Biol 117/317; Summer Quarter

Instructor: Yaowu YuanOffice: 408 Hitchcock

Office hour: by appointmentEmail: colreeze@u.washington.edu

Course website: http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/summer/2008

Peer TAs:Kikii Kainga; Gabbie Guncay

TAs:Pat Lu-Irving Valerie Soza

Course information sheet

Syllabus

Reading assignments online

Lab exercise for this week is available in lab

Handout

Ref.1 Ref.2 Ref.3

Ref.4

Ref.5

Ref.6

Solanum tuberosum Solanum lycopersicum Brassica oleracea

Tulipa gesneriana

Lilium sp.

Daucus carota

StemFrui

tLeaf

Flower Flow

er

Root

Ref.1 Ref.2 Ref.3

Ref.4Ref.5

Ref.6

Liliacea

e

Solanac

eae

Apiacea

e

Brassic

aceae

Solanac

eae

Liliacea

e

Course Objective 1

Get to know many plants frequently encountered in ourdaily life (e.g., which part of the plants we are using,their scientific names, which families they belong to,relationships between each other, and so on----)

Ref.1 Ref.2 Ref.3

Ref.4Ref.5

Ref.6

Native Flora

Ranunculaceae Caryophyllaceae

Ericaceae Polemoniaceae

Course Objective 2

Learn to recognize important plant families by sight: 35 (117families) + 10 (317 families) = 85-90% of families in PNW

Ref.1

Solanum tuberosum

What species are they?

Course Objective 3

Gain the skills of identifying unknown plants by use ofkeys and published Floras and manuals

Ref. 17 Ref. 18 Ref. 19

“Textbook” flowering plant structure

Ref. 7

Root variation

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Stem variation

Ref. 9 Ref. 10

Ref. 11Ref. 12Ref. 13

Leaf variation

Ref. 14

Flower variation

Ref. Yudai Okuyama’s website

Fruit variation

Ref. 15

Course Objective 4

Appreciate the amazing diversity of plantvegetative/reproductive morphology

Course Objective 5

Understand the principles and philosophy of plantclassification

Ref. 14

Course Objectives

•Get to know many plants frequently encountered in our daily life;

•Learn to recognize important plant families by sight;

•Gain the skills of identifying unknown plants by use of keys and

published Floras and manuals;

•Appreciate the amazing diversity of plant vegetative/reproductive

morphology;

•Understand the principles and philosophy of plant classification;

Additional Materials

•Pollination biology / plant mating systems;

•Crop domestication;

•Genetics / evolution / development of flora organs;

•Speciation / hybridization / polyploidization;

•UW herbarium research on the PNW flora;

•Invasive species and their impact to our native flora;

Expectations:Attend lecture & lab (including numerous campus walk,

greenhouse tour and medicinal herb garden tour);Lab starts today; (This week: learn Pacific Northwest conifers --

the PNW is unusual in having conifer dominated communities)

Field trips:July 23 to Washington Park Arboretum during lab – requiredAugust 2 to Grand Park, Mt. Rainier – optional

How do we accomplish these work?

Books:Required:W. Judd et al.: Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.

Optional:Hitchcock and Cronquist: Flora of PNW (B.C., OR, WA, ID, MT)Harris and Harris: Plant Identification Terminology (illustratedglossary)

Copies will be available on reserve at OUGL and at BSA

How do we accomplish these work? (cont.)

Quiz, exam, and presentation:2 lecture exams 3 lab quizzes, 2-part lab final (Lecture and Labs both worth about 50% of total course points)Final presentation (317 only)

Distinguish between BIOL 117 and BIOL 317 requirements.- lectures and lecture exams same- labs same, except 10 families required for 317 that are

only ‘bonus’ for 117- Final presentation required for 317

How do we accomplish these work? (cont.)

Nomenclature

Why naming is important?George

George Bush

George W. Bush

Jr. George W. Bush Ref. 20

Plants often have many different common names and the samecommon name may be associated with many different plants.

Ref.1

Solanum tuberosum Mabberley, the plant book, 1997

Linnaeus System “Species Plantarum” (1753)

Early scientific names for the common wild briar rose:Rosa sylvestris inodora seu canina orRosa sylvestris alba cum rubore, folio glabro

Binomial nomenclaturee.g., Homo sapiens, Solanum tuberosumHierarchial systemGroups nested in larger groups; ranksKingdom/Phylum/Class/Order/Family/

Genus/SpeciesFlexible system: categories can be

incorporated easily as need, e.g., Family/subfamily/tribe/genus/

subgenus/species/variety

Carolus Linnaeus, detail of a portrait byAlexander Roslin, 1775; in the SvenskaPorträttarkivet, Stockholm.

Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus

Kingdom Plantae Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida

Subclass Asteridae Order Solanales Family Solanaceae

Genus Solanum Species Solanum lycopersicum L.

The “L.” stands for Linnaeus; author’s name

Hierarchial system

Ref.1

Solanum tuberosum

Classification

What is Classification?Daily life- the sorting of things into groups and the assigning

of names to those groups.Biological science - The grouping of organisms into

categories based on shared characteristics or traits.

Why is this important?Dealing with large amounts of informationEssential to our understanding and communication about the

natural worldPower of predictionTo make sense of comparative studies; Prevents comparing

‘apples and oranges’!classification is the way we communicate about biological

diversity

Group organisms based on how alike they appear (morphological similarity).

Today, scientists use:1. Visible morphology - structures (like you will learn from today on in labs)2. Anatomy – internal or microscopic structures3. Chemicals – presence/absence, pigments, toxins, etc.4. Genetics – chromosome, DNA similarity

Linnaeus called his system the “Sexual System”, because he usedthe presence or absence and number of sexual parts as thebasis for classification. 24 classes for all plants, on thebasis of number, union, and length of stamens. Classesinto orders on the basis of number of styles in each flower.

How do we classify organisms (e.g., plants)?

Linnaeus’ Sexual System

Ref. 21

Linnaeus’ system was artificial.

Artificial classification - with no regard for evolutionary relationships(e.g., any classification of things other than living beings would have tobe artificial). e.g., rocks, tables.

Why is classification important?Dealing with large amounts of informationEssential to our understanding and communication about the natural worldPower of predictionTo make sense of comparative studies; Prevents comparing ‘apples and oranges’!

Artificial/Phylogenetic (Natural) classification

“Species Plantarum” was published in 1753, 100 years before anyone had heard of the idea of evolution. At the time, peoplethought species were static or unchanging.

Artificial/(Phylogenetic) Natural classification cont.

Charles Darwin (1859) Haekel’s tree of life (1866)

Ref. 22 Ref. 23

Charles Darwin (1859 – On the Origin of Species) was the first to suggest thatany classification of life should be “genealogical” and would naturally behierarchical; now we call this “phylogenetic”

Systematics as a process

Since Darwin, scientists (systematists/taxomist) over time have placed more and more emphasis on developing natural classification systems that reflect the evolutionary relationships(phylogeny) of a group of organisms.

Classification and naming are the basic activities of systematics, which is the study of biological diversity and its evolutionary history. Sometimes people also refer these activities as Taxonomy. Just like any other kinds of science, systematics is a process.The goal to classify life based on its evolutionary history is still very much an ongoing process. As a result, our classifications are dynamic------

Classifications are dynamic---

Ref.2

Before:Lycopersicon esculentum Now:Solanum lycopersicum

Spooner et al., 1993. Am. J. Bot. 80: 676-688

Ref.1 http://tombutton.users.btopenworld.com/potato_1.jpgRef.2 http://www.wpclipart.com/food/fruit/tomato/tomato.pngRef.3 http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/Texascrops/brassicacolecrops/cabbage5.jpgRef.4 http://www.freefoto.com/images/12/61/12_61_52---Tulip_web.jpgRef.5 http://ar.aichi-u.ac.jp/ptt/lily.jpgRef.6 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurlRef.7 http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch35/35_02AngiospermStructure.jpgRef.8 http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch35/35_04RootDiversity.jpgRef.9 http://www.life.uiuc.edu/plantbio/260/Vegetative/Perennial.jpegRef.10 http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0042.jpgRef.11 http://biology.uwsp.edu/courses/botlab/images/1854$.jpgRef.12 http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/stems&leaves/barrel.jpgRef.13 http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/stems&leaves/xstawb.gifRef.14 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/98/5598-004.gifRef.15 http://photos.mongabay.com/07/1107DSC09262.jpgRef.16 http://msnbcmedia1.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photo_StoryLevel/071126/071126_plants_hmed_3p.hmedium.jpgRef.17 http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41WVC3W99QL._SL500_BO2,204,203,200_PIlitb-dp-500-arrow,TopRight,45,-64_OU01_AA240_SH20_.jpgRef.18 http://triffidpark.com.au/htm_pages/photogallery/book_flora_of_australia_volume_8.jpgRef.19 http://www.oaknames.org/images/covers/bail.jpgRef..20 www.endevil.com/images/George_Bush.jpgRef.21 http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/science/natural/biography/graphics/linnaeus3.gifRef..22 http://universe-review.ca/I10-70-Darwin.jpgRef.23 http://plus.maths.org/issue46/features/phylogenetics/Haeckel.png

Image Source