Extrinsic Pathway

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Intrinsic Pathway

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Common Pathway

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Clot RetracLon

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HemostaLc Control

Prostacyclin

From BV endothelium & WBCs

Prevents platelet

adhesion & release reacWon

AnLcoagulants

AnLthrombin, Heparin, and AcLvated

Protein C (APC)

FibrinolyLc System

Fibrinolysis

Plasminogen (inac*ve) à Plasmin (ac*ve) à digests fibrin

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Intravascular CloNng

(Thrombosis) Thrombus:

inappropriate clot

Stasis

AccumulaWon of clotng factors à coagulaWon

Embolus (Pulmonary embolism)

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AnLcoagulants Aspirin: blocks thromboxane A2

Heparin: used during hemodialysis & surgery

Coumadin (Warfarin): vitamin K antagonist

Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) or EDTA:

removes Ca+2

ThrombolyLc agents: streptokinase à dissolves

clots

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Blood Types

Glycoproteins & glycolipids on

RBC membranes

AggluLnogens = A anLgen & B

anLgen

AnL-‐A and AnL-‐B anLbodies in

plasma

ABO blood group

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ABO Blood Group

A anWgen only = Type A

B anWgen only = Type B

Both A and B anWgens = Type AB

Neither A or B anWgens = Type O

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AnLbodies (AggluLnins)

Plasma contains anWbodies to the anWgens not found

in your blood

AnL-‐A anLbody: reacts with A anWgen

AnL-‐B anLbody: reacts with B anWgen

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Rh Blood Group

AnWgen discovered on RBCs of Rhesus

monkeys

Rh+: anWgen present

Rh-‐: anWgen absent

AnL-‐Rh anLbody develops only in Rh-‐ plasma a9er

exposure

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HemolyLc Disease of the Newborn

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Blood Transfusions

Transfer of whole blood, cells, or plasma

Treat anemia or severe blood

loss

IncompaLble transfusions: agglu*na*on

RBCs burst, Hgb results in kidney

damage

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DonaLng & Receiving Blood

Type O = Universal donor

No A or B anWgens on RBCs

Type AB = Universal recipient

No anW-‐A or anW-‐B anWbodies in

plasma

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Blood Typing

Detects ABO and Rh groups

Mix blood sample with serums (anLsera) containing

anWbodies to each anWgen

Cross-‐matching: determines compaWbility

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Anemia

Low RBC count

Reduced O2-‐carrying capacity

of blood

Not enough O2 to produce ATP

& heat

FaWgue, cold intolerance, skin

pallor

Types of Anemia

Iron-‐deficiency Pernicious Hemorrhagic HemolyLc Thalassemia AplasLc

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HemolyLc Anemia

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Sickle-‐Cell Anemia GeneWc mutaWon in Hgb synthesis

Deforms RBCs à easily rupture &

clot

Found in malaria belt regions

Carriers have increased malaria

resistance

RBCs leak K+ à kills parasite

Beginning to sickle Crenated Normal Sickled

SEM 1,655x Red blood cells

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Leukemia Acute

Uncontrolled producWon of

immature WBCs

Crowds out red bone marrow

Prevents normal RBC & platelet producWon

Chronic

AccumulaWon of mature WBCs in

blood

Classified by type of WBC

BIOL 121 Chp 19: The Cardiovascular System - The Blood

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Transcript of BIOL 121 Chp 19: The Cardiovascular System - The Blood