Biohydrogen from Alberta's Biomass Resources for Bitumen ...
Transcript of Biohydrogen from Alberta's Biomass Resources for Bitumen ...
Biohydrogen from Alberta's Biomass Resources for Bitumen Upgrading
Adetoyese Oyedun, Amit Kumar
NSERC/Cenovus/Alberta Innovates Associate Industrial Research Chair Program in Energy and Environmental
Systems Engineering
BIOCLEANTECH FORUM, OTTAWA, NOV. 1-3, 2016
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
OUTLINE
Background
Overview of hydrogen production
Biohydrogen pathways
Comparative economic and environmental
metrics
Key observations
NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering 2
NSERC Industrial Research
Chair Program
Theme Area 1Integrated
Energy-Environmental Modeling
Theme Area 2Energy Return on
Investment (EROI) of Energy Pathways
Theme Area 3Techno-economic
Assessment of Energy Conversion
Pathways
Research on Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
Background –Need for Hydrogen Upgrading of bitumen to synthetic crude oil (SCO) is
highly H2 intensive.
Based on projections, oil sands (bitumen) productioncapacity will increase from 2.4 million barrels/day in2015 to 3.7 million barrels/day by 2030 (CAPP, 2016).
About 2.4 – 4.3 kg/bbl bitumen of hydrogen is usedduring the upgrading of bitumen.
Hydrogen is needed for hydrotreating andhydrocracking.
The projected hydrogen requirement for oil sandsupgrading is about 4 million tonnes/yr by 2040.
4NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
Background – Current Source of Hydrogen Steam methane reforming (SMR) is
the predominant means of H2
production - Demerits include: feedstock volatility, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the use of a premium fossil fuel, i.e., natural gas.
The energy market is increasingly GHG constrained; there is a growing global consensus that GHG mitigation is a policy imperative.
Reducing SCO related GHG emissions with respect to other light crudes is a prudent measure for market competitiveness.
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$/GJ Natural Gas Price History
Natural Gas
Henry Hub Spot
Price
Data Credits: US EIA
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Systems Approach to Hydrogen Production from Alternative Sources
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Wind Energy
Hydropower
Electrolysis of Water
Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Underground Coal
Biomass
Gasification + CCS
Gasification/Pyrolysis
Reforming
NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
Feedstocks for Biomass-based Hydrogen (Biohydrogen) Production Considered biomass feedstocks:
Whole forest – whole-tree biomass.
Forest residues – tree tops, branches, needles which are left after the logging operation.
Agricultural residues – blend of straw from wheat and barley crops.
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Biohydrogen Production Pathways
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Biological Conversion Methods
BIOMASS
Thermochemical Conversion Methods
GasificationHydrothermal
Process Pyrolysis
Biohydrogen
Syngas Bio-crude/Bio-oil
Reforming Shift Reaction
Hydrothermal Gasification
Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Steam Reforming & Water-Gas Shift
Reaction
Biohydrogen Production Pathways: Gasification
Biomass harvesting
Chipping & drying Gasification
Purification of H2
Water-gas shift reforming
H2 compression, storage, & transport
Gas clean up & compression
Tar cracking
Biomass gasification of whole-tree-based biomass
forest residues and agricultural residues
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Biohydrogen (Gasification)
GTI Gasifier
Oxygen-flow in gasifier
High pressure
Pressurized
GTI
Gasifier
Dried Biomass
Steam
Oxygen
Ash
Syngas
Cyclone
BCL Gasifier
No air-flow in gasifier
Atmospheric pressure
GasifierChar
Combustor
Cyclones Tar
Cracker
Dried Biomass
Steam Air
Flue GasSyngas
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Energy Resource Characterization
Specification of Unit Operations for H2
Production Pathway
Characterization Process Equipment for Unit
Operations
Determination of Energy/Resource Inputs for Process Equipment
Cost Estimation Data: Scale Factors, Feedstock Cost, Capital Costs, Labour and
Installation Costs, etc.
Techno-Economic Model
Economic Data and Assumptions: Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Inflation, Plant Lifetime etc.
H2 Cost Metrics
H2 Cost Sensitivities
Generalized Modelling Methodology
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Biohydrogen (Gasification) Production Cost
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1.4
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Plant size (dry tonnes/day)
H2
prod
ucti
on c
ost
($/k
g)
Straw_GTI
Straw_BCL
Forest residues_GTI
Forest residues_BCL
Whole-tree_GTI
Whole-tree_BCL
Source: Sarkar and Kumar, Energy, 2010, 35(2), 582-591; Sarkar and Kumar, Trans. of ASABE, 2009, 52(2), 1-12.
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Biohydrogen Production Pathways: Pyrolysis
Biomass harvesting
Chipping, grinding, & drying
Fast pyrolysis
Water-gas shift reforming
Bio-oil steam reforming
Purification of H2
Bio-oil/CH3OH transportation
Bio-oil quenching and separation
Biomass pyrolysis of whole-tree-based biomass, forest
residue, agricultural residue
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H2 for bitumen upgradingHydrogen compression
Hydrogen purification
Water-gas shift reaction
Syngas clean up
Bio-oil reforming
Pipeline Truck
Bio-oil transportationBio-oil separation
Methanol
Biomass pyrolysis
Feedstock drying
Feedstock size reduction
Biomass transportation
Biomass processing
Biomass harvesting
Biohydrogen (Pyrolysis): Unit Operations
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Bio-Hydrogen (Pyrolysis): H2
Cost
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Plant size (dry tonnes/day)
Del
iver
ed b
ioh
yd
rog
en c
ost
($
/kg
) . Straw
Forest residues
Whole-tree
Source: Sarkar and Kumar, Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(19), 7350-7361.
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Transportation cost of Biohydrogen
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Transportation distance (km)
Tra
ns
po
rta
tio
n c
os
t ($
/kg
H2) Cryogenic tank
Tube trailer
Pipeline
* For 167 tonnes of H2/day
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Source: Sarkar and Kumar, Trans. of ASABE, 2009, 52(2), 1-12.
Biohydrogen Cost of Production – Different Biomass & Pathways
*Sarkar and Kumar, 2010. All costs in 2016 C$.
5.68
3.00
3.75
2.922.73 2.88
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Wheat
straw
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Whole
Tree
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Forest
residue
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -
Whole Tree
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -Forest Residue
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -Wheat Straw
Bio
hyd
roge
n P
rod
uct
ion
Co
st (
$/k
g)
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Biohydrogen GHG Emissions –Different Biomass & Pathways
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Whole
Tree
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Forest
Residue
Bio-hydrogen(Pyrolysis) - Wheat
straw
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -
Whole Tree
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -Forest Residue
Bio-hydrogen(Gasification) -Wheat straw
Life
Cyc
le G
HG
Em
issi
on
s (k
gCO
2e
q./
kg H
2)
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HYDROGEN PATHWAYS: COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL METRICS
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Comparative Techno-Economics
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607660
Pro
du
ctio
n S
cale
(to
nn
es/
day
)
Hydrogen Production Scale
* Data for Wind-Hydrogen, SMR-CCS and UCG-CCS from Olateju and Kumar, 2015
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*All production costs have an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 10%, other than UCG at 15%. All costs in $CAD 2016.
Comparative Techno-Economics – Hydrogen Production Cost
6.06
2.74
5.68
3.00
3.75
2.92 2.73 2.882.41 2.38
Hyd
roge
n P
rod
uct
ion
Co
st (
$/k
g)
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Comparative GHG Economics/Footprint
0.68 1.15
2.41.83
1.151.61
1.1
6.02
1.26
Life
Cyc
le G
HG
Em
issi
on
s (k
g C
O2e
q./
kg H
2)
Comparative GHG Footprint
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Comparative GHG Abatement Cost
325
138
222
370
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8038
GH
G M
itig
atio
n C
ost
($
/to
nn
e C
O2) GHG Mitigation Cost
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Key Observations• Biomass-based hydrogen has low GHG footprint
compared to hydrogen from natural gas sources.
• Biomass-based hydrogen is more cost-efficientcompared to other renewable source like wind.
• Biomass can provide baseload hydrogenproduction similar to natural gas.
• GHG abatement cost is higher than $100/tonneof CO2 mitigated.
• Biohydrogen could be one of the GHG mitigationpathways for oil sands with technologyimprovement and incentives.
24NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
Acknowledgment
NSERC/Cenovus/Alberta Innovates AssociateIndustrial Research Chair Program in Energy andEnvironmental Systems Engineering.
Cenovus Energy Endowed Chair Program inEnvironmental Engineering.
A number of other organizations, industry andindividuals for their inputs with data and feedbacksincluding Alberta Innovates – Bio Solutions, AlbertaInnovates – Energy and Environment Solutions,Cenovus Energy Inc. and Suncor Energy Inc.
NSERC Industrial Chair Program in Energy and Environmental Systems Engineering
THANKS
Contact Information:
Dr. AMIT KUMAR
Professor
NSERC/Cenovus/Alberta Innovates Associate Industrial Research Chair in Energy and
Environmental Systems Engineering
Cenovus Energy Endowed Chair in Environmental Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta
www.energysystems.ualberta.ca
+1 780 492 7797