Biographical Dictionary...Filipino leader and commander of forces in rebellion against Spain, he led...

R52 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY

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Adams, John (1735–1826) American statesman,he was a delegate to the Continental Congress,a member of the committee that drafted theDeclaration of Independence, vice president toGeorge Washington, and the second presidentof the United States. (p. 228)

Adams, John Quincy (1767–1848) Son of PresidentJohn Adams and the secretary of state to JamesMonroe, he largely formulated the MonroeDoctrine. He was the sixth president of theUnited States and later became a representativein Congress. (p. 267)

Adams, Samuel (1722–1803) American revolution-ary who led the agitation that led to the BostonTea Party; he signed the Declaration of Indepen-dence. (p. 65)

Addams, Jane (1860–1935) American socialworker and activist, she wasthe co-founder of Hull House,an organization that focusedon the needs of immigrants.She helped found the AmericanCivil Liberties Union and wonthe Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.(p. 597)

Aguinaldo (ahg-ee-NAHL-doh), Emilio (1869–1964)Filipino leader and commander of forces inrebellion against Spain, he led an insurrectionagainst the authority of the United States.(p. 648)

Alcott, Louisa May (1832–1888) American novelist,her revised letters written as a Civil War nurse werepublished as Hospital Sketches. She is famed for thenovel Little Women and its sequels. (p. 409)

Anthony, Susan B. (1820–1906) American socialreformer, she was active in the temperance, abo-litionist, and women’s suffrage movements andwas co-organizer and president of the NationalWoman Suffrage Association. (p. 427)

Arkwright, Richard (1732–1792) English inventor,he patented the water-powered spinning frame,improving the production of cotton thread.(p. 347)

Arthur, Chester A. (1829–1886) Vice-presidentof the United States in 1880, he became thetwenty-first president of the United States uponthe death of James Garfield. (p. 607)

Astor, John Jacob (1763–1848) American fur traderand financier, he founded the fur-trading post ofAstoria and the American Fur Company. (p. 308)

Austin, Stephen F. (1793–1836) American colonizerin Texas, he was imprisoned for urging Texasstatehood after Santa Anna suspended Mexico’sconstitution. After helping Texas win indepen-dence from Mexico, he became secretary of statefor the Texas Republic. (p. 313)

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Bagley, Sarah G. (d. 1847?) American mill workerand union activist, she advocated the 10-hourworkday for private industry. She was electedvice president of the New England WorkingMen’s Association, becoming the first womanto hold such high rank in the American labormovement. (p. 357)

Banneker, Benjamin (1731–1806) African Americanmathematician and astronomer, he was hiredby Thomas Jefferson to help survey land for thenew capital in Washington, D.C. (p. 202)

Barton, Clara (1821–1912) Founder of the AmericanRed Cross, she obtained and administered sup-plies and care to the Union soldiers during theAmerican Civil War. (p. 496)

Beecher, Catharine (1800–1878) American educatorand the daughter of Lyman Beecher, she pro-moted education for women in such writings asAn Essay on the Education of Female Teachers. Shefounded the first all-female academy. (p. 413)

Beecher, Lyman (1775–1863) American clergyman,he disapproved of the style of preaching of theGreat Awakening ministers. He served as presi-dent of the Lane Theological Seminary and sup-ported female higher education. (p. 410)

Bell, Alexander Graham (1847–1922)American inventor and educator, his interestin electrical and mechanical devices to aid thehearing-impaired led to the development andpatent of the telephone. (p. 577)

Bidwell, Annie (1839–1918) American pioneer activ-ist, she worked for social and moral causes andfor women’s suffrage. (p. 562)

Black Hawk (1767–1838) Native American leader ofFox and Sauk Indians, he resisted the U.S.-orderedremoval of Indian nations from Illinois and raidedsettlements and fought the U.S. Army. (p. 297)

Biographical Dictionary

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BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY R53

Bolívar, Simon (1783–1830) South American revolu-tionary leader who was nicknamed the Liberator,he fought many battles for independence, win-ning the support of many U.S. leaders. (p. 262)

Brandeis, Louis (1856–1941) Progressive lawyer andjurist, he was the first Jewish nominee to theSupreme Court and was appointed AssociateJustice. (p. 630)

Brooks, Preston (1819–1857) American congress-man, he assaulted and beat Senator CharlesSumner for his antislavery speeches and forinsulting a pro-slavery relative. He was nick-named Bully Brooks by northerners. (p. 449)

Brown, John (1800–1859) American abolitionist, hestarted the Pottawatomie Massacre in Kansas torevenge killings of abolitionists; he later seizedthe federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, toencourage a slave revolt. He was later tried andexecuted. (p. 455)

Bryan, William Jennings (1860–1925) Americanlawyer and Populist politician,he favored free silver coinage,an economic policy expectedto help farmers. He was aDemocratic nominee forpresident in 1896 and wasdefeated by William McKinley.(p. 564)

Buchanan, James (1791–1868) American politicianand fifteenth president of the United States, hewas chosen as the Democratic nominee for presi-dent in 1854 for being politically experiencedand not offensive to slave states. (p. 450)

Bunau–Varilla, Philippe (1859–1940) French engi-neer, he served as minister from Panama to theUnited States and negotiated a treaty for U.S.control of the Panama Canal Zone. (p. 653)

Burns, Anthony (1834–1862) American enslavedAfrican, he ran away and was arrested in Bos-ton. His arrest became the center of violentprotests by northern opponents of the FugitiveSlave Act. (p. 442)

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Calhoun, John C. (1782–1850) American politicianand supporter of slavery and states’ rights, heserved as vice president to Andrew Jackson andwas instrumental in the South Carolina nullifi-cation crisis. (p. 285)

Carnegie, Andrew (1835–1919) American industri-alist and humanitarian, he focused his attention

on steelmaking and made a fortune through hisvertical integration method. (pp. 580, 583)

Carranza, Venustiano (1859–1920) Mexican revolu-tionist, he led revolts against Huerta and becamepresident of Mexico. He adopted programs ofsocial and economic reform, but he faced revoltsfrom other revolutionists. (p. 661)

Catt, Carrie Chapman (1859–1947) American educa-tor and reformer, she led a successful fight toobtain suffrage for women and to secure the pas-sage of the Nineteenth Amendment. (p. 623)

Chief Joseph (c.1840–1904) Chief of NezPercé tribe, he led a resistanceagainst white settlement inthe Northwest. He even-tually surrendered, but hiseloquent surrender speechearned him a place inAmerican history.(p. 559)

Clark, George Rogers (1752–1818) American Revo-lutionary soldier and frontier leader, he capturedthe British trading village of Kaskaskia duringthe Revolution and encouraged Indian leaders toremain neutral. (p. 97)

Clark, William (1770–1838) American soldier andfriend of Meriwether Lewis, he was invited toexplore the Louisiana Purchase and joined whatbecame known as the Lewis and Clark expedi-tion. (p. 237)

Clay, Henry (1777–1852) American politician fromKentucky, he was known as the Great Pacificatorbecause of his support of the Missouri Compro-mise. He developed the Compromise of 1850 totry to avoid civil war. (pp. 264, 266)

Cleveland, Grover (1837–1908) Twenty-second andtwenty-fourth president of the United States, hepromoted civil service reform and a merit systemof advancement for government jobs. (p. 608)

Cole, Thomas (1801–1848) American painter, hewas the founder of the Hudson River school, agroup of artists who emphasized the beauty ofthe American landscape, especially the HudsonRiver valley. (p. 272)

Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506) Italian explor-er, he was convinced that he could reach Asiaby sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean.He gained the support of Spain’s monarchs andcommanded a small fleet that reached the so-called New World, setting off a tide of Europeanexploration of the area. (pp. 15, 17)

Cooper, James Fenimore (1789–1851) Well-knownEarly American novelist, he wrote the Last of

Bolívar Cooper

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the Mohicans and many stories about the West.(p. 271)

Cooper, Peter (1791–1883) American ironworksmanufacturer who designed and built TomThumb, the first American locomotive. (p. 360)

Cortés, Hernán (1485–1547) Spanish conquistador,he conquered Mexico and brought about the fallof the Aztec Empire. (p. 20)

Crazy Horse (1842?–1877) Native American chiefof Oglala Sioux, he took part in the Battle of theLittle Bighorn, in which General Custer was sur-rounded and killed. He was killed after surren-dering and resisting imprisonment. (p. 555)

Crittenden, John J. (1787–1863) Kentucky senator,he attempted to save the Union by reconcil-ing differences between northern and southernstates in the Senate proposal known as Critten-den’s Compromise. (p. 459)

Custer, George Armstrong (1839–1876) Ameri-can army officer in the Civil War, he became aNative American fighter in the West and waskilled with his troops in the Battle of the LittleBighorn. (p. 556)

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Davis, Jefferson (1808–1889) First and only presi-dent of the Confederate States of America afterthe election of President Abraham Lincoln in1860 led to the secession of many southernstates. (p. 458)

Deere, John (1804–1886) American industrialist; hedeveloped a steel plow to ease difficulty of turn-ing thick soil on the Great Plains. (p. 366)

Dewey, John (1859–1952) American educator, psy-chologist, and philosopher, he developed teach-ing methods that emphasized problem-solvingskills over memorization and that became themodel for progressive public education. (p. 612)

Díaz, Porfirio (1830–1915) Mexican general andpolitician, he was president and dictator ofMexico for a total of 30 years. He ruled the peo-ple of Mexico harshly but encouraged foreigninvestment. (p. 659)

Dickinson, Emily (1830–1886) American poet, shelived a reclusive life, and her poems were notwidely acclaimed until after her death. (p. 407)

Dix, Dorothea (1802–1887) American philanthro-pist and social reformer, she helped change theprison system nationwide by advocating thedevelopment of state hospitals for treatmentfor the mentally ill instead of imprisonment.(p. 412)

Douglas, Stephen (1813–1861)American politician andpro-slavery nominee forpresident, he debated Abra-ham Lincoln about slaveryduring the Illinois senato-rial race. He proposed theunpopular Kansas-NebraskaAct, and he established theFreeport Doctrine, uphold-ing the idea of popularsovereignty. (p. 446)

Douglass, Frederick (1817–1895)American abolitionist andwriter, he escaped slavery andbecame a leading African Amer-ican spokesman and writer. Hepublished his biography, TheNarrative of the Life of FrederickDouglass, and founded theabolitionist newspaper, theNorth Star. (pp. 418, 422)

Du Bois, W. E. B. (1868–1963) Afri-can American educator, editor,and writer, he led the NiagaraMovement, calling for eco-nomic and educational equal-ity for African Americans. Hehelped found the NationalAssociation for the Advance-ment of Colored People(NAACP). (p. 624)

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Edison, Thomas Alva (1847–1931) American inven-tor of over 1,000 patents, he invented the light-bulb and established a power plant that suppliedelectricity to parts of New York City. (p. 576)

Edwards, Jonathan (1703–1758) Important andinfluential revivalist leader in the Great Awaken-ing religious movement, he delivered dramaticsermons on the choice between salvation anddamnation. (p. 58)

Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–1882) Americanessayist and poet, he was a supporter of the tran-scendentalist philosophy of self-reliance. (p. 405)

Equiano, Olaudah (c.1750–1797) African Americanabolitionist, he was an enslaved African whowas eventually freed and became a leader of theabolitionist movement and writer of The Inter-esting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano.(pp. 41, 57)

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Farragut, David (1801–1870) American soldier, hewas the first commissioned American admiral,and in the Civil War he captured New Orleansand maintained a blockade along the Gulf Coastagainst Confederate forces. (pp. 485, 486)

Finney, Charles Grandison (1792–1875) Americanclergyman and educator, he became influentialin the Second Great Awakening after a dramaticreligious experience and conversion. He led longrevivals that annoyed conventional ministers.(p. 410)

Franklin, Benjamin (1706–1790) American states-man, he was a philosopher, scientist, inventor,writer, publisher, first U.S. postmaster, and mem-ber of the committee to draft the Constitution.He invented bifocals and the lightning rod andwrote Poor Richard’s Almanack. (p. 131)

Frémont, John C. (1813–1890) American explorer,army officer, and politician, he was chosen asthe first Republican candidate for president. Hewas against the spread of slavery, and he wasrejected by all but the free states as a “singleissue” candidate in the election of 1856. (p. 451)

Fulton, Robert (1765–1815) American engineer andinventor, he built the first commercially success-ful full-sized steamboat, the Clermont, which ledto the development of commercial steamboatferry services for goods and people. (p. 359)

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Gallaudet, Thomas (1787–1851) American educator,he studied techniques for instructing hearing-impaired people and established the first Ameri-can school for the hearing impaired. (p. 413)

Gálvez, Bernardo de (1746–1786) Governor ofSpanish Louisiana, he captured key cities fromthe British, greatly aiding the American Patriotmovement and enabling the Spanish acquisitionof Florida. (p. 95)

Garfield, James A. (1831–1881) Twentieth presidentof the United States, he was elected in 1880 butwas assassinated only months after inaugura-tion. (p. 607)

Garrison, William Lloyd (1805–1879) Americanjournalist and reformer, he published thefamous antislavery newspaper, the Liberator, andhelped found the American Anti–Slavery Society,promoting immediate emancipation and racialequality. (p. 417)

Geronimo (1829–1909) Chiricahua Apache leader,he evaded capture for years and led an extraor-dinary opposition struggle against white settle-ments in the American Southwest until hiseventual surrender. (p. 557)

Gompers, Samuel (1850–1924) American laborleader, he helped found the American Federationof Labor to campaign for workers’ rights, such asthe right to organize boycotts. (p. 585)

Grant, Ulysses S. (1822–1885) Eighteenth presidentof the United States, he received afield promotion to lieutenant gen-eral in charge of all Union forcesafter leading a successful battle. Heaccepted General Lee’s surrender ofConfederate forces at AppomattoxCourthouse, ending the Civil War.(pp. 484, 489)

Grimké, Angelina (1805–1879) and Sarah (1792–1873) American sisters and reformers, they werethe daughters of a slaveholding family fromSouth Carolina who became antislavery support-ers and lecturers for the American Anti-SlaverySociety. They also took up the women’s rightscampaign. (p. 417)

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Hamilton, Alexander (1755–1804) American states-man and member of the Continental Congressand the Constitutional Convention, he was anauthor of the Federalist Papers, which supportedratification of the Constitution. He was the firstsecretary of treasury under George Washingtonand developed the Bank of the United States.(p. 200)

Harrison, Benjamin (1833–1901) Twenty-thirdpresident of the United States, he was a generalin the Civil War and helped pass the ShermanAntitrust Act, regulating monopolies. (p. 608)

Harrison, William Henry (1773–1841) Americanpolitician, he served as the governor of IndianTerritory and fought Tecumseh in the Battle ofTippecanoe. He was the ninth president of theUnited States. (p. 293)

Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804–1864) American writ-er, he is famous for his many stories and books,including The Scarlet Letter, and he is recognizedas one of the first authors to write in a uniqueAmerican style. (p. 406)

Hay, John (1838–1905) American diplomat, he wassecretary of state in the Roosevelt administra-

Farragut Hay

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tion, and he negotiated treaties providing for theUnited States’ construction of the Panama Canaland put forth the Open Door policy with regardto China. (p. 653)

Hayes, Rutherford B. (1822–1893) Nineteenth presi-dent of the United States, he was a Civil Wargeneral and hero and, in the disputed presiden-tial election of 1876, he was chosen president bya special electoral committee. (p. 607)

Hearst, William Randolph (1863–1951) Americanjournalist, he was famed for sensational newsstories, known as yellow journalism, that stirredfeelings of nationalism and formed public opin-ion for the Spanish-American War. (p. 646)

Hidalgo y Costilla, Father Miguel (1753–1811) Mexi-can priest and revolutionist, he led a rebellionof about 80,000 impoverished Indians andmestizos against Spain in the hope of improvingliving conditions; though defeated, the rebel-lion eventually grew and helped lead to Mexicanindependence. (p. 312)

Huerta, Victoriano (1854–1916) Mexican generaland politician, he overthrew Madero as Mexicanpresident and faced revolts with many revolu-tionary leaders. His government was not recog-nized by the United States. (p. 660)

Hutchinson, Anne (1591–1643) Puritan leader whoangered other Puritans by claimingthat people’s relationship to Goddid not need guidance from min-isters; she was tried and convictedof undermining church authoritiesand was banished from Massachu-setts colony; she later established thecolony of Portsmouth in present-day Rhode Island. (p. 46)

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Irving, Washington (1783–1859) Early Americansatirical writer, he was the first American writerto gain international acclaim. His works includeRip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.He often used American history and authenticAmerican settings and characters. (p. 270)

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Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845) Nicknamed OldHickory, he was an American hero in the Battleof New Orleans. As commander of the Tennesseemilitia, he defeated the Creek Indians, securing

23 million acres of land. His election as the sev-enth president of the United States marked anera of democracy called Jacksonian Democracy.(pp. 248, 287)

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall” (1824–1863) Ameri-can Confederate general, he led the ShenandoahValley campaign and fought with Lee in theSeven Days’ Battles and the First and SecondBattles of Bull Run. (p. 479)

Jay, John (1745–1829) American statesman andmember of the Continental Congress, heauthored some of the Federalist Papers and nego-tiated Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain to settleoutstanding disputes. (p. 207)

Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826) American states-man, and member of two Continental Con-gresses, chairman of the committee to draft theDeclaration of Independence, the Declaration’smain author and one of its signers, and the thirdpresident of the United States. (pp. 84, 233)

Johnson, Andrew (1808–1875) American politicianand the seventeenth president of the UnitedStates upon the assassination of Lincoln, he wasimpeached for his unpopular ideas about Recon-struction. He held onto the office by a one-votemargin. (p. 517)

Jones, John Paul (1747–1792) American navalofficer famed for bravery, his most famous vic-tory was the defeat of the British warship Serapis,during which he declared, “I have not yet begunto fight!” (p. 97)

Jones, Mary Harris (1830–1930) Irish immigrantand American labor leader, she was known asMother Jones and was a key speaker and orga-nizer. She helped found the Industrial Workersof the World. (p. 586)

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Kelley, Florence (1859–1932) American reformer,she was active in the settlement house move-ment and led progressive reforms in labor condi-tions for women and children. (p. 616)

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Lafayette, Marquis de (1757–1834) French states-man and officer who viewed the AmericanRevolution as important to the world, he helpedfinance the Revolution and served as majorgeneral. (p. 95)

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La Follette, Robert M. (1855–1925) ProgressiveAmerican politician, he was active in localWisconsin issues and challenged party bosses. Asgovernor, he began the reform program calledthe Wisconsin Idea to make state governmentmore professional. (p. 614)

Las Casas, Bartolomé de (1474–1566) Spanishmissionary and historian, he became the firstordained Catholic priest in the New World andadvocated for the welfare and protection ofNative Americans as well as preached against theslavery system. (p. 23)

Lee, Robert E. (1807–1870) American soldier, herefused Lincoln’s offer to head theUnion army and agreed to leadConfederate forces. He success-fully led several major battles untilhis defeat at Gettysburg, and hesurrendered to the Union’s com-mander General Grant at Appo-mattox Courthouse. (pp. 479, 481)

Lewis, Meriwether (1774–1809) Former army cap-tain selected by President Jefferson to explorethe Louisiana Purchase, he led the expeditionthat became known as the Lewis and Clark expe-dition. (p. 237)

Liliuokalani (li-lee-uh-woh-kuh-LAHN-ee) (1838–1917) Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, sheopposed annexation by the United States butlost power in a U.S.-supported revolt by plantersthat led to a new government. (p. 642)

Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865) Sixteenth presidentof the United States, he promoted equal rightsfor African Americans in the famed Lincoln-Douglas debates. He issued the EmancipationProclamation and set in motion the Civil War,but he was determined to preserve the Union.He was assassinated in 1865. (pp. 452, 477)

Little Turtle (c. 1752–1812) Miami chief who led aNative American alliance that raided settlementsin the Northwest Territory, he was defeated andforced to sign the Treaty of Greenville, and helater became an advocate for peace. (p. 208)

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807–1882) Ameri-can poet in the mid-nineteenth century, he isbest known for his story-poems, such as “PaulRevere’s Ride” in Tales of a Wayside Inn and TheSong of Hiawatha. (p. 407)

Lowell, Francis Cabot (1775–1817) American indus-trialist who developed the Lowell system, a millsystem that included looms that could bothweave thread and spin cloth. He hired youngwomen to live and work in his mill. (p. 354)

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McClellan, George B. (1826–1885) American armygeneral put in charge of Union troops and laterremoved by Lincoln for failure to press Lee’sConfederate troops in Richmond. (p. 479)

McCormick, Cyrus (1809–1884) American inventorand industrialist, he invented the mechanicalreaper and harvesting machine that quickly cutdown wheat. (p. 366)

McKinley, William (1843–1901) Twenty-fifth presi-dent of the United States, he enacted protectivetariffs in the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 andacquired Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Phil-ippines during his administration. He was laterassassinated. (p. 608)

Madero, Francisco (1873–1913) Mexican revolution-ary leader, he called for the restoration of theMexican constitution and planned an overthrowof Díaz. He became president of Mexico but wasoverthrown by Victoriano Huerta. (p. 660)

Madison, James (1751–1836) American statesman,he was a delegate to the Constitutional Conven-tion, the fourth president of the United States, theauthor of some of the Federalist Papers, and is calledthe father of the Constitution for his proposals atthe Constitutional Convention. He led the UnitedStates through the War of 1812. (pp. 126, 149)

Magellan (muh–JEL–uhn), Ferdinand (1480–1521)Portuguese captain of a Spanish fleet thatsought a western route to Asia via the “South-ern Ocean,” he found a passage through SouthAmerica, now known as the Strait of Magellan,but died during the expedition. His crew of 18people with one remaining ship successfullycircumnavigated the world. (p. 17)

Mann, Horace (1796 –1859) Americaneducator, he is consideredthe father of Americanpublic education. He wasa leader of the common-school movement,advocating educationfor all children.(pp. 412, 413)

Marion, Francis (1732?–1795) Revolutionary Warcommander of Marion’s Brigade, a group ofguerrilla soldiers in South Carolina that usedsurprise raids against British communicationsand supply lines. (p. 99)

Marshall, John (1755–1835) Federalist leader whoserved in the House of Representatives and asU.S. Secretary of State, he later became the Chief

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Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, establishing inMarbury v. Madison the Supreme Court’s powerof judicial review. (p. 232)

Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993) First AfricanAmerican U.S. Supreme Court Justice, he repre-sented as a lawyer the National Association forthe Advancement of Colored People and foughtracial segregation. (p. 148)

Meade, George G. (1815–1872) American army offi-cer, he served as a Union general at major CivilWar battles. He forced back General Lee’s Con-federate army at Gettysburg but failed to obtaina decisive victory. (p. 498)

Melville, Herman (1819–1891) American writer, hebased his books on his own sailing experiencesand is famous for Moby-Dick. (p. 407)

Moctezuma II (1466–1520) Emperor of Mexico’sAztec Empire, he welcomed explorer Cortés as agod but was taken prisoner by him. He was laterkilled, and the Aztec capital was destroyed dur-ing the following Aztec uprising. (p. 20)

Monroe, James (1758–1831) Leading Revolutionaryfigure and negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase,he was the fifth president of the United States.He put forth the Monroe Doctrine establish-ing the U.S. sphere of influence in the WesternHemisphere that became the foundation of U.S.foreign policy. (p. 261)

Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791–1872) Americanartist and inventor, heapplied scientists’ dis-coveries of electricity andmagnetism to developthe telegraph, whichsoon sent messages allacross the country.(pp. 364, 365)

Mott, Lucretia (1793–1880) American reformer, sheplanned the Seneca Falls Convention with Eliza-beth Cady Stanton, the first organized meetingfor women’s rights in the United States. (p. 426)

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O’Connor, Sandra Day (1930– ) Associate justice ofthe U.S. Supreme Court, she was the first womanappointed to the Court. (p. 148)

Osceola (c.1804–1838) Florida Seminole leader, heresisted removal by the U.S. government despitean earlier treaty that Seminole leaders had beenforced to sign. He was eventually captured anddied in prison. (p. 297)

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Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) American politicalphilosopher and author, he urged an immediatedeclaration of independence from England inhis anonymously and simply written pamphlet,Common Sense. (p. 83)

Paul, Alice (1885–1977) American social reformer,suffragist, and activist, she was the founderof the organization that became the NationalWoman’s Party (NWP) that worked to obtainwomen’s suffrage. (p. 624)

Penn, William (1644–1718) Quaker leader whofounded a colony for Quakers in Pennsylvania;the colony provided an important example ofrepresentative self-government and became amodel of freedom and tolerance. (p. 50)

Perry, Oliver Hazard (1785–1819) American navalcaptain who put together the fleet that defeatedthe British at the Battle of Lake Erie in the Warof 1812. (p. 247)

Pershing, John J. (1860–1948) American army com-mander, he commanded the expeditionary force sentinto Mexico to find Pancho Villa. He was the majorgeneral and commander in chief of the AmericanExpeditionary Forces in World War I. (p. 661)

Pickett, George (1825–1875) American general inthe Confederate army, he was famed for Pickett’sCharge, a failed but heroic effort at CemeteryRidge in the Battle of Gettysburg, often consid-ered a turning point of the Civil War. (p. 499)

Pierce, Franklin (1804–1869) Democratic candidatefor president in 1852 and the fourteenth presi-dent of the United States, he made the GadsdenPurchase, which opened the Northwest forsettlement, and passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act. (p. 445)

Pike, Zebulon (1779–1813) Army officer sent ona mission to explore the West, he was orderedto find the headwaters of the Red River. Heattempted to climb what is now known as PikesPeak in Colorado. (p. 238)

Pizarro (puh–ZAHR–oh), Francisco (c. 1475–1541)Spanish conquistador who sailed with Balboaon the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, he laterpursued rumors of golden cities in the AndesMountains of South America and conquered theInca Empire. (p. 21)

Pocahontas (c.1595–1617) American Indian prin-cess, she saved the life of John Smith when hewas captured and sentenced to death by thePowhatan. She was later taken prisoner by theEnglish, converted to Christianity, and marriedcolonist John Rolfe. (p. 37)

Marshall Pocahontas

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Poe, Edgar Allan (1809–1849) American writer, heis famed for his haunting poem “The Raven,” aswell as many other chilling or romantic storiesand poems. He is credited with creating the firstdetective story, The Gold Bug. (p. 407)

Polk, James K. (1795–1849) Eleventh president ofthe United States, he settled the Oregon bound-ary with Great Britain and successfully conductedthe Mexican-American War. (p. 317)

Pontiac (c.1720–1769) Ottawa chief who unitedthe Great Lakes’ Indians totry to halt the advance ofEuropean settlements, heattacked British forts in arebellion known as Pontiac’sRebellion; he eventuallysurrendered in 1766.(p. 61)

Powderly, Terence V. (1849–1924) American laborleader for the Knights of Labor, he removed thesecrecy originally surrounding the organization,leading to its becoming the first truly nationalAmerican labor union. (p. 585)

Pulitzer, Joseph (1847–1911) American journalistand newspaper publisher, he established thePulitzer Prize for public service and advance-ment of education. (p. 646)

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Revels, Hiram (1822–1901) American clergyman,educator, and politician, he became the firstAfrican American in the U.S. Senate. (p. 525)

Rockefeller, John D. (1839 –1937) Americanindustrialist and philan-thropist, he made a fortunein the oil business andused vertical and hori-zontal integration toestablish a monopoly onthe steel business.(pp. 580, 583)

Roosevelt, Theodore (1858–1919) Twenty-sixthpresident of the United States after WilliamMcKinley was assassinated, he organized the firstvolunteer cavalry regiment known as the RoughRiders which fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. As president, he acquired the Pan-ama Canal Zone, and announced the RooseveltCorollary, making the United States the defenderof the Western Hemisphere. (pp. 627, 655)

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Sacagawea (sak–uh–juh–WEE–uh) (1786?–1812)Shoshone woman who, along with her Frenchfur-trapper husband, accompanied and aidedLewis and Clark on their expedition. (p. 238)

Santa Anna, Antonio López de (1794–1876) Mexi-can general and politician, he was president ofMexico and became a dictator. He fought in theTexas Revolution and seized the Alamo but wasdefeated and captured by Sam Houston at SanJacinto. (p. 313)

Scott, Dred (1795?–1858) Enslaved African whofiled suit for his freedom stating that his timeliving in a free state made him a free man; theSupreme Court ruling known as the Dred Scottdecision upheld slavery and found the MissouriCompromise unconstitutional. (p. 451)

Scott, Winfield (1786–1866) American general, heserved as commander in the Mexican War andused a two-part strategy against the South inthe Civil War; he wanted to destroy the South’seconomy with a naval blockade and gain con-trol of the Mississippi River. (p. 475)

Sequoya (between 1760 and 1770–1843) Ameri-can Indian scholar and craftsman, he created awriting system for the Cherokee language andtaught literacy to many Cherokee. (p. 295)

Serra (ser–rah), Junípero (hoo–NEE–pay–roh) (1713–1784) Spanish Franciscan missionary to Califor-nia, he planned or founded numerous missionsall along the Pacific coast and founded San Fran-cisco in an effort to spread Christianity. (p. 22)

Seward, William H. (1801–1872) American politi-cian, who as Secretary of State was laughed atfor “Seward’s Folly,” the purchase of Alaska fromRussia for less than two cents an acre, whichadded approximately 600,000 square miles ofland to the United States. (p. 641)

Shays, Daniel (1747?–1825) Revolutionary Warofficer who led Shays’s Rebellion, an uprisingof farmers in western Massachusetts that shutdown the courts so that farmers would not losetheir farms for tax debts. He was defeated andcondemned to death, but pardoned. (p. 123)

Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820–1891) AmericanUnion army officer, his famous March to the Seacaptured Atlanta, Georgia, marking an impor-tant turning point in the war. (p. 501)

Singer, Isaac (1811–1875) American inventor; hepatented an improved sewing machine and by1860 was the largest manufacturer of sewingmachines in the country. (p. 367)

Poe Singer

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Sitting Bull (c.1831–1890) American Indian leaderwho became the head chief of the entire Siouxnation, he encouraged other Sioux leaders toresist government demands to buy lands on theBlack Hills reservations. (p. 556)

Slater, Samuel (1768–1835) English industrialistwho brought a design for a textile mill to Ameri-ca, he is considered the founder of the Americancotton industry. (p. 348)

Smith, John (c.1580–1631) English colonist to theAmericas who helped found Jamestown Colonyand encouraged settlers to work harder andbuild better housing. (p. 37)

Squanto (?–1622) Patuxet Indian who was capturedand enslaved in Spain but later escaped to Eng-land and then America; he taught the Pilgrimsnative farming methods and helped them estab-lish relations with the Wampanoag, the Indiansat the feast later known as Thanksgiving. (p. 43)

Stanford, Leland (1824–1893) American railroadbuilder and politician, he established the Califor-nia Central Pacific Railroad and founded Stan-ford University. (pp. 581, 583)

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815–1902) Americanwoman suffrage leader, sheorganized the Seneca FallsConvention with Lucretia Mott.The convention was the firstorganized meeting for women’srights in the United States, whichlaunched the suffrage movement.(pp. 426, 429)

Stevens, Thaddeus (1792–1868) American lawyerand politician, he was the leader of the RadicalRepublicans in the Reconstruction effort andwas an opponent and critic of Andrew Johnson’spolicies. He sought economic justice for freed-men and poor southerners. (p. 519)

Stone, Lucy (1818–1893) American woman suf-fragist, she was a well-known and accomplishedantislavery speaker who supported the women’srights movement. (p. 427)

Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1811–1896) Americanauthor and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she wasan abolitionist and author of the famous anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (p. 443)

Stuyvesant (STY–vuh–suhnt), Peter (c.1610–1672)Director general of the Dutch New Netherlandcolony, he was forced to surrender New Nether-land to the English. (p. 37)

Sutter, John (1803–1880) American pioneer whobuilt Sutter’s Fort, a trading post on the Califor-nia frontier; gold was discovered, leading to theCalifornia gold rush. (p. 327)

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Taft, William Howard (1857–1930) Twenty-seventhpresident of the United States, he angered pro-gressives by moving cautiously toward reformsand by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff,which did not lower tariffs very much. He lostRoosevelt’s support and was defeated for a sec-ond term. (p. 629)

Taney (TAW–nee), Roger B. (1777–1864) U.S.Supreme Court Chief Justice, he wrote the major-ity opinion in the Dred Scott decision, stating thatAfrican Americans were not citizens and thatthe Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.(p. 452)

Taylor, Frederick W. (1856–1915) American effi-ciency engineer, he introduced the manufactur-ing system known as scientific management thatviewed workers as mechanical parts of the pro-duction process, not as human beings. (p. 584)

Tecumseh (1768–1813) Shawnee chief who attempt-ed to form an Indian confederation to resist whitesettlement in the Northwest Territory. (p. 242)

Thoreau, Henry David (1817–1862) American writerand transcendentalist philosopher, he studiednature and published a magazine article, “CivilDisobedience,” as well as his famous book,Walden Pond. (p. 405)

Truth, Sojourner (c.1797–1883) American evangelistand reformer, she was born an enslaved Africanbut was later freed and became a speaker forabolition and women’s suffrage. (p. 418)

Tubman, Harriet (c.1820–1913) American aboli-tionist who escaped slavery and assisted otherenslaved Africans to escape; she is the mostfamous Underground Railroad conductor and isknown as the Moses of her people. (p. 420)

Turner, Nat (1800–1831) American slave leader,he claimed that divine inspiration had led himto end the slavery system. Called Nat Turner’sRebellion, the slave revolt was the most violentone in U.S. history; he was tried, convicted, andexecuted. (p. 390)

Tweed, William Marcy (1823–1878) American politi-cian, he gained control of New York City’s Tam-many Hall political machine and became knownas Boss Tweed. He was convicted of stealing fromthe New York City treasury. (p. 607)

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Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe (1808–1890) Americansoldier and politician, he increased settlement in

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northern California and became a rich cattle-man. He helped in the effort to get statehood forCalifornia. (p. 319)

Van Buren, Martin (1782–1862) American politicianand secretary of state under Andrew Jackson, helater became the eighth president of the UnitedStates. (p. 286)

Vesey, Denmark (c.1767–1822) American insurrec-tionist, he was brought to America as a slave butpurchased his own freedom. He planned a largeslave uprising in South Carolina and was triedand hanged along with 36 others accused ofplotting the rebellion. (p. 390)

Villa, Francisco “Pancho” (1878–1923) Mexicanbandit and revolutionary leader, he led revoltsagainst Carranza and Huerta. He was pursued bythe U.S. but evaded General Pershing. (p. 661)

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Washington, Booker T. (1856–1915) African Ameri-can educator and civil rights leader, he wasborn into slavery and later became head of theTuskegee Institute for career training for AfricanAmericans. He was an advocate for conservativesocial change. (p. 624)

Washington, George (1732–1799) RevolutionaryWar hero and Patriot leader,he served as a representativeto the Continental Congresses,commanded the ContinentalArmy, and was unanimouslyelected to two terms as presi-dent of the United States.(pp. 80, 82)

Webster, Daniel (1782–1852) American lawyer andstatesman, he spoke out against nullificationand states’ rights, believing that the countryshould stay unified. (p. 290)

Wells, Ida B. (1862–1931) African American journal-ist and anti-lynching activist, she was part-ownerand editor of the Memphis Free Speech. (p. 624)

Whitman, Walt (1819–1892) American poet, hegained recognition abroad and later at homefor unrhymed works of poetry praising theUnited States, Americans, democracy, andindividualism.(p. 407)

Whitney, Eli (1765–1825) American inventor whosecotton gin changed cotton harvesting proce-dures and enabled large increases in cottonproduction; he introduced the technology ofmass production through the development ofinterchangeable parts in gun-making. (p. 349)

Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1867–1957) American writerand frontierswoman who wrote a well-knownseries of children’s books based on her ownexperiences, including the classic Little Houseon the Prairie. (p. 562)

Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924) Twenty-eighthpresident of the United States, his reform legisla-tion was given the name New Freedom, andit included three constitutional amendments:direct election of senators, prohibition, andwomen’s suffrage. He created the Federal ReserveSystem, the Federal Trade Commission, and heenacted child labor laws. (p. 629)

Winnemucca, Sarah (1844–1891) Paiute Indianreformer, she was an activist for Indian rightsand lectured specifically about the problems ofthe reservation system. (p. 558)

Winthrop, John (1588–1649) Leader of the Massa-chusetts Bay Colony who led Puritan coloniststo Massachusetts to establish an ideal Christiancommunity; he later became the colony’s firstgovernor. (p. 44)

Wright, Orville (1871–1948) and Wilbur (1867–1912)American pioneers of aviation, they went fromexperiments with kites and gliders to pilotingthe first successful gas-powered airplane flightand later founded the American Wright Com-pany to manufacture airplanes. (p. 578)

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Young, Brigham (1801–1877) American religiousleader who headed the Mormon Church afterthe murder of Joseph Smith, he moved the com-munity to Utah, leading thousands along whatcame to be known as the Mormon Trail to themain settlement at Salt Lake City. (p. 311)

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Zapata, Emiliano (1879–1919) Mexican revolution-ary, he was a guerrilla leader helping Maderaoverthrow Díaz. He was a champion of farmersand revolted against Carranza. (p. 661)

Vallejo Zapata

R62 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

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a alphabet a *AL-fuh-bet

a Asia ay AY-zhuh

ä cart, top ah KAHRT, TAHP

e let, ten e LET, TEN

e even, leaf ee EE-vuhn, LEEF

i it, tip, British i IT, TIP, BRIT-ish

ı site, buy, Ohio y SYT, BY, oh-HY-oh

iris eye EYE-ris

k card k KAHRD

o over, rainbow oh OH-vuhr, RAYN-boh

u book, wood ooh BOOHK, WOOHD

o all, orchid aw AWL, AWR-kid

oi foil, coin oy FOYL, KOYN

au out ow OWT

e cup, butter uh KUHP, BUHT-uhr

ü rule, food oo ROOL, FOOD

yü few yoo FYOO

zh vision zh VIZH-uhn

*A syllable printed in small capital letters receives heavier emphasis than the other syllable(s) in a word.

A

ABC Powers Argentina, Brazil and Chile; nations thatoffered to negotiate a dispute between the UnitedStates and Mexico when unrest following theMexican Revolution brought the two countries intoconfl ict (p. 661)potencias ABC Argentina, Brasil y Chile; nacionesque se ofrecieron a resolver el desacuerdo entre Esta-dos Unidos y México cuando el descontento poste-rior a la Revolución mexicana provocó un confl ictoentre ambos países (pág. 661)

abolition an end to slavery (p. 416)abolición fi n de la esclavitud (pág. 416)

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) an agreement in which Spaingave East Florida to the United States (p. 261)tratado de Adams y Onís (1819) acuerdo en el queEspaña cedió el territorio del este de Florida a EstadosUnidos (pág. 261)

agrarian relating to farming and agriculture (p. 41)agrario relacionado con los cultivos y la agricultura(pág. 41)

Alamo Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas, that wasthe site of a famous battle of the Texas Revolution in1836 (p. 314)

El Álamo misión española en San Antonio, Texas; esce-nario de una famosa batalla durante la Revolucióntexana de 1836 (pág. 314)

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) laws passed by a Feder-alist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting thegovernment from treasonous ideas, actions, andpeople (p. 215)Leyes de No Intervención Extranjera (1798) leyesaprobadas por un Congreso mayormente federalistacon el fi n de proteger al gobierno de la infl uencia deideas, acciones y personas desleales (pág. 215)

amendment offi cial change, correction, or addition to alaw or constitution (p. 135)enmienda cambio, corrección o adición realizado demanera ofi cial a una ley o constitución (pág. 135)

American Anti-Slavery Society an organization startedby William Lloyd Garrison whose members wantedimmediate emancipation and racial equality for Afri-can Americans (p. 417)Sociedad Americana contra la Esclavitud organizaciónfundada por William Lloyd Garrison cuyos miem-bros pedían la emancipación inmediata y la igualdadracial de los afroamericanos (pág. 417)

American Federation of Labor an organization thatunited skilled workers into national unions for spe-cifi c industries (p. 585)Federación Estadounidense del Trabajo organizaciónque agrupó obreros especializados en sindicatosnacionales defi nidos por industrias (pág. 585)

Phonetic Respelling andPronunciation GuideMany of the key terms in thistextbook have been respelledto help you pronounce them.The letter combinations usedin the respelling throughoutthe narrative are explained inthe following phonetic respell-ing and pronunciation guide.The guide is adapted fromMerriam-Webster’s CollegiateDictionary, 11th Edition;Merriam-Webster’s BiographicalDictionary; and Merriam-Webster’s GeographicalDictionary.

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R63

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American System Henry Clay’s plan for raising tariffs topay for internal improvements such as better roadsand canals (p. 264)Sistema estadounidense plan de alza de impuestoscreado por Henry Clay para realizar mejoras internascomo la reparación de caminos y canales (pág. 264)

Antifederalists people who opposed ratifi cation of theConstitution (p. 132)antifederalistas personas que se oponían a la apro-bación de la Constitución (pág. 132)

Anti-Imperialist League a group of citizens opposed toimperialism, and, specifi cally, to the peace treaty thatgave the United States control of Cuba, Guam, PuertoRico, and the Philippines (p. 650)Liga Antiimperialista grupo de ciudadanos que seoponían al imperialismo y, más concretamente,al tratado de paz que otorgaba a Estados Unidosel control de Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico y Filipinas(pág. 650)

Appomattox Courthouse Virginia town where GeneralRobert E. Lee was forced to surrender, thus endingthe Civil War (p. 502)Appomattox Courthouse poblado de Virginia dondeel general Robert E. Lee fue obligado a rendirse,dando fi n a la Guerra Civil (pág. 502)

Articles of Confederation (1777) the document thatcreated the fi rst central government for the UnitedStates; was replaced by the Constitution in 1789(p. 116)Artículos de la Confederación (1777) documento quecreó el primer gobierno central en Estados Uni-dos; fue reemplazado por la Constitución en 1789(pág. 116)

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Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) an atttack led by NathanielBacon against American Indians and the colonialgovernment in Virginia (p. 38)Rebelión de Bacon (1676) ataque encabezado porNathaniel Bacon contra los indígenas norteamerica-nos y el gobierno colonial en Virginia (pág. 38)

Bank of the United States a national bank chartered byCongress in 1791 to provide security for the U.S.economy (p. 204)Banco de Estados Unidos banco nacional constituidopor el Congreso en 1791 para dar establidad a laeconomía de Estados Unidos (pág. 204)

Battle of Antietam (1862) a Union victory in the CivilWar that marked the bloodiest single-day battle inU.S. military history (p. 481)batalla de Antietam (1862) victoria del ejército de laUnión durante la Guerra Civil en la batalla de un solodía más sangrienta en la historia militar de EstadosUnidos (pág. 481)

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775) a Revolutionary War battlein Boston that demonstrated that the colonists couldfi ght well against the British army (p. 81)batalla de Bunker Hill (1775) batalla de la Guerra deIndependencia estadounidense que tuvo lugar enBoston; en ésta se demostró que los colonos podíanluchar bien contra el ejército británico (pág. 81)

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) a battle between U.S.troops and an American Indian confederation thatended Indian efforts to halt white settlement in theNorthwest Territory (p. 209)batalla de Fallen Timbers (1794) batalla entre lastropas estadounidenses y una confederación de indí-genas norteamericanos que puso fi n a los intentos delos indígenas para detener la emigración de personasde raza blanca al Territorio del Noroeste (pág. 209)

Battle of Gettysburg (1863) a Union Civil War victorythat turned the tide against the Confederates atGettysburg, Pennsylvania (p. 498)batalla de Gettysburg (1863) victoria del ejército de laUnión durante la Guerra Civil que cambió el curso dela guerra en contra de los confederados en Gettys-burg, Pensilvania (pág. 498)

Battle of Lake Erie (1813) U.S. victory in the War of1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry; broke Britain’s con-trol of Lake Erie (p. 247)batalla del lago Erie (1813) victoria en la Guerra de1812 en la que el ejército estadounidense, comandadopor Oliver Hazard Perry, puso fi n al control británico dellago Erie (pág. 247)

Battle of New Orleans (1815) the greatest U.S. victory inthe War of 1812; actually took place two weeks after apeace treaty had been signed ending the war (p. 248)batalla de Nueva Orleáns (1815) la mayor victoriadel ejército estadounidense en la Guerra de 1812;tuvo lugar dos semanas después de la fi rma de untratado de paz en el que se declaraba el fi nal de laguerra (pág. 248)

Battle of San Jacinto (1836) the fi nal battle of the TexasRevolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexicanarmy and independence for Texas (p. 314)batalla de San Jacinto (1836) batalla fi nal de la Revo-lución texana en la que fue derrotado el ejército me-xicano y Texas obtuvo su independencia (pág. 314)

Battle of Saratoga (1777) a Revolutionary War battle inNew York that resulted in a major defeat of Britishtroops; marked the Patriots’ greatest victory up tothat point in the war (p. 94)batalla de Saratoga (1777) batalla de la Guerra deIndependencia estadounidense que tuvo lugar enNueva York y en la que las fuerzas británicas sufrieronuna de sus mayores derrotas; los patriotas obtuvieronsu mayor victoria hasta ese momento (pág. 94)

Battle of Shiloh (1862) a Civil War battle in Tennesseein which the Union army gained greater control overthe Mississippi River valley (p. 485)batalla de Shiloh (1862) batalla de la Guerra Civil enTennessee en la que el ejército de la Unión adquiriómayor control sobre el valle del río Mississippi(pág. 485)

Battle of the Little Big Horn (1876) “Custer’s Last Stand”;battle between U.S. soldiers, led by George ArmstrongCuster, and Sioux warriors, led by Crazy Horse andSitting Bull, that resulted in the worst defeat for theU.S. Army in the West (p. 556)batalla de Little Big Horn (1876) última batalla delgeneral Custer; esta batalla entre las tropas de GeorgeArmstrong Custer y los guerreros siux al mando deCaballo Loco y Toro Sentado produjo la mayor derrotadel ejército estadounidense en el Oeste (pág. 556)

American System/Sistema estadounidense Battle of the Little Big Horn/batalla de Little Big horn


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Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) U.S. victory over an Indianconfederation that wanted to stop white settle-ment in the Northwest Territory; increased tensionsbetween Great Britain and the United States (p. 244)batalla de Tippecanoe (1811) victoria del ejércitoestadounidense sobre la confederación indígena queintentaba evitar el establecimiento de poblacionesde blancos en el Territorio del Noroeste; esta batallaaumentó las hostilidades entre Gran Bretaña y Esta-dos Unidos (pág. 244)

Battle of Trenton (1776) a Revolutionary War battle inNew Jersey in which Patriot forces captured morethan 900 Hessian troops (p. 93)batalla de Trenton (1776) batalla de la Guerra deIndependencia estadounidense que tuvo lugar enNueva Jersey; en esta batalla las fuerzas de los patri-otas capturaron a más de 900 soldados mercenarioshessianos (pág. 93)

Battle of Yorktown (1781) the last major battle of theRevolutionary War; site of British general CharlesCornwallis’s surrender to the Patriots in Virginia(p. 100)batalla de Yorktown (1781) la última batalla impor-tante de la Guerra de Independencia estadounidense;lugar donde se rindió el general británico CharlesCornwallis ante las tropas de los patriotas en Virginia(pág. 100)

Bear Flag Revolt (1846) a revolt against Mexico byAmerican settlers in California who declared the terri-tory an independent republic (p. 320)Revuelta de Bear Flag (1846) rebelión iniciada porcolonos estadounidenses en contra de México paradeclarar al territorio de California una república inde-pendiente (pág. 320)

benevolent society an aid organization formed byimmigrant communities (p. 591)sociedad de benefi cencia organización de ayuda for-mada por comunidades de inmigrantes (pág. 591)

Bessemer process a process developed in the 1850s thatled to faster, cheaper steel production (p. 575)proceso de Bessemer proceso de producción de aceromás económico y rápido, desarrollado en la décadade 1850 (pág. 575)

Bill of Rights the fi rst 10 amendments to the Constitu-tion; ratifi ed in 1791 (p. 135)Declaración de Derechos primeras 10 enmien-das hechas a la Constitución; aprobada en 1791(pág. 135)

Black Codes laws passed in the southern states duringReconstruction that greatly limited the freedom andrights of African Americans (p. 518)códigos para negros decretos aprobados en los estadossureños en la época de la Reconstrucción que limi-taron en gran medida la libertad y los derechos de losafroamericanos (pág. 518)

bond a certifi cate that represents money the govern-ment has borrowed from private citizens (p. 200)bono certifi cado que representa dinero que el go-bierno toma prestado de los ciudadanos (pág. 200)

boomtown a Western community that grew quicklybecause of the mining boom and often disappearedwhen the boom ended (p. 548)

pueblo de rápido crecimiento comunidad del Oesteque se desarrolló con gran rapidez debido a la fi ebredel oro, pero que desapareció cuando los yacimientosse agotaron (pág. 548)

border states Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Mis-souri; slave states that lay between the North and theSouth and did not join the Confederacy during theCivil War (p. 474)estados fronterizos Delaware, Kentucky, Marylandy Missouri; estados ubicados entre el Norte y el Sur,que practicaban la esclavitud y que no se unieron a laConfederación durante la Guerra Civil (pág. 474)

Boston Massacre (1770) an incident in which Britishsoldiers fi red into a crowd of colonists, killing fi vepeople (p. 67)matanza de Boston (1770) incidente en el que lossoldados británicos dispararon entre una multitudde colonos, ocasionando la muerte a cinco personas(pág. 67)

Boston Tea Party (1773) a protest against the Tea Act inwhich a group of colonists boarded British tea shipsand dumped more than 340 chests of tea into BostonHarbor (p. 68)Motín del Té de Boston (1773) protesta en contra dela Ley del Té en la que un grupo de colonos abordóbarcos británicos que transportaban té y arrojó al maralrededor de 340 baúles con este producto en el puertode Boston (pág. 68)

Boxer Rebellion (1900) a siege of a foreign settlementin Beijing by Chinese nationalists who were angry atforeign involvement in China (p. 645)rebelión de los boxers (1900) asedio a un asentamien-to extranjero en Beijing por parte de un grupo denacionalistas chinos que estaban en desacuerdo conla participación extranjera en China (pág. 645)

Bureau of Indian Aff airs a government agency createdin the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward NativeAmericans (p. 294)Ofi cina de Asuntos Indígenas agencia creada por elgobierno en el siglo XIX para encargarse de las políti-cas federales sobre los indígenas norteamericanos(pág. 294)

C

Californios Spanish colonists in California in the 1800s(p. 319)californios colonos españoles que vivían en Califor-nia en el siglo XIX (pág. 319)

capital money or property that is used to earn moremoney (p. 13)capital dinero o propiedades usadas para ganar másdinero (pág. 13)

capitalism an economic system in which private busi-nesses run most industries (p. 619)capitalismo sistema económico en el que las empre-sas privadas controlan la mayoría de las industrias(pág. 619)

Battle of Tippecanoe/batalla de Tippecanoe capitalism/capitalismo


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cattle drive a long journey on which cowboys herdedcattle to northern markets or better grazing lands(p. 549)arreo de ganado viaje largo en el que los vaquerosarreaban ganado para llevarlo a los mercados delNorte o a mejores pastizales (pág. 549)

Cattle Kingdom an area of the Great Plains on whichmany ranchers raised cattle in the late 1800s (p. 549)Reino del Ganado área de las Grandes Planicies en laque muchos ganaderos se establecieron a fi nales desiglo XIX (pág. 549)

charter an offi cial document that gives a person theright to establish a colony (p. 27)carta de constitución documento legal que da auna persona el derecho de establecer una colonia(pág. 27)

checks and balances a system established by the Consti-tution that prevents any branch of government frombecoming too powerful (p. 129)pesos y contrapesos sistema establecido por laConstitución para evitar que cualquier poder delgobierno adquiera demasiada autoridad en relacióncon los demás (pág. 129)

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) a law passed by Congressthat banned Chinese from immigrating to the UnitedStates for 10 years (p. 593)Ley de Exclusión de Chinos (1882) ley aprobada porel Congreso que prohibió la inmigración de chinos aEstados Unidos por un período de 10 años (pág. 593)

Chisholm Trail a trail that ran from San Antonio, Texas,to Abilene, Kansas, established by Jesse Chisholm inthe late 1860s for cattle drives (p. 549)Camino de Chisholm camino creado por JesseChisholm a fi nales de la década de 1860 que iba desdeSan Antonio, Texas hasta Abilene, Kansas, para realizararreos de ganado (pág. 549)

Civil Rights Act of 1866 a law that gave African Ameri-cans legal rights equal to those of white Americans(p. 520)Ley de Derechos Civiles de 1866 ley que daba a losafroamericanos derechos legales similares a los quetenían los ciudadanos de raza blanca (pág. 520)

Clermont the fi rst full-sized U.S. commercial steam-boat; developed by Robert Fulton and tested in 1807(p. 359)Clermont primer barco comercial de vapor de grandesdimensiones, diseñado por Robert Fulton y probadoen 1807 (pág. 359)

collective bargaining a technique used by labor unionsin which workers act collectively to change workingconditions or wages (p. 586)negociación colectiva método empleado por lossindicatos en el que los trabajadores actúan colecti-vamente para cambiar las condiciones laborales o lossalarios (pág. 586)

Columbian Exchange the transfer of plants, animals,and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia,and Africa (p. 18)intercambio colombino intercambio de plantas, ani-males y enfermedades entre América y Europa, Asia yÁfrica (pág. 18)

Committees of Correspondence committees created bythe Massachusetts House of Representatives in the1760s to help towns and colonies share informationabout resisting British laws (p. 65)comités de correspondencia comités creados por laCámara de Representantes de Massachusetts en ladécada de 1760 para que poblados y colonias com-partieran información que los ayudara a resistirse alas leyes británicas (pág. 65)

common-school movement a social reform effort thatbegan in the mid-1800s and promoted the idea ofhaving all children educated in a common placeregardless of social class or background (p. 412)movimiento de escuelas comunes reforma socialiniciada a mediados del siglo XIX para fomentar la ideade que todos los niños debían recibir educación enun mismo lugar sin importar su origen o clase social(pág. 412)

Common Sense (1776) a pamphlet written by ThomasPaine that criticized monarchies and convincedmany American colonists of the need to break awayfrom Britain (p. 83)Sentido común (1776) folleto escrito por ThomasPaine en el que criticaba a las monarquías con elfi n de convencer a los colonos estadounidenses dela necesidad de independizarse de Gran Bretaña(pág. 83)

Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay’s proposed agreementthat allowed California to enter the Union as a freestate and divided the rest of the Mexican Cessioninto two territories where slavery would be decidedby popular sovereignty (p. 441)Acuerdo de 1850 acuerdo redactado por Henry Clayen que se permitía a California ingresar en la Unióncomo estado libre y se proponía la división del restodel territorio cedido por México en dos partes dondela esclavitud sería reglamentada por soberanía popu-lar (pág. 441)

Compromise of 1877 an agreement to settle the disputedpresidential election of 1876; Democrats agreed toaccept Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as presidentin return for the removal of federal troops from theSouth (p. 527)Acuerdo de 1877 acuerdo en el que se resolvió ladisputa de las elecciones presidenciales de 1876; losdemócratas aceptaron al republicano Rutherford B.Hayes como presidente a cambio del retiro de lastropas federales del Sur (pág. 527)

Comstock Lode Nevada gold and silver mine discoveredby Henry Comstock in 1859 (p. 547)veta de Comstock yacimiento de oro y plata des-cubierto en Nevada por Henry Comstock en 1859(pág. 547)

Confederate States of America the nation formed by thesouthern states when they seceded from the Union;also known as the Confederacy (p. 458)Estados Confederados de América nación formadapor los estados del Sur cuando se separaron de laUnión; también conocida como Confederación(pág. 458)

cattle drive/arreo de ganado Confederate States of America/Estados Confederados de América


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región algodonera zona que se extendía desdeCarolina del Sur hasta el este de Texas, en la que seproducía la mayor parte del algodón cosechado enEstados Unidos a mediados del siglo XIX (pág. 379)

cotton diplomacy Confederate efforts to use the impor-tance of southern cotton to Britain’s textile industryto persuade the British to support the Confederacy inthe Civil War (p. 475)diplomacia del algodón esfuerzos de la Confede-ración por aprovechar la infl uencia del algodón delSur en la industria textil británica para convencer aGran Bretaña de apoyar su causa durante la GuerraCivil (pág. 475)

cotton gin a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793to remove seeds from short-staple cotton; revolution-ized the cotton industry (p. 377)desmotadora de algodón máquina inventada por EliWhitney en 1793 para separar las fi bras de algodónde las semillas; revolucionó la industria del algodón(pág. 377)

culture the common values and traditions of a society,such as language, government, and family relation-ships (p. 7)cultura valores y tradiciones comunes de una socie-dad, como el lenguaje, la forma de gobierno y lasrelaciones familiares (pág. 7)

Cumberland Road the fi rst federal road project, con-struction of which began in 1815; ran from Cum-berland, Maryland, to present-day Wheeling, WestVirginia (p. 265)camino de Cumberland primer proyecto federal deconstrucción de carreteras, iniciado en 1815 paracrear un camino entre Cumberland, Maryland y elpoblado que actualmente lleva el nombre de Wheel-ing, en Virginia Occidental (pág. 265)

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Dawes General Allotment Act (1887) legislation passedby Congress that split up Indian reservation landsamong individual Indians and promised them citi-zenship (p. 558)Ley de Adjudicación General de Dawes (1887) leyaprobada por el Congreso que dividía el terreno delas reservaciones indígenas entre sus habitantes y lesprometía otorgarles la ciudadanía estadounidense(pág. 558)

Declaration of Independence (1776) the documentwritten to declare the colonies free from British rule(p. 84)Declaración de Independencia (1776) documentoredactado para declarar la independencia de las colo-nias del dominio británico (pág. 84)

Declaration of Sentiments (1848) a statement writ-ten and signed by women’s rights supporters at theSeneca Falls Convention; detailed their beliefs aboutsocial injustice against women (p. 426)

conquistador a Spanish soldier and explorer who ledmilitary expeditions in the Americas and capturedland for Spain (p. 20)conquistador soldado y explorador español que enca-bezó expediciones militares en América y capturóterritorios en nombre de España (pág. 20)

consul general chief diplomat (p. 644)cónsul general jefe diplomático (pág. 644)

constitution a set of basic principles that determines thepowers and duties of a government (p. 115)constitución conjunto de principios básicos quedetermina los poderes y las obligaciones de un go-bierno (pág. 115)

Constitutional Convention (1787) a meeting held inPhiladelphia at which delegates from the states wrotethe Constitution (p. 126)Convención Constitucional (1787) encuentro rea-lizado en Filadelfi a en el que delegados de los estadosredactaron la Constitución (pág. 126)

Constitutional Union Party a political party formed in1860 by a group of northerners and southerners whosupported the Union, its laws, and the Constitution(p. 457)Partido Constitucional por la Unión partido políticoformado en 1860 por habitantes del Norte y del Suren apoyo de la Unión, sus leyes y la Constitución(pág. 457)

Continental Army the army created by the Second Con-tinental Congress in 1775 to defend the Americancolonies from Britain (p. 80)Ejército Continental ejército creado por el SegundoCongreso Continental en 1775 para defender lascolonias estadounidenses del dominio británico(pág. 80)

contraband an escaped slave who joined the Unionarmy during the Civil War (p. 493)contrabando bienes introducidos en un país de for-ma ilegal; esclavo que escapó y que se unió al ejércitode la Unión durante la Guerra Civil (pág. 493)

Convention of 1818 an agreement between the UnitedStates and Great Britain that settled fi shing rights andestablished new North American borders (p. 260)Convención de 1818 acuerdo entre Estados Unidosy Gran Bretaña para defi nir los derechos de pescay establecer las nuevas fronteras norteamericanas(pág. 260)

Copperheads a group of northern Democrats whoopposed abolition and sympathized with the Southduring the Civil War (p. 494)copperheads grupo de demócratas del Norte que seoponían a la abolición de la esclavitud y simpatiza-ban con las creencias sureñas durante la Guerra Civil(pág. 494)

corporation a business that sells portions of ownershipcalled stock shares (p. 579)corporación compañía que vende partes de la mismallamadas acciones (pág. 579)

cotton belt a region stretching from South Carolina toeast Texas where most U.S. cotton was produced dur-ing the mid-1800s (p. 379)

conquistador/conquistador Declaration of Sentiments/Declaración de Sentimientos


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Declaración de Sentimientos (1848) declaraciónredactada y fi rmada por una serie de personas enapoyo de los derechos de la mujer durante la Con-vención de Seneca Falls, en la que se describía condetalle su punto de vista sobre las injusticias socialesque afectaban a las mujeres (pág. 426)

defl ation a decrease in money supply and overall lowerprices (p. 564)defl ación reducción de la disponibilidad del dinero ybaja general en los precios (pág. 564)

Democratic Party a political party formed by supportersof Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of1824 (p. 285)Partido Demócrata partido político formado por par-tidarios de Andrew Jackson después de las eleccionespresidenciales de 1824 (pág. 285)

Democratic-Republican Party a political party foundedin the 1790s by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison,and other leaders who wanted to preserve the powerof the state governments and promote agriculture(p. 212)Partido Demócrata Republicano partido políticoformado en la década de 1790 por Thomas Jefferson,James Madison y otros líderes políticos con el fi n depreservar el poder de los gobiernos estatales y pro-mover la agricultura (pág. 212)

department store giant retail shop (p. 596)tiendas por departamenentos grandes comercios deventa al público (pág. 596)

deport to send an immigrant back to his or her countryof origin (p. 184)deportar enviar a un inmigrante de regreso a su paísde origen (pág. 184)

depression a steep drop in economic activity combinedwith rising unemployment (p. 123)depresión descenso considerable en la actividadeconómica, combinado con un alza en el desempleo(pág. 123)

direct primary a procedure for direct selection of candi-dates by voters instead of by party leaders (p. 613)elecciones primarias método de elección en el quelos votantes (y no los líderes de los partidos) eligendirectamente a los candidatos (pág. 613)

dollar diplomacy President Taft’s policy of infl uencingLatin America through economic rather than mili-tary intervention (p. 657)diplomacia del dólar política creada por el presidenteTaft para infl uir en los gobiernos de América Latinamediante la intervención económica en lugar de lamilitar (pág. 657)

Donner party a group of western travelers who werestranded in the Sierra Nevada during the winter of1846–47; only 45 of the party’s 87 members survived(p. 327)grupo Donner grupo de viajeros del Oeste extravia-dos en la Sierra Nevada durante el invierno de1846–47; sólo 45 de los 87 viajeros sobrevivieron(pág. 327)

double jeopardy the act of trying a person twice for thesame crime (p. 180)doble proceso acto de juzgar a una persona dos vecespor el mismo delito (pág. 180)

draft a system of required service in the armed forces(p. 185)conscripción sistema de servicio obligatorio en lasfuerzas armadas (pág. 185)

Dred Scott (1857) a slave whose court case led to aU.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared AfricanAmericans were not U.S. citizens, that the MissouriCompromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitu-tional, and that Congress did not have the right toban slavery in any federal territory (p. 451)Dred Scott (1857) esclavo que fue encausado y cuyojuicio concluyó con una decisión de la CorteSuprema; en la que se declaraba que los afroameri-canos no podían ser ciudadanos de Estados Unidos,que las restricciones de la esclavitud impuestas en elAcuerdo de Missouri eran inconstitucionales y que elCongreso no tenía derecho de abolir la esclavitud enninguna parte del territorio federal (pág. 451)

dry farming a method of farming used by Plains farmersin the 1890s that shifted focus from water-dependentcrops to more hardy crops (p. 561)agricultura sin irrigación método de cultivo queusaban los agricultores de las Planicies en la décadade 1890 que provocó un cambio de los cultivos quedependían del agua a otros más resistentes (pág. 561)

due process the fair application of the law (p. 180)debido proceso aplicación justa de la ley (pág. 180)

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Eighteenth Amendment (1919) a constitutional amend-ment that outlawed the production and sale ofalcoholic beverages in the United States; repealed in1933 (p. 623)Decimoctava Enmienda (1919) enmienda constitu-cional que prohibía la producción y venta de bebidasalcohólicas en Estados Unidos; revocada en 1933(pág. 623)

electoral college a group of people selected from each ofthe states to cast votes in presidential elections (p. 196)colegio electoral grupo de personas elegido en cadaestado para votar en las elecciones presidenciales(pág. 196)

emancipation freeing of the slaves (p. 491)emancipación liberación de los esclavos (pág. 491)

Emancipation Proclamation (1862) an order issued byPresident Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areasrebelling against the Union; took effect January 1,1863 (p. 491)

Declaration of Sentiments/Declaración de Sentimientos Emancipation Proclamation/Proclamación de Emancipación


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Proclamación de Emancipación (1862) decreto emitidopor el presidente Abraham Lincoln para liberar a losesclavos en las áreas que luchaban contra la Unión;entró en vigor el primero de enero de 1863 (pág. 491)

embargo the banning of trade with a country (p. 241)embargo prohibición del comercio con un país(pág. 241)

Embargo Act (1807) a law that prohibited Americanmerchants from trading with other countries (p. 241)Ley de Embargo (1807) ley que prohibía a los co-merciantes estadounidenses comerciar con otrospaíses (pág. 241)

eminent domain the government’s power to take per-sonal property to benefi t the public (p. 180)derecho de expropiación poder otorgado al go-bierno para tomar propiedades particulares por elbien común (pág. 180)

empresarios agents who were contracted by the Mexi-can republic to bring settlers to Texas in the earlyl800s (p. 312)empresarios personas contratadas por la RepúblicaMexicana para reclutar personas que desearanestablecer poblaciones en Texas a principios del sigloXIX (pág. 312)

encomienda system a system in Spanish America thatgave settlers the right to tax local Indians or todemand their labor in exchange for protecting themand converting them to Christianity (p. 22)sistema de encomienda sistema adoptado en laAmérica española que permitía a los colonos cobrarimpuestos a los indígenas o exigirles trabajo a cambiode su protección y de convertirlos al cristianismo(pág. 22)

English Bill of Rights (1689) a shift of political powerfrom the British monarchy to Parliament (pp. 55, 114)Declaración de Derechos inglesa (1689) cambio delpoder político de la monarquía británica al Parlamentoinglés (págs. 55, 114)

Enlightenment the Age of Reason; movement thatbegan in Europe in the 1700s as people began exam-ining the natural world, society, and government(p. 59)Ilustración Era de la Razón; movimiento iniciado enEuropa en el siglo XVIII cuando las personas empe-zaron a adquirir más conocimientos sobre la natura-leza, la sociedad y el gobierno (pág. 59)

entrepreneur a person who organizes, operates, andassumes the risk for a business venture (p. 380)empresario persona que organiza, opera y asume elriesgo de un nuevo negocio (pág. 380)

environment the climate and landscape that surroundsliving things (p. 7)medio ambiente el clima y paisaje donde habitanseres vivos (pág. 7)

Era of Good Feelings a period of peace, pride, and prog-ress for the United States from 1815 to 1825 (p. 265)Era de los buenos sentimientos período de paz,orgullo y progreso de los Estados Unidos de 1815 a1825 (pág. 265)

Erie Canal the canal that runs from Albany to Buffalo,New York; completed in 1825 (p. 265)

canal de Erie canal que va de Albany a Búfalo, en elestado de Nueva York; completado en 1825 (pág. 265)

executive branch the division of the federal governmentthat includes the president and the administrativedepartments; enforces the nation’s laws (p. 129)poder ejecutivo división del gobierno federal queincluye al presidente y a los departamentos admin-istrativos; vigila el cumplimiento de las leyes de lanación (pág. 129)

executive orders nonlegislative directives issued by theU.S. president in certain circumstances; executiveorders have the force of congressional law (p. 147)órdenes ejecutivas órdenes no legislativas dictadaspor el presidente de Estados Unidos en circunstanciasespecífi cas; tienen la misma validez que las leyes delCongreso (pág. 147)

Exodusters African Americans who settled western landsin the late 1800s (p. 561)colonos del éxodo afroamericanos que se establecie-ron en el Oeste a fi nales del siglo XIX (pág. 561)

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factor a crop broker who managed the trade betweensouthern planters and their customers (p. 379)comisionado intermediario que administraba elintercambio comercial entre las plantaciones del Sury sus clientes (pág. 379)

federal system a system that divided powers betweenthe states and the federal government (p. 144)sistema federal sistema en el que se distribuye el pod-er entre los estados y el gobierno federal (pág. 144)

federalism U.S. system of government in which poweris distributed between a central government andindividual states (p. 129)federalismo sistema de gobierno de Estados Unidosen el que el poder está distribuido entre una autori-dad centralizada y varios estados (pág. 129)

Federalist Papers a series of essays that defended andexplained the Constitution and tried to reassureAmericans that the states would not be overpoweredby the proposed national government (p. 133)Federalist Papers serie de ensayos que defi enden yexplican la Constitución con el propósito de que losciudadanos quedaran convencidos de que el go-bierno nacional propuesto no tendría supremacíasobre el gobierno de los estados (pág. 133)

Federalist Party a political party created in the 1790sand infl uenced by Alexander Hamilton that wantedto strengthen the federal government and promoteindustry and trade (p. 212)Partido Federalista partido político creado en la déca-da de 1790 siguiendo las ideas de Alexander Hamil-ton para fortalecer al gobierno federal y fomentar laindustria y el intercambio comercial (pág. 212)

Federalists people who supported ratifi cation of theConstitution (p. 132)federalistas personas que apoyaban la ratifi cación dela Constitución (pág. 132)

Emancipation Proclamation/Proclamación de Emancipación Federalists/federalistas


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Fifteenth Amendment (1870) a constitutional amend-ment that gave African American men the right tovote (p. 523)Decimoquinta Enmienda (1870) enmienda constitu-cional que otorgaba a los hombres afroamericanos elderecho al voto (pág. 523)

54th Massachusetts Infantry African American CivilWar regiment that captured Fort Wagner in SouthCarolina (p. 493)

54º Batallón de Infantería de Massachusetts regimientode la Guerra Civil formado por soldados afroameri-canos que tomó el fuerte Wagner en Carolina del Sur(pág. 493)

First Battle of Bull Run (1861) the fi rst major battle of theCivil War, resulting in a Confederate victory; showedthat the Civil War would not be won easily (p. 479)primera batalla de Bull Run (1861) primera batallaimportante de la Guerra Civil, en la cual el ejércitoconfederado obtuvo la victoria; en esta batalla sedemostró que ninguno de los bandos ganaría laguerra con facilidad (pág. 479)

First Continental Congress (1774) a meeting of colonialdelegates in Philadelphia to decide how to respondto the closing of Boston Harbor, increased taxes, andabuses of authority by the British government; dele-gates petitioned King George III, listing the freedomsthey believed colonists should enjoy (p. 78)Primer Congreso Continental (1774) encuentro de de-legados de las colonias en Filadelfi a para decidir cómoresponderían al cierre del puerto de Boston, al alza deimpuestos y a los abusos de la autoridad británica; losdelegados hicieron una serie de peticiones al rey JorgeIII, incluyendo los derechos que consideraban justospara los colonos (pág. 78)

folktale a story that often provides a moral lesson(p. 389)cuento popular narración que con frecuencia ofreceuna moraleja (pág. 389)

Fort Sumter a federal outpost in Charleston, SouthCarolina, that was attacked by the Confederates inApril 1861, sparking the Civil War (p. 473)fuerte Sumter puesto de avanzada federal en Charles-ton, Carolina del Sur, cuyo ataque por parte de losconfederados en abril de 1861 dio origen a la GuerraCivil (pág. 473)

forty-niner a gold-seeker who moved to California dur-ing the gold rush (p. 327)gambusino buscador de oro que emigró a Californiadurante la fi ebre del oro (pág. 327)

Fourteenth Amendment (1866) a constitutional amend-ment giving full rights of citizenship to all peopleborn or naturalized in the United States, except forAmerican Indians (p. 521)Decimocuarta Enmienda (1866) enmienda constitu-cional que otorgaba derechos totales de ciudadaníaa todas las personas nacidas en Estados Unidos onaturalizadas estadounidenses, con excepción de losindígenas (pág. 521)

Freedmen’s Bureau an agency established by Congressin 1865 to help poor people throughout the South(p. 516)

Ofi cina de Esclavos Libertos ofi cina creada por elCongreso en 1865 para ayudar a los pobres del Surdel país (pág. 516)

Freeport Doctrine (1858) a statement made by StephenDouglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates thatpointed out how people could use popular sover-eignty to determine if their state or territory shouldpermit slavery (p. 454)Doctrina de Freeport (1858) declaración hechapor Stephen Douglas durante los debates Lincoln-Douglas que señalaba que el pueblo podía usar lasoberanía popular para decidir si su estado o territoriodebía permitir la esclavitud (pág. 454)

Free-Soil Party a political party formed in 1848 by anti-slavery northerners who left the Whig and Demo-cratic parties because neither addressed the slaveryissue (p. 439)Partido Tierra Libre partido político formado en 1848por abolicionistas de los estados del Norte que habíanabandonado al Partido Whig y al Partido Demócrataporque ninguno de los dos apoyaba esta causa(pág. 439)

French Revolution French rebellion that began in 1789in which the French people overthrew the monarchyand made their country a republic (p. 205)Revolución francesa rebelión francesa iniciada en1789 en la que la población francesa derrocó lamonarquía y convirtió el país en una república(pág. 205)

frontier an undeveloped area (p. 546)frontera área sin explotar (pág. 546)

Fugitive Slave Act (1850) a law that made it a crime tohelp runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escapedslaves in areas where slavery was illegal and requiredtheir return to slaveholders (p. 441)Ley de Esclavos Fugitivos (1850) ley que califi cabacomo delito el ayudar a un esclavo a escapar desu amo, además de permitir la captura de esclavosfugitivos en zonas donde la esclavitud era ilegal paradevolverlos a sus dueños (pág. 441)

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Gadsden Purchase (1853) U.S. purchase of land fromMexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico (p. 323)Compra de Gadsden (1853) compra por parte delgobierno de Estados Unidos de territorio mexicanoque incluía la región ocupada actualmente por el surde Arizona y Nuevo México (pág. 323)

Gettysburg Address (1863) a speech given by AbrahamLincoln in which he praised the bravery of Unionsoldiers and renewed his commitment to winningthe Civil War (p. 500)Discurso de Gettysburg (1863) discurso presentadopor Abraham Lincoln en el que alababa la valentía delas tropas de la Unión y renovaba su compromiso detriunfar en la Guerra Civil (pág. 500)

Fifteenth Amendment/Decimoquinta Enmienda Gettysburg Address/Discurso de Gettysburg


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Ghost Dance a religious movement among NativeAmericans that spread across the Plains in the 1880s(p. 558)Danza de los Espíritus movimiento religioso de losindígenas norteamericanos que se extendió por laregión de las Planicies en la década de 1880 (pág. 558)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) a Supreme Court ruling thatreinforced the federal government’s authority overthe states (p. 359)Gibbons contra Ogden (1824) decreto de la CorteSuprema que reforzó la autoridad del gobierno federalsobre los estados (pág. 359)

Great Awakening a religious movement that becamewidespread in the American colonies in the 1730sand 1740s (p. 58)Gran Despertar movimiento religioso que tuvo granpopularidad en las colonias estadounidenses en lasdécadas de 1730 y 1740 (pág. 58)

Great Compromise (1787) an agreement worked out atthe Constitutional Convention establishing that astate’s population would determine representationin the lower house of the legislature, while each statewould have equal representation in the upper houseof the legislature (p. 127)Gran Acuerdo (1787) acuerdo redactado durante laConvención Constitucional en el que se estableceque la población de un estado debe determinar surepresentación en la cámara baja de la asamblea le-gislativa y que cada estado debe tener igual represen-tación en la cámara alta de ésta (pág. 127)

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habeas corpus the constitutional protection againstunlawful imprisonment (p. 494)hábeas corpus protección constitucional contra elencarcelamiento ilegal (pág. 494)

Hartford Convention (1815) a meeting of Federalists atHartford, Connecticut, to protest the War of 1812(p. 249)Convención de Hartford (1815) encuentro de federa-listas en Hartford, Connecticut, para protestar por laGuerra de 1812 (pág. 249)

Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) an identical treaty tothe earlier Hay-Herrán Treaty except that it widenedthe Panama Canal zone to 10 miles (p. 653)tratado de Hay-Bunau-Varilla (1903) tratado idénticoal anterior tratado Hay-Herrán, con la excepción deque amplió la zona del canal de Panamá a 10 millas(pág. 653)

Hay-Herrán Treaty (1903) an agreement that theUnited States would pay Colombia $10 million plus$250,000 a year for a 99-year lease on a strip of landacross the Isthmus of Panama (p. 653)tratado de Hay-Herrán (1903) acuerdo que establecióque Estados Unidos pagaría 10 millones de dólaresmás $250,000 al año a Colombia por una concesiónde 99 años para operar en el terreno del canal quecruza el istmo de Panamá (pág. 653)

Haymarket Riot a riot that broke out at HaymarketSquare in Chicago over the deaths of two strikers(p. 586)Revuelta de Haymarket revuelta que se originó enla Plaza Haymarket de Chicago por la muerte de doshuelguistas (pág. 586)

Homestead Act (1862) a law passed by Congress toencourage settlement in the West by giving govern-ment-owned land to small farmers (p. 560)Ley de Colonización de Tierras (1862) ley aprobadapor el Congreso para fomentar la colonización delOeste mediante la cesión de tierras gubernamentalesa pequeños agricultores (pág. 560)

Homestead strike (1892) a labor-union strike at AndrewCarnegie’s Homestead steel factory in Pennsylvaniathat erupted in violence between strikers and privatedetectives (p. 587)huelga de Homestead (1892) huelga sindical en lafábrica de acero de Andrew Carnegie en Homestead,Pensilvania, que originó brotes de violencia entrehuelguistas y detectives privados (pág. 587)

horizontal integration owning all the businesses in acertain fi eld (p. 581)integración horizontal posesión de todas las empresasque realizan actividades comerciales en un campoespecífi co (pág. 581)

Hudson River school a group of American artists in themid-1800s whose paintings focused on the Americanlandscape (p. 272)Escuela del Río Hudson grupo de artistas norteam-ericanos a mediados del siglo XIX cuya obra mues-tra diversos paisajes del territorio estadounidense(pág. 272)

Hull House a settlement house founded by Jane Addamsand Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 (p. 597)Hull Casa casa de asistencia a la comunidad fun-dada por Jane Addams y Ellen Gates Starr en 1889(pág. 597)

hunter-gatherer a person who hunts animals and gath-ers wild plants to provide for his or her needs (p. 6)cazador y recolector persona que caza animalesy recolecta plantas para satisfacer sus necesidades(pág. 6)

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immigrant a person who moves to another countryafter leaving his or her homeland (pp. 42, 184)inmigrante persona que abandona su país para esta-blecerse en un país diferente (págs. 42, 184)

Immigration Restriction League a group founded in1894 by nativists who made demands intended toreduce immigration (p. 593)Liga de Restricción de Inmigración grupo fundado en1894 por nativistas que exigían medidas dirigidas a lareducción de la inmigración (pág. 593)

impeach to bring charges against (p. 146)someter a juicio político presentar cargos en contra deun funcionario (pág. 146)

Ghost Dance/Danza de los Espíritus impeach/someter a juicio político


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impeachment the process used by a legislative body tobring charges of wrongdoing against a public offi cial(p. 522)juicio político proceso por el cual se presentan cargosen contra de un funcionario público (pág. 522)

imperialism the practice of extending a nation’s powerby gaining territories for a colonial empire (p. 640)imperialismo práctica en la que una nación extiendesu poder mediante la adquisición de territorios paraun imperio colonial (pág. 640)

impressment the practice of forcing people to serve inthe army or navy; led to increased tensions betweenGreat Britain and the United States in the early 1800s(p. 241)leva práctica que obligaba a las personas a servir enel ejército o la marina; aumentó las fricciones entreGran Bretaña y Estados Unidos a principios del sigloXIX (pág. 241)

indentured servant a colonist who received free passageto North America in exchange for working withoutpay for a certain number of years (p. 38)sirviente por contrato colono que recibía un pasajegratuito a Norteamérica a cambio de trabajar sinsalario por varios años (pág. 38)

Indian Removal Act (1830) a congressional act thatauthorized the removal of Native Americans wholived east of the Mississippi River (p. 294)Ley de Expulsión de Indígenas (1830) ley redactadapor el Congreso que autorizaba la expulsión de losindígenas norteamericanos que habitaban al este delrío Mississippi (pág. 294)

Indian Territory an area covering most of present-dayOklahoma to which most Native Americans in theSoutheast were forced to move in the 1830s (p. 294)Territorio Indígena área que abarcaba la mayor partedel actual estado de Oklahoma a la que la mayoríade las tribus indígenas del sureste fueron obligadas atrasladarse durante la década de 1830 (pág. 294)

indict to formally accuse (p. 180)procesar acusar formalmente (pág. 180)

industrialist a person owning or engaged in the man-agement of an industry (p. 580)industrial persona que es dueña de una industria oque participa en su administración (pág. 580)

Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growth in the useof machines in manufacturing and production thatbegan in the mid-1700s (p. 347)revolución industrial período de rápido desarrollodebido al uso de maquinaria en la fabricación yproducción; comenzó a mediados del siglo XVIII(pág. 347)

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) a union foundedin 1905 by socialists and union leaders that includedworkers not welcomed in the AFL (p. 619)Trabajadores Industriales del Mundo (IWW, porsus siglas en inglés) sindicato fundado en 1905 porsocialistas y líderes sindicales que agrupaba a losobreros que no admitía la Federación Estadounidensedel Trabajo (pág. 619)

infl ation increased prices for goods and services com-bined with the reduced value of money (p. 25)

infl ación alza en los precios de los bienes al mismotiempo que se produce una devaluación del dinero(pág. 25)

initiative a method of allowing voters to propose a newlaw if enough signatures are collected on a petition(p. 613)iniciativa método que permite a los votantes propo-ner una nueva ley mediante la recopilación de fi rmaspara una petición (pág. 613)

interchangeable parts a process developed by Eli Whit-ney in the 1790s that called for making each part of amachine exactly the same (p. 349)piezas intercambiables proceso desarrollado por EliWhitney en la década de 1790 para que las piezasde todas las máquinas similares fueran exactamenteiguales (pág. 349)

interest group a group of people who share commoninterests for political action (p. 186)grupo de interés grupo de personas que compartenintereses comunes en lo que respecta a iniciativaspolíticas (pág. 186)

interstate commerce trade between two or more states(p. 122)comercio interestatal intercambio comercial entre doso más estados (pág. 122)

Intolerable Acts (1774) laws passed by Parliament topunish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party and totighten government control of the colonies (p. 68)Ley de Asuntos Intolerables (1774) serie de decretosaprobados por el Parlamento para castigar a los colo-nos que participaron en el Motín del Té de Boston ypara aumentar su control sobre las colonias (pág. 68)

ironclad a warship that is heavily armored with iron(p. 482)acorazado buque de guerra fuertemente protegidocon hierro (pág. 482)

Iroquois League a political confederation of fi venortheastern Native American nations of the Seneca,Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, and Onondaga that madedecisions concerning war and peace (p. 11)Liga de Iroqueses confederación política formadapor cinco naciones indígenas del noreste de EstadosUnidos (los senecas, los oneidas, los mohawks, loscayugas y los onondagas) para tomar decisiones rela-cionadas con asuntos de guerra y de paz (pág. 11)

isolationism a national policy of avoiding involvementin other countries’ affairs (p. 641)aislacionismo política mediante la cual una naciónevita involucrarse en los asuntos de otras naciones(pág. 641)

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Jacksonian Democracy support for an increase invoting rights by lowering property requirements,abolishing the infl uential National Bank, andencouraging westward expansion (p. 285)democracia jacksoniana apoyo de una ampliación delderecho al voto mediante la reducción de requisitosde propiedad, la abolición del infl uyente BancoNacional y la expansión hacia el oeste (pág. 285)

impeachment/juicio político Jacksonian Democracy/democracia jacksoniana


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Jamestown the fi rst colony in America; set up in 1607along the James River in Virginia (p. 36)Jamestown primera colonia estadounidense; fundadaen 1607 a lo largo del río James en Virginia (pág. 36)

Jay’s Treaty (1794) an agreement negotiated by John Jayto work out problems between Britain and the UnitedStates over northwestern lands, British seizure of U.S.ships, and U.S. debts owed to the British (p. 207)Tratado de Jay (1794) acuerdo negociado por JohnJay para resolver los problemas entre Gran Bretaña yEstados Unidos por los territorios del noroeste, porla incautación británica de barcos estadounidenses,y por las deudas estadounidenses con los británicos(pág. 207)

Jim Crow law a law that enforced segregation in thesouthern states (p. 528)ley de Jim Crow ley que fomentaba la segregación enlos estados del Sur (pág. 528)

John Brown’s raid (1859) an incident in which abolition-ist John Brown and 21 other men captured a federalarsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hope of startinga slave rebellion (p. 455)ataque de John Brown (1859) incidente en el queel abolicionista John Brown y otros 21 hombres seapropiaron de un arsenal federal en Harpers Ferry,Virginia, con la esperanza de iniciar una rebelión deesclavos (pág. 455)

joint-stock company a business formed by a group ofpeople who jointly make an investment and share inthe profi ts and losses (p. 13)sociedad por acciones negocio formado por un grupode personas que realizan una inversión conjuntamentey comparten las ganancias y las pérdidas (pág. 13)

judicial branch the division of the federal govern-ment that is made up of the national courts; inter-prets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputesbetween states (p. 129)poder judicial división del gobierno federal confor-mada por las cortes de justicia; interpreta las leyes,castiga a los delincuentes y resuelve las disputas entreestados (pág. 129)

judicial review the Supreme Court’s power to declareacts of Congress unconstitutional (p. 232)recurso de inconstitucionalidad poder de la CorteSuprema para declarar inconstitucionales las accionesdel Congreso (pág. 232)

Judiciary Act of 1789 legislation passed by Congress thatcreated the federal court system (p. 198)Ley de Judicatura de 1789 decreto aprobado por elCongreso para crear el sistema federal de tribunales(pág. 198)

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Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) a law that allowed votersin Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allowslavery (p. 447)Ley de Kansas y Nebraska (1854) ley que permitía alos votantes de Kansas y Nebraska decidir la aproba-ción o abolición de la esclavitud (pág. 447)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798–99) Republicandocuments that argued that the Alien and SeditionActs were unconstitutional (p. 215)Resoluciones de Kentucky y Virginia (1798–99) docu-mentos republicanos que argumentaban el carácterinconstitucional de las Leyes de No IntervenciónExtranjera (pág. 215)

Kitchen Cabinet President Andrew Jackson’s group ofinformal advisers; so called because they often met inthe White House kitchen (p. 286)gabinete de la cocina grupo informal de conse-jeros del presidente Andrew Jackson; llamado asíporque solían reunirse en la cocina de la Casa Blanca(pág. 286)

Knights of Labor secret society that became the fi rsttruly national labor union in the United States(p. 585)Knights of Labor sociedad secreta que se convirtióen el primer sindicato verdaderamente nacional enEstados Unidos (pág. 585)

Know-Nothing Party a political organization founded in1849 by nativists who supported measures making itdiffi cult for foreigners to become citizens and to holdoffi ce (p. 402)Partido de los Ignorantes organización políticafundada en 1849 por un grupo de nativistas; apoyabamedidas que difi cultaban a los inmigrantes de otrospaíses la adquisición de la ciudadanía estadounidensey su nombramiento en cargos públicos (pág. 402)

Ku Klux Klan a secret society created by white southern-ers in 1866 that used terror and violence to keepAfrican Americans from obtaining their civil rights(p. 526)Ku Klux Klan sociedad secreta creada en 1866 porpersonas de raza blanca del Sur que usaba el terrory la violencia para impedir que los afroamericanosobtuvieran derechos civiles (pág. 526)

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laissez-faire the theory that the economy works bestwith as few regulations as possible (p. 606)liberalismo económico teoría de que la economíafunciona mejor si tiene los mínimos reglamentosposibles (pág. 606)

Land Ordinance of 1785 legislation passed by Congressauthorizing surveys and the division of public landsin the western region of the country (p. 117)Ordenanza de Territorios de 1785 decreto aprobadopor el Congreso en el que se autorizaban las medicio-nes de terreno y la división de territorios públicos enel oeste del país (pág. 117)

legislative branch the division of the government thatproposes bills and passes them into laws (p. 129)poder legislativo división del gobierno federal quepropone proyectos de ley y los somete a aprobaciónpara convertirlos en leyes (pág. 129)

Jamestown/Jamestown legislative branch/poder legislativo


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Lewis and Clark expedition an expedition led by Meri-wether Lewis and William Clark that began in 1804to explore the Louisiana Purchase (p. 237)expedición de Lewis y Clark expedición encabezadapor Meriwether Lewis y William Clark que partió en1804 para explorar el territorio adquirido en la Com-pra de Louisiana (pág. 237)

Lincoln-Douglas debates a series of debates betweenRepublican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat StephenDouglas during the 1858 U.S. Senate campaign inIllinois (p. 453)debates Lincoln-Douglas serie de debates entre elrepublicano Abraham Lincoln y el demócrata Ste-phen Douglas durante la campaña de 1858 para elSenado estadounidense en Illinois (pág. 453)

Lochner v. New York (1905) Supreme Court case thatruled that states could not restrict the rights ofemployers and workers to enter into any labor agree-ment they wished (p. 619)Lochner contra Nueva York (1905) caso de la CorteSuprema que resolvió que los estados no podíanrestringir el derecho de los empleadores y los traba-jadores de alcanzar el acuerdo laboral que quisieran(pág. 619)

Long Walk (1864) a 300-mile march made by Navajocaptives to a reservation in Bosque Redondo, NewMexico, that led to the deaths of hundreds of Navajo(p. 557)La Larga Marcha (1864) caminata de 300 millas quehizo un grupo de prisioneros navajos hasta una reser-vación indígena en Bosque Redondo, Nuevo México,en la que murieron cientos de ellos (pág. 557)

loose construction a way of interpreting the Consti-tution that allows the federal government to takeactions that the Constitution does not specifi callyforbid it from taking (p. 204)interpretación fl exible interpretación de la Consti-tución que permite al gobierno federal tomar accio-nes que el mismo documento no prohíbe de maneraespecífi ca (pág. 204)

Louisiana Purchase (1803) the purchase of Frenchland between the Mississippi River and the RockyMountains that doubled the size of the United States(p. 236)Compra de Luisiana (1803) adquisición del territoriofrancés localizado entre el río Mississippi y las mon-tañas Rocallosas, que duplicó el tamaño del territoriode Estados Unidos (pág. 236)

Lowell system the use of waterpowered textile mills thatemployed young, unmarried women in the 1800s(p. 354)sistema de Lowell el uso de molinos de agua en laindustria textil, medida que dio empleo a muchasmujeres jóvenes solteras en el siglo XIX (pág. 354)

Loyalists colonists who sided with Britain in the Ameri-can Revolution (p. 84)leales colonos que apoyaron la causa británicadurante la Guerra de Independencia estadounidense(pág. 84)

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Magna Carta (1215) a charter of liberties agreed to byKing John of England, it made the king obey thesame laws as citizens (p. 114)Carta Magna (1215) carta de libertades, fi rmada por elrey Juan de Inglaterra, que establecía que el rey debíaobedecer las mismas leyes que el resto de los ciudada-nos (pág. 114)

majority rule the idea that policies are decided by thegreatest number of people (p. 178)principio de la mayoría idea de que las políticasse adoptan en función de lo que decida el mayornúmero de personas (pág. 178)

manifest destiny a belief shared by many Americans inthe mid-1800s that the United States should expandacross the continent to the Pacifi c Ocean (p. 316)destino manifi esto creencia de muchos ciudadanosestadounidenses a mediados del siglo XIX de queEstados Unidos debía expandirse por todo el conti-nente hasta el océano Pacífi co (pág. 316)

Marbury v. Madison (1803) U.S. Supreme Court case thatestablished the principle of judicial review (p. 232)Marbury contra Madison (1803) caso de la CorteSuprema que dio origen al recurso de inconstitucio-nalidad (pág. 232)

Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890) the U.S. Army’s kill-ing of approximately 150 Sioux at Wounded KneeCreek in South Dakota; ended U.S-Indian wars on thePlains (p. 557)matanza de Wounded Knee (1890) matanza de aproxi-madamente 150 indios siux en Wounded Knee Creek,Dakota del Sur; dio por terminadas las guerras entreestadounidenses e indígenas en las Planicies (pág. 557)

mass culture leisure and cultural activities shared bymany people (p. 595)cultura de masas actividades de ocio y cultura popula-res entre mucha gente (pág. 595)

mass production the effi cient production of large num-bers of identical goods (p. 349)producción en masa producción efi ciente de grandescantidades de productos idénticos (pág. 349)

mass transit public transportation (p. 595)transporte colectivo transporte público (pág. 595)

Mayfl ower Compact (1620) a document written by thePilgrims establishing themselves as a political societyand setting guidelines for self-government (p. 43)Pacto del Mayfl ower (1620) documento redactadopor los peregrinos en el que se constituían en unasociedad política y establecían los principios paragobernarse a sí mismos (pág. 43)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) U.S. Supreme Court casethat declared the Second Bank of the United Stateswas constitutional and that Maryland could notinterfere with it (p. 292)McCulloch contra Maryland (1819) caso de la CorteSuprema que declaraba que el Segundo Banco de laNación era constitucional y que Maryland no podíaintervenir en sus operaciones (pág. 292)

mercenaries hired foreign soldiers (p. 92)mercenarios soldados extranjeros a sueldo (pág. 92)

Lewis and Clark expedition/expedición de Lewis y Clark mercenaries/mercenarios


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Mexican Revolution a revolution led by FranciscoMadero in 1910 that eventually forced the Mexicandictator Díaz to resign (p. 660)Revolución mexicana revolución iniciada en 1910 porFrancisco Madero, que fi nalmente obligó al dictadormexicano Díaz a renunciar (pág. 660)

middle class the social and economic level between thewealthy and the poor (p. 402)clase media nivel social y económico ubicado entrela clase rica y la clase pobre (pág. 402)

Middle Passage a voyage that brought enslaved Africansacross the Atlantic Ocean to North America and theWest Indies (p. 58)Paso Central viaje a través del océano Atlántico paratransportar esclavos africanos a Norteamérica y a lasAntillas (pág. 58)

migration the movement of people from one region toanother (p. 6)migración desplazamiento de personas de una regióna otra (pág. 6)

minutemen American colonial militia members ready tofi ght at a minute’s notice (p. 79)milicianos miembros de la milicia norteamericana enla época colonial que estaban preparados para com-batir en cualquier momento si la situación lo requería(pág. 79)

Missouri Compromise (1820) an agreement proposed byHenry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Unionas a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state andoutlawed slavery in any territories or states north of36°30´ latitude (p. 267)Acuerdo de Missouri (1820) acuerdo redactado porHenry Clay en el que se aceptaba a Missouri en laUnión como estado esclavista y a Maine como estadolibre, además de prohibir la esclavitud en los territo-rios o estados localizados al norte del paralelo 36°30´(pág. 267)

Monroe Doctrine (1823) President James Monroe’s state-ment forbidding further colonization in the Americasand declaring that any attempt by a foreign countryto colonize would be considered an act of hostility(p. 262)Doctrina Monroe (1823) declaración hecha por elpresidente James Monroe en la que se prohibía lacolonización adicional del continente americano apartir de entonces, considerando cualquier intentode colonización por parte de un país extranjero comoinicio de hostilidades (pág. 262)

Mormon a member of the Church of Jesus Christ ofLatter-day Saints (p. 311)mormón miembro de la Iglesia de Jesucristo de losSantos de los Últimos Días (pág. 311)

Morrill Act (1862) a federal law passed by Congress thatgave land to western states to encourage them tobuild colleges (p. 560)Ley de Morrill (1862) ley federal aprobada por el Con-greso para otorgar tierras a los estados del Oeste conel fi n de fomentar la construcción de universidades(pág. 560)

Morse code a system developed by Alfred Lewis Vail forthe telegraph that used a certain combination of dotsand dashes to represent each letter of the alphabet(p. 365)

clave Morse sistema desarrollado por Alfred LewisVail para el telégrafo en el que una combinaciónde puntos y rayas representa cada letra del alfabeto(pág. 365)

mountain men men hired by eastern companies to trapanimals for fur in the Rocky Mountains and otherwestern regions of the United States (p. 308)montañeses hombres contratados por compañías deleste para atrapar animales y obtener sus pieles en lasmontañas Rocallosas y en otras regiones del oeste deEstados Unidos (pág. 308)

muckrakers a term coined for journalists who “rakedup” and exposed corruption and problems of society(p. 610)muckrakers término acuñado para denominar a losperiodistas que se dedicaban a investigar y exponer lacorrupción y los problemas de la sociedad (pág. 610)

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National American Woman Suff rage Association (NAWSA) an organization founded by Elizabeth CadyStanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to obtainwomen’s right to vote (p. 623)Asociación Nacional Estadounidense para el Sufragio Femenino (NAWSA, por sus siglas en inglés) orga-nización fundada en 1890 por Elizabeth Cady Stan-ton y Susan B. Anthony para obtener el derecho alvoto de las mujeres (pág. 623)

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) an organization founded in 1909 byW. E. B. Du Bois and other reformers to bring atten-tion to racial inequality (p. 625)Asociación Nacional para el Progreso de la Gente de Color (NAACP, por sus siglas en inglés) organizaciónfundada en 1909 por W. E. B. Du Bois y otros refor-madores para llamar la atención sobre la desigualdadracial existente (pág. 625)

national debt the total amount of money owed by acountry to its lenders (p. 200)deuda pública cantidad de dinero que un país debe asus acreedores (pág. 200)

National Grange a social and educational organizationfor farmers (p. 563)National Grange organización social y educativa paralos agricultores (pág. 563)

nationalism a sense of pride and devotion to a nation(p. 264)nacionalismo sentimiento de orgullo y lealtad a unanación (pág. 264)

National Woman’s Party (NWP) a women’s suffrageorganization that used more aggressive means thanthe National American Woman Suffrage Associationto attain its goals (p. 624)Partido Nacional de la Mujer (NWP, por sus siglas eninglés) organización a favor del sufragio femeninoque empleaba medios más agresivos que la Aso-ciación Nacional Estadounidense para el SufragioFemenino para alcanzar sus objetivos (pág. 624)

Mexican Revolution/Revolución mexicana National Woman’s Party/Partido Nacional de la Mujer


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nativists U.S. citizens who opposed immigrationbecause they were suspicious of immigrants andfeared losing jobs to them (p. 402)nativistas ciudadanos estadounidenses que seoponían a la aceptación de inmigrantes porque sos-pechaban de ellos y temían que se apropiaran de susempleos (pág. 402)

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) a rebellion in which NatTurner led a group of slaves in Virginia in an unsuc-cessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families(p. 390)Rebelión de Nat Turner (1831) rebelión de un grupode esclavos encabezados por Nat Turner en Virginiaen un intento frustrado de derrocar y asesinar a losdueños de plantaciones y a sus familias (pág. 390)

naturalized citizen a person born in another countrywho has been granted citizenship in the UnitedStates (p. 184)ciudadano naturalizado persona nacida en otro país queha obtenido la ciudadanía estadounidense (pág. 184)

Neutrality Proclamation (1793) a statement made byPresident George Washington that the United Stateswould not side with any of the nations at war inEurope following the French Revolution (p. 206)Proclamación de Neutralidad (1793) declaración enla que el presidente George Washington anuncióque Estados Unidos no sería aliado de ninguna de lasnaciones europeas en guerra después de la Revolu-ción francesa (pág. 206)

new immigrant a term often used for an immigrant whoarrived in the United States beginning in the 1880s(p. 588)nuevo inmigrante término empleado a menudo parareferirse a los inmigrantes que llegaron a Estados Uni-dos a partir de la década de 1880 (pág. 588)

New Jersey Plan a proposal to create a unicameral legis-lature with equal representation of states rather thanrepresentation by population; rejected at the Consti-tutional Convention (p. 127)Plan de Nueva Jersey propuesta para la creación deun gobierno con una sola cámara que contara conla misma representación por parte de cada estado,sin basarse en el tamaño de su población; la propu-esta fue rechazada en la Convención Constitucional(pág. 127)

Nineteenth Amendment (1920) a constitutional amend-ment that gave women the vote (p. 624)Decimonovena Enmienda (1920) enmienda consti-tucional que otorgó a la mujer el derecho al voto(pág. 624)

nominating conventions a meeting at which a politi-cal party selects its presidential and vice presidentialcandidate; fi rst held in the 1820s (p. 285)convenciones de nominación encuentro en el que unpartido político elige a sus candidatos a la presidenciay la vicepresidencia; se realizaron por primera vez enla década de 1820 (pág. 285)

Non-Intercourse Act (1809) a law that replaced theEmbargo Act and restored trade with all nationsexcept Britain, France, and their colonies (p. 242)

Ley de No Interacción (1809) ley que reemplazaba a laLey de Embargo, restableciendo el intercambio co-mercial con todas las naciones, excepto Gran Bretaña,Francia y sus colonias (pág. 242)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 legislation passed by Con-gress to establish a political structure for the North-west Territory and create a system for the admissionof new states (p. 117)Ordenanza del Noroeste de 1787 ley aprobada por elCongreso para establecer una estructura política en elTerritorio del Noroeste y crear un proceso de admi-sión de nuevos estados (pág. 117)

Northwest Passage a nonexistent path through NorthAmerica that early explorers searched for that wouldallow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacifi cOcean (p. 17)Pasaje del Noroeste ruta inexistente buscada pormuchos exploradores a lo largo de Norteaméricapara cruzar en barco del océano Atlántico al océanoPacífi co (pág. 17)

Northwest Territory lands including present-day Illinois,Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; organizedby the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (p. 117)Territorio del Noroeste organización del territorioque incluía los actuales estados de Illinois, Indiana,Michigan, Ohio y Wisconsin; creado por la Ordenan-za del Noroeste de 1787 (pág. 117)

nullifi cation crisis a dispute led by John C. Calhounthat said that states could ignore federal laws if theybelieved those laws violated the Constitution (p. 290)crisis de anulación controversia iniciada por John C.Calhoun que argumentaba que los estados podíanhacer caso omiso a las leyes federales si considerabanque dichas leyes violaban la Constitución (pág. 290)

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old immigrant a term often used for an immigrant whoarrived in the United States before the 1880s (p. 588)antiguo inmigrante término empleado a menudopara referirse a los inmigrantes que llegaron a EstadosUnidos antes de la década de 1880 (pág. 588)

Open Door Policy a policy established by the UnitedStates in 1899 to promote equal access for all nationsto trade in China (p. 644)política de puertas abiertas política establecida porEstados Unidos en 1899 para promover el acceso porigual a todas las naciones al intercambio comercialcon China (pág. 644)

Oregon Trail a 2,000-mile trail stretching through theGreat Plains from western Missouri to the OregonTerritory (p. 310)Camino de Oregón ruta de 2,000 millas que cruzabalas Grandes Planicies desde el oeste de Missouri hastael Territorio de Oregón (pág. 310)

nativists/nativistas Oregon Trail/Camino de Oregón


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Paleo-lndians the fi rst Americans who crossed from Asiainto North America sometime between 38,000 and10,000 BC (p. 6)paleoindígenas primeros habitantes de América quecruzaron de Asia a Norteamérica entre el 38,000 y el10,000 a. C. (pág. 6)

Panama Canal an artifi cial waterway across the Isthmusof Panama; completed by the United States in 1914(p. 655)canal de Panamá canal artifi cial que atraviesa elistmo de Panamá; Estados Unidos completó suconstrucción en 1914 (pág. 655)

Panic of 1837 a fi nancial crisis in the United States thatled to an economic depression (p. 293)Pánico de 1837 crisis fi nanciera en Estados Unidosque provocó una depresión económica (pág. 293)

pardon freedom from punishment (p. 147)indulto liberación de un castigo (pág. 147)

patent an exclusive right to make or sell an invention(p. 576)patente derecho de exclusividad para la fabricación oventa de un invento (pág. 576)

Patriots American colonists who fought for indepen-dence from Great Britain during the RevolutionaryWar (p. 84)patriotas colonos estadounidenses que lucharon paraindependizarse de Gran Bretaña durante la Guerra deIndependencia estadounidense (pág. 84)

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) a law applying a meritsystem controlled by the Civil Service Commission tofederal government jobs (p. 608)Ley Pendleton de Administración Pública (1883) leyque estableció un sistema de méritos controlado porla Comisión de Administración Pública para otorgarempleos en el gobierno federal (pág. 608)

petition to make a formal request of the government(p. 179)petición hacer una solicitud formal al gobierno(pág. 179)

Pickett’s Charge (1863) a failed Confederate attack dur-ing the Civil War led by General George Pickett at theBattle of Gettysburg (p. 499)ataque de Pickett (1863) ataque fallido del ejércitoconfederado, al mando del general George Pickett,en la batalla de Gettysburg durante la Guerra Civil(pág. 499)

Pilgrim a member of a Puritan Separatist sect that leftEngland in the early 1600s to settle in the Americas(p. 42)peregrino miembro de una secta separatista puritanaque emigró de Inglaterra a principios del siglo XVIIpara establecerse en América (pág. 42)

Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) an agreement between theUnited States and Spain that changed Florida’s borderand made it easier for American ships to use the portof New Orleans (p. 207)

tratado de Pinckney (1795) acuerdo entre EstadosUnidos y España que modifi có los límites de Florida yfacilitó a los barcos estadounidenses el uso del puertode Nueva Orleáns (pág. 207)

placer miner a person who mines for gold by using pansor other devices to wash gold nuggets out of looserock and gravel (p. 328)buscador de oro con batea persona que busca orocon bateas u otros dispositivos similares para lavar laspepitas de oro y separarlas de las piedras y la gravilladel lecho de un río (pág. 328)

plantation a large farm that usually specialized in grow-ing one kind of crop for profi t (p. 23)plantación gran fi nca que por lo general se especia-liza en un cultivo específi co para obtener ganancias(pág. 23)

planter a large-scale farmer who held more than 20slaves (p. 378)hacendado agricultor a gran escala que tenía más de20 esclavos (pág. 378)

Platt Amendment a part of the Cuban constitutiondrafted under the supervision of the United Statesthat limited Cuba’s right to make treaties, gave theU.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs, andrequired Cuba to sell or lease land to the U.S (p. 650)Enmienda Platt parte de la constitución cubana cuyoborrador fue redactado bajo la supervisión de EstadosUnidos y que limitaba el derecho de Cuba a fi rmartratados, otorgaba a Estados Unidos el derecho deintervenir en los asuntos cubanos y exigía a Cubavender o arrendar tierras a Estados Unidos (pág. 650)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) U.S. Supreme Court case thatestablished the separate-but-equal doctrine for publicfacilities (p. 529)Plessy contra Ferguson (1896) caso en el que la CorteSuprema estableció la doctrina de “separados peroiguales” en los lugares públicos (pág. 529)

political action committee (PAC) an organization thatcollects money to distribute to candidates who sup-port the same issues as the contributors (p. 186)comité de acción política (PAC, por sus siglas eninglés) organización que recolecta dinero para distri-buirlo entre los candidatos que apoyan los mismosasuntos que los contribuyentes (pág. 186)

political machine a powerful organization that infl u-enced city and county politics in the late 1800s(p. 606)maquinaria política organización poderosa queinfl uía en la política municipal y del condado a fi na-les del siglo XIX (pág. 606)

political party a group of people who organize to helpelect government offi cials and infl uence governmentpolicies (p. 212)partido político grupo de personas que se organizapara facilitar la elección de los funcionarios delgobierno e infl uye en las políticas gubernamentales(pág. 212)

poll tax a special tax that a person had to pay in orderto vote (p. 528)impuesto electoral impuesto especial que debía pagaruna persona para poder votar (pág. 528)

Paleo-Indians/paleoindígenas poll tax/impuesto electoral


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Pony Express a system of messengers that carried mailbetween relay stations on a route 2,000 miles long in1860 and 1861 (p. 550)Pony Express sistema de mensajeros que transportabael correo entre estaciones de relevo a lo largo de unaruta de 2,000 millas entre 1860 y 1861 (pág. 550)

popular sovereignty the idea that political authoritybelongs to the people (pp. 129, 438)soberanía popular idea de que la autoridad políticapertenece al pueblo (págs. 129, 438)

Populist Party a political party formed in 1892 that sup-ported free coinage of silver, work reforms, immigra-tion restrictions, and government ownership of rail-roads and telegraph and telephone systems (p. 564)Partido Populista partido político formado en 1892que apoyaba la libre producción de monedas deplata, reformas laborales y restricciones inmigratorias,además de asignar al gobierno la propiedad de lossistemas ferroviario, telegráfi co y telefónico (pág. 564)

Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) an incident in whichabolitionist John Brown and seven other men mur-dered pro-slavery Kansans (p. 449)matanza de Pottawatomie (1856) incidente en elque el abolicionista John Brown y siete hombres másasesinaron a habitantes de Kansas que apoyaban laesclavitud (pág. 449)

precedent an action or decision that later serves as anexample (p. 197)precedente acción o decisión que más tarde sirve deejemplo (pág. 197)

printing press a machine that produces printed copies(p. 25)imprenta máquina que produce copias impresas(pág. 25)

privateer a private ship authorized by a nation to attackits enemies (p. 206)corsario barco privado autorizado por una naciónpara atacar a sus enemigos (pág. 206)

progressives a group of reformers who worked toimprove social and political problems in the late1800s (p. 610)progresistas grupo de reformistas que trabajabanpara resolver problemas sociales y políticos a fi nalesdel siglo XIX (pág. 610)

prospect to search for gold (p. 328)catear buscar oro (pág. 328)

Protestant Reformation a religious movement begunby Martin Luther and others in 1517 to reform theCatholic Church (p. 25)Reforma protestante movimiento religioso iniciadopor Martín Lutero y otros en 1517 para reformar laIglesia católica (pág. 25)

Protestants reformers who protested certain practices ofthe Catholic Church (p. 25)protestantes reformistas que protestaban por ciertasprácticas de la Iglesia católica (pág. 25)

Pullman Strike (1894) a railroad strike that ended whenPresident Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops(p. 587)huelga de Pullman (1894) huelga de los trabajadoresdel ferrocarril que fi nalizó cuando el presidente Gro-ver Cleveland envió a tropas federales (pág. 587)

Puritans Protestants who wanted to reform the Churchof England (p. 42)puritanos protestantes que querían reformar la Igle-sia anglicana (pág. 42)

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Quakers Society of Friends; Protestant sect foundedin 1640s in England whose members believed thatsalvation was available to all people (p. 50)cuáqueros Sociedad de Amigos; secta protestantefundada en la década de 1640 en Inglaterra cuyosmiembros creían que la salvación estaba al alcance detodos (pág. 50)

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Radical Republicans members of Congress who felt thatsouthern states needed to make great social changesbefore they could be readmitted to the Union(p. 519)republicanos radicales integrantes del Congresoconvencidos de que los estados del Sur necesitabanrealizar grandes cambios sociales antes de volver a seradmitidos en la Unión (pág. 519)

ratifi cation an offi cial approval (p. 116)ratifi cación aprobación formal (pág. 116)

recall a vote to remove an offi cial from offi ce (p. 613)destitución votación para retirar a un funcionario desu cargo (pág. 613)

Reconstruction (1865–77) the period following theCivil War during which the U.S. government workedto reunite the nation and to rebuild the southernstates (p. 512)Reconstrucción (1865–77) período posterior a laGuerra Civil en el que el gobierno de Estados Unidostrabajó por lograr la unifi cación de la nación y lareconstrucción de los estados del Sur (pág. 512)

Reconstruction Acts (1867–68) the laws that put thesouthern states under U.S. military control andrequired them to draft new constitutions upholdingthe Fourteenth Amendment (p. 521)Leyes de Reconstrucción (1867–68) leyes que decla-raban a los estados del Sur territorio sujeto a controlmilitar estadounidense y los obligaban a reformar susconstituciones, de manera que defendieran la Deci-mocuarta Enmienda (pág. 521)

Redcoats British soldiers who fought against the colo-nists in the American Revolution; so called because oftheir bright red uniforms (p. 80)casacas rojas soldados británicos que lucharoncontra los colonos en la Guerra de Independenciaestadounidense, llamados así por el color rojo bri-llante de sus uniformes (pág. 80)

referendum a procedure that allows voters to approve orreject a law already proposed or passed by govern-ment (p. 613)

Pony Express/Pony Express referendum/referéndum


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referéndum medida que permite a los ciudadanosvotar para aprobar o rechazar una ley previamentepropuesta o aprobada por el gobierno (pág. 613)

Republican Party a political party formed in the 1850sto stop the spread of slavery in the West (p. 450)Partido Republicano partido político formado enla década de 1850 para detener la expansión de laesclavitud en el Oeste (pág. 450)

reservations federal lands set aside for American Indians(p. 555)reservaciones territorios federales apartados para losindígenas norteamericanos (pág. 555)

Rhode Island system a system developed by SamuelSlater in the mid-1800s in which whole families werehired as textile workers and factory work was dividedinto simple tasks (p. 353)Sistema de Rhode Island sistema desarrollado porSamuel Slater a mediados del siglo XIX mediante elcual se contrataba a familias completas para trabajaren la industria textil y en el que el trabajo de las fábri-cas estaba dividido en tareas sencillas (pág. 353)

Roosevelt Corollary (1904) Theodore Roosevelt’s addi-tion to the Monroe Doctrine warning nations inthe Americas that if they didn’t pay their debts, theUnited States would get involved (p. 656)Corolario de Roosevelt (1904) agregado del presi-dente Theodore Roosevelt a la Doctrina Monroeadvirtiendo a las naciones de América que si nopagaban sus deudas, el gobierno de Estados Unidosintervendría (pág. 656)

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) an agreement thatlimited naval power on the Great Lakes for both theUnited States and British Canada (p. 260)Acuerdo de Rush-Bagot (1817) acuerdo que limitabael poder naval en los Grandes Lagos a embarcacionesde Estados Unidos y de la Canadá británica (pág. 260)

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Santa Fe Trail an important trade trail west from Inde-pendence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico (p. 311)Camino de Santa Fe importante ruta comercial que vadesde Independence, Missouri, hasta Santa Fe, NuevoMéxico (pág. 311)

search warrant a judge’s order authorizing the search ofa person’s home or property to look for evidence of acrime (p. 180)orden de cateo orden de un juez que permite reg-istrar el hogar y las propiedades de una persona enbusca de posibles pruebas de un delito (pág. 180)

secession the act of formally withdrawing from theUnion (p. 458)secesión acto de separarse formalmente de la Unión(pág. 458)

Second Battle of Bull Run (1862) a Civil War battle inwhich the Confederate army forced most of theUnion army out of Virginia (p. 480)segunda batalla de Bull Run (1862) batalla de laGuerra Civil en la que el ejército confederado obligó

a gran parte de las tropas de la Unión a abandonar elterritorio de Virginia (pág. 480)

Second Continental Congress (1775) a meeting of colo-nial delegates in Philadelphia to decide how to reactto fi ghting at Lexington and Concord (p. 80)Segundo Congreso Continental (1775) reuniónde delegados coloniales realizada en Filadelfi a paratomar decisiones acerca de la lucha en Lexington yConcord (pág. 80)

Second Great Awakening a period of religious evange-lism that began in the 1790s and became widespreadin the United States by the 1830s (p. 410)Segundo Gran Despertar período de evangelizaciónreligiosa iniciado en la década de 1790 que seextendió por Estados Unidos para la década de 1830(pág. 410)

Second Industrial Revolution a period of rapid growthin manufacturing and industry in the late 1800s(p. 575)segunda revolución industrial período de gran creci-miento en la manufactura y en la industria, a fi nalesdel siglo XIX (pág. 575)

sectionalism a devotion to the interests of one geo-graphic region over the interests of the country as awhole (pp. 266, 439)regionalismo dedicación a los intereses de una regióngeográfi ca y no a los de un país (págs. 266, 439)

segregation the forced separation of people of differentraces in public places (p. 528)segregación separación obligada de personas de dife-rentes razas en lugares públicos (pág. 528)

Seneca Falls Convention (1848) the fi rst nationalwomen’s rights convention at which the Declarationof Sentiments was written (p. 426)Convención de Seneca Falls (1848) primera conven-ción nacional a favor de los derechos de la mujer,en la cual se redactó la Declaración de Sentimientos(pág. 426)

settlement houses neighborhood centers staffed by pro-fessionals and volunteers for education, recreation,and social activities in poor areas (p. 597)casas de la comunidad centros comunitarios aten-didos por profesionales y voluntarios para ofrecereducación, esparcimiento y actividades sociales enzonas pobres (pág. 597)

Seven Days’ Battles (1862) a series of Civil War battles inwhich Confederate army successes forced the Unionarmy to retreat from Richmond, Virginia, the Con-federate capital (p. 480)batallas de los Siete Días (1862) serie de batallas dela Guerra Civil en las que las victorias del ejércitoconfederado obligaron a las tropas de la Unión a reti-rarse de Richmond, Virginia, la capital confederada(pág. 480)

Seventeenth Amendment (1913) a constitutionalamendment allowing American voters to directlyelect U.S. senators (p. 613)Decimoséptima Enmienda (1913) enmienda consti-tucional que permite a los votantes estadounidenseselegir directamente a los senadores de Estados Unidos(pág. 613)

referendum/referéndum Seventeenth Amendment/Decimoséptima Enmienda


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sharecropping a system used on southern farms afterthe Civil War in which farmers worked land ownedby someone else in return for a small portion of thecrops (p. 529)cultivo de aparceros sistema usado en las fi ncas sure-ñas después de la Guerra Civil en el que los agricul-tores trabajaban las tierras de otra persona a cambiode una pequeña porción de la cosecha (pág. 529)

Shays’s Rebellion (1786–87) an uprising of Massachu-setts’s farmers, led by Daniel Shays, to protest hightaxes, heavy debt, and farm foreclosures (p. 123)Rebelión de Shays (1786–87) rebelión de los agri-cultores de Massachusetts, encabezados por DanielShays, para protestar por los altos impuestos, elaumento de sus deudas y la confi scación de las gran-jas (pág. 123)

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) a law that made it illegalto create monopolies or trusts that restrained freetrade (p. 582)Ley Antimonopolio de Sherman (1890) ley queprohibía la creación de monopolios o consorcios querestringieran el libre comercio (pág. 582)

Siege of Vicksburg (1863) the Union army’s six-weekblockade of Vicksburg that led the city to surrenderduring the Civil War (p. 486)Sitio de Vicksburg (1863) bloqueo de seis semanasrealizado por el ejército de la Unión en Vicksburgpara forzar la rendición de esa ciudad durante laGuerra Civil (pág. 486)

slave codes laws passed in the colonies to control slaves(p. 41)códigos de esclavos leyes aprobadas por las coloniaspara el control de los esclavos (pág. 41)

social Darwinism a view of society based on CharlesDarwin’s scientifi c theory of natural selection (p. 581)darwinismo social visión de la sociedad basada enla teoría científi ca de la selección natural de CharlesDarwin (pág. 581)

socialism economic system in which governmentowns and operates a country’s means of production(p. 619)socialismo sistema económico en el que el gobiernocontrola y maneja los medios de producción de unpaís (pág. 619)

society a group of people who live together and share aculture (p. 7)sociedad grupo de personas que viven juntas y com-parten la misma cultura (pág. 7)

sodbusters the name given to Plains farmers whoworked hard to break up the region’s tough sod(p. 561)sodbusters nombre dado a los agricultores de lasPlanicies que se esforzaron mucho para trabajar elduro terreno de la región (pág. 561)

Spanish Armada a large Spanish fl eet defeated by Eng-land in 1588 (p. 25)Armada española gran fl ota española que fue de-rrotada por las tropas de Inglaterra en 1588 (pág. 25)

speculator an investor who buys items at low prices inhope that their values will rise (p. 201)

especulador inversionista que compra artículos aprecios bajos con la esperanza de que aumente suvalor (pág. 201)

sphere of infl uence an area where foreign countriescontrol trade or natural resources of another nationor area (p. 644)esfera de infl uencia área de un país cuyos recursosnaturales y comercio son controlados por otra nacióno área (pág. 644)

spirituals emotional Christian songs sung by enslavedpeople in the South that mixed African and Euro-pean elements and usually expressed slaves’ religiousbeliefs (p. 389)espirituales canciones religiosas cantadas con granemotividad por los esclavos del Sur que combinabanelementos de origen africano y europeo y solíanexpresar sus creencias religiosas (pág. 389)

spoils system a politician’s practice of giving govern-ment jobs to his or her supporters (p. 286)tráfi co de infl uencias práctica de los políticos deofrecer empleos a las personas que los apoyan(pág. 286)

Stamp Act of 1765 a law passed by Parliament thatraised tax money by requiring colonists to pay foran offi cial stamp whenever they bought paper itemssuch as newspapers, licenses, and legal documents(p. 66)Ley del Timbre de 1765 ley aprobada por el Parlamentopara recaudar impuestos en la que se obligaba a loscolonos a pagar un timbre ofi cial cada vez que com-praran artículos de papel, como periódicos, licenciasy documentos legales (pág. 66)

staple crop a crop that is continuously in demand(p. 51)cultivo básico producto de demanda constante(pág. 51)

states’ rights doctrine the belief that the power of thestates should be greater than the power of the federalgovernment (p. 290)doctrina de los derechos estatales creencia de que elpoder de los estados debe ser mayor que el del go-bierno federal (pág. 290)

steerage the area on a ship in the lower levels wherethe steering mechanisms were located and wherecramped quarters were provided for people whocould only afford cheap passage (p. 589)tercera clase área inferior del casco de un barco enla que se encontraban los mecanismos del timóny se ofrecían habitaciones muy reducidas para laspersonas que sólo podían comprar un pasaje barato(pág. 589)

strict construction a way of interpreting the Constitu-tion that allows the federal government to take onlythose actions the Constitution specifi cally says it cantake (p. 204)interpretación estricta interpretación de la Consti-tución que sólo permite al gobierno federal realizarlas acciones permitidas de manera específi ca en ella(pág. 204)

strike the refusal of workers to perform their jobs untilemployers meet their demands (p. 356)

sharecropping/cultivo de aparceros strike/huelga


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huelga negativa de los empleados a trabajar hasta quesus empleadores satisfagan sus demandas (pág. 356)

subsidy a bonus payment (p. 642)subsidio pago adicional (pág. 642)

suburb a neighborhood outside of a downtown area(p. 595)suburbio vecindario residencial en las afueras de unaciudad (pág. 595)

suff rage voting rights (p. 115)sufragio derecho al voto (pág. 115)

T

tariff a tax on imports or exports (p. 121)arancel impuestos pagados por los bienes importadoso exportados (pág. 121)

Tariff of Abominations (1828) the nickname given to atariff by southerners who opposed it (p. 289)Arancel de abominaciones (1828) sobrenombre dadoa un nuevo impuesto por los habitantes del Sur quese oponían a éste (pág. 289)

Tea Act (1773) a law passed by Parliament allowing theBritish East India Company to sell its low-cost teadirectly to the colonies, undermining colonial teamerchants; led to the Boston Tea Party (p. 68)Tea Act/Ley del Té (1773) ley aprobada por el Parla-mento británico que le permitía a la British East IndiaCompany vender té a bajo costo a las colonias sinintermediarios, afectando a los comerciantes localesde té; esta decisión dio origen al Motín del Té deBoston (pág. 68)

technology the tools used to produce goods or to dowork (p. 349)tecnología herramientas utilizadas para producirbienes o realizar un trabajo (pág. 349)

telegraph a machine perfected by Samuel F. B. Morse in1832 that uses pulses of electric current to send mes-sages across long distances through wires (p. 364)telégrafo máquina perfeccionada por Samuel F. B.Morse en 1832 que emplea impulsos eléctricos trans-mitidos por cables para enviar mensajes a grandesdistancias (pág. 364)

Teller Amendment (1898) a congressional resolutionstating that the U.S. had no interest in taking controlof Cuba (p. 647)Enmienda Teller (1898) resolución del Congreso enla que Estados Unidos declaraba que no tenía inten-ción de tomar el control de Cuba (pág. 647)

temperance movement a social reform effort begunin the mid-1800s to encourage people to drink lessalcohol (p. 411)movimiento de abstinencia movimiento de reformasocial iniciado a mediados del siglo XIX para fomen-tar la disminución en el consumo de bebidas alco-hólicas (pág. 411)

Ten Percent Plan President Abraham Lincoln’s plan forReconstruction; once 10 percent of voters in a formerConfederate state took a U.S. loyalty oath, they couldform a new state government and be readmitted tothe Union (p. 513)

Plan del Diez por Ciento plan de Reconstrucción delpresidente Abraham Lincoln; si el 10 por ciento delos votantes de un estado que había sido parte de laConfederación juraba lealtad a la nación, tenían dere-cho a formar un nuevo gobierno y ser readmitidos enla Unión (pág. 513)

tenements poorly built, overcrowded housing wheremany immigrants lived (p. 404)barracas casas mal construidas donde vivían amon-tonados una gran cantidad de inmigrantes (pág. 404)

textile cloth (p. 347)textil tela (pág. 347)

Thirteenth Amendment (1865) a constitutional amend-ment that outlawed slavery (p. 514)Decimotercera Enmienda (1865) enmienda constitu-cional que abolió la esclavitud (pág. 514)

Three-Fifths Compromise (1787) an agreement workedout at the Constitutional Convention stating thatonly three-fi fths of the slaves in a state would countwhen determining its population for representationin the lower house of Congress (p. 128)Acuerdo de las Tres Quintas Partes (1787) acuerdonegociado durante la Convención Constitucionalen el que se estableció que solamente tres quintasde los esclavos en un estado contarían para determi-nar la representación de ese estado en el Congreso(pág. 128)

Toleration Act of 1649 a Maryland law that maderestricting the religious rights of Christians a crime;the fi rst law guaranteeing religious freedom to bepassed in America (p. 39)Ley de Tolerancia de 1649 ley de Maryland que califi -caba como delito la restricción de los derechos reli-giosos de los cristianos; fue la primera ley que garan-tizó la libertad religiosa en América (pág. 39)

total war a type of war in which an army destroys itsopponent’s ability to fi ght by targeting civilian andeconomic as well as military resources (p. 502)guerra total tipo de guerra en la que un ejércitodestruye la capacidad de lucha de su oponente me-diante ataques a la población civil, la economía y losrecursos militares (pág. 502)

totems images of ancestors or animal spirits; oftencarved onto tall, wooden poles by Native Americanpeoples of the Pacifi c Northwest (p. 10)tótems imágenes de antepasados o animales; amenudo talladas en troncos de árboles cortadospor los indígenas de la costa noroeste del Pacífi co(pág. 10)

town meeting a political meeting at which people makedecisions on local issues; used primarily in NewEngland (p. 55)reunión del pueblo reunión política en la que loshabitantes de una población toman decisiones sobretemas locales; se realizan principalmente en NuevaInglaterra (pág. 55)

trade unions workers’ organizations that try to improveworking conditions (p. 356)sindicatos organizaciones formadas por trabajadorespara mejorar sus condiciones laborales (pág. 356)

strike/huelga trade unions/sindicatos


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Trail of Tears (1838–39) an 800-mile forced march madeby the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia toIndian Territory; resulted in the deaths of almost one-fourth of the Cherokee people (p. 296)Ruta de las lágrimas (1838–39) marcha forzada de800 millas que realizó la tribu cherokee desde su ter-ritorio natal en Georgia hasta el Territorio Indígena,y en la que perdió la vida casi una cuarta parte delpueblo cherokee (pág. 296)

transcendentalism the idea that people could rise abovethe material things in life; a popular movementamong New England writers and thinkers in the mid-1800s (p. 405)trascendentalismo creencia de que las personaspodían prescindir de los objetos materiales en la vida;movimiento popular entre los escritores y pensa-dores de Nueva Inglaterra a mediados del siglo XIX(pág. 405)

transcontinental railroad a railroad system that crossedthe continental United States; construction began in1863 (p. 550)ferrocarril transcontinental línea ferroviaria quecruzaba Estados Unidos de un extremo a otro; suconstrucción se inició en 1863 (pág. 550)

Transportation Revolution the rapid growth in the speedand convenience of transportation (p. 358)revolución del transporte rápido crecimiento de lavelocidad y comodidad ofrecida por los medios detransporte (pág. 358)

Treaty of Fort Jackson a treaty signed after the U.S.victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend; the Creekwere forced to give up 23 million acres of their land(p. 248)tratado del fuerte Jackson tratado que se fi rmó tras lavictoria de Estados Unidos en la batalla de HorseshoeBend; los indígenas creek se vieron obligados a ceder23 millones de acres de su territorio (pág. 248)

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) a treaty signed in Wyo-ming by the United States and northern Plainsnations (p. 554)tratado del fuerte Laramie (1851) tratado fi rmado enWyoming por Estados Unidos y las naciones indíge-nas de las Planicies del norte (pág. 554)

Treaty of Ghent (1814) a treaty signed by the UnitedStates and Britain ending the War of 1812 (p. 249)tratado de Gante (1814) tratado fi rmado por EstadosUnidos y Gran Bretaña para dar fi n a la Guerra de1812 (pág. 249)

Treaty of Greenville (1795) an agreement betweenNative American confederation leaders and the U.S.government that gave the United States Indian landsin the Northwest Territory and guaranteed thatU.S. citizens could safely travel through the region(p. 209)tratado de Greenville (1795) acuerdo entre los líderesde la confederación de indígenas norteamericanosy el gobierno estadounidense que otorgó a EstadosUnidos parte del Territorio del Noroeste y garantizóla seguridad a los ciudadanos estadounidenses queviajaran por esas tierras (pág. 209)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) a treaty that endedthe Mexican War and gave the United States much ofMexico’s northern territory (p. 323)tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) tratado quedaba por terminada la Guerra contra México y dabaposesión a Estados Unidos de gran parte del norte delterritorio mexicano (pág. 323)

Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867) an agreement betweenthe U.S. government and southern Plains Indians inwhich the Indians agreed to move onto reservations(p. 555)tratado de Medicine Lodge (1867) acuerdo entre elgobierno de Estados Unidos y los indígenas de lasPlanicies del sur en el que éstos aceptaban reubicarseen el territorio reservado por el gobierno para ellos(pág. 555)

Treaty of Paris of 1783 a peace agreement that offi ciallyended the Revolutionary War and established Britishrecognition of the independence of the United States(p. 101)tratado de París de 1783 acuerdo de paz que ofi cial-mente daba por terminada la Guerra de Independen-cia estadounidense y en el que Gran Bretaña reco-nocía la soberanía de Estados Unidos (pág. 101)

Tredegar Iron Works a large iron factory that operatedin Richmond, Virginia, in the early to mid-1800s(p. 381)Tredegar Iron Works gran fábrica de acero que ope-raba a mediados del siglo XIX en Richmond, Virginia(pág. 381)

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire a factory fi re that killed 146workers trapped in the building; led to new safetystandard laws (p. 618)incendio de Triangle Shirtwaist incendio de unafábrica en la que murieron 146 trabajadores atrapa-dos en el edifi cio; este suceso obligó a crear nuevosestándares legales de seguridad (pág. 618)

triangular trade trading networks in which goods andslaves moved among England, the American colo-nies, and Africa (p. 57)comercio triangular redes de intercambio de esclavosy bienes entre Inglaterra, las colonias americanas yÁfrica (pág. 57)

trust a number of companies legally grouped under asingle board of directors (p. 581)consorcio varias compañías agrupadas legalmentebajo el mando de un solo consejo directivo (pág. 581)

U

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) an antislavery novel written byHarriet Beecher Stowe that showed northerners theviolent reality of slavery and drew many people tothe abolitionists’ cause (p. 443)La cabaña del tío Tom (1852) novela abolicionistaescrita por Harriet Beecher Stowe que mostró a loshabitantes del norte del país la cruda realidad de laesclavitud e hizo que muchos de ellos se unieran a lacausa abolicionista (pág. 443)

Trail of Tears/Ruta de las lágrimas Uncle Tom’s Cabin/La cabaña del tio Tom


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Underground Railroad a network of people who helpedthousands of enslaved people escape to the North byproviding transportation and hiding places (p. 418)Tren Clandestino red de personas que ayudó a milesde esclavos a escapar al Norte ofreciéndoles trans-porte y lugares para ocultarse (pág. 418)

USS Constitution a large warship (p. 240)USS Constitution gran buque de guerra (pág. 240)

utopian communities places where people worked toestablish a perfect society; such communities werepopular in the United States during the late 1700sand early to mid-1800s (p. 406)comunidades utópicas lugares en los que un grupode personas trabajaba para establecer una sociedadperfecta, como las que se popularizaron en EstadosUnidos a fi nales del siglo XVIII y principios y media-dos del XIX (pág. 406)

V

vaqueros Mexican cowboys in the West who tendedcattle and horses (p. 319)vaqueros arrieros mexicanos que vivían en el Oestey se ganaban la vida arreando ganado y caballos(pág. 319)

vertical integration the business practice of owning allof the businesses involved in each step of a manufac-turing process (p. 580)integración vertical práctica empresarial de poseertodas las empresas implicadas en cada paso de unproceso de manufactura (pág. 580)

veto to cancel (p. 146)vetar cancelar (pág. 146)

Virginia Plan (1787) the plan for government proposedat the Constitutional Convention in which thenational government would have supreme powerand a legislative branch would have two houseswith representation determined by state population(p. 126)Plan de Virginia (1787) plan del gobierno propuestoen la Convención Constitucional por el que elgobierno nacional tendría poder supremo y habríaun Poder Legislativo con dos cámaras en las que larepresentación de cada estado sería determinada porsu población (pág. 126)

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) a docu-ment that gave people in Virginia freedom of wor-ship and prohibited tax money from being used tofund churches (p. 115)Estatuto de Virginia por la Libertad Religiosa (1786) documento que reconocía a los habitantesde Virginia la libertad de culto y prohibía utilizar eldinero procedente de impuestos para fi nanciar igle-sias (pág. 115)

W

War Hawks members of Congress who wanted todeclare war against Britain after the Battle of Tippeca-noe (p. 244)halcones de guerra integrantes del Congreso quetenían la intención de declarar la guerra a GranBretaña tras la batalla de Tippecanoe (pág. 244)

Whig Party a political party formed in 1834 by oppo-nents of Andrew Jackson and who supported a stronglegislature (p. 292)Partido Whig partido político formado en 1834 poroponentes de Andrew Jackson que apoyaba unaasamblea legislativa con mucha autoridad (pág. 292)

Whiskey Rebellion (1794) a protest of small farmers inPennsylvania against new taxes on whiskey (p. 209)Rebelión del Whisky (1794) protesta de pequeñosagricultores de Pensilvania contra los nuevos impues-tos sobre la producción de whisky (pág. 209)

Wilderness Campaign (1864) a series of battles betweenUnion and Confederate forces in northern andcentral Virginia that delayed the Union capture ofRichmond (p. 500)Campaña Wilderness (1864) serie de batallas entre laUnión y los confederados en el norte y el centro deVirginia que retrasaron la captura de Richmond porparte de la Unión (pág. 500)

Wilmot Proviso (1846) a proposal to outlaw slavery inthe territory added to the United States by the Mexi-can Cession; passed in the House of Representativesbut was defeated in the Senate (p. 438)Condición de Wilmot (1846) propuesta de prohibir laesclavitud en el territorio adherido a Estados Unidospor la Cesión mexicana; aprobada por la Cámarade Representantes, pero rechazada por el Senado(pág. 438)

Wisconsin Idea a program of progressive reforms setforth by Robert M. La Follette to reduce the power ofpolitical machines and make state government moreprofessional (p. 614)idea de Wisconsin programa de reformas progresistascreado por Robert M. La Follette para reducir el poderde la maquinaria política y profesionalizar el go-bierno de los estados (pág. 614)

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) a reformmovement founded in 1874 to prohibit the produc-tion and sale of alcohol (p. 623)Unión de Mujeres Cristianas por la Abstinencia (WCTU, por sus siglas en inglés) movimiento dereforma fundado en 1874 para prohibir la produc-ción y venta de bebidas alcohólicas (pág. 623)

Worcester v. Georgia (1832) the Supreme Court rulingthat stated that the Cherokee nation was a distinctterritory over which only the federal governmenthad authority; ignored by both President AndrewJackson and the state of Georgia (p. 296)

Underground Railroad/Tren Clandestino Worcester v. Georgia/Worcester contra Georgia


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Worcester contra Georgia (1832) resolución de laCorte Suprema que establecía que la nación cherokeeera un territorio distinto sobre el que sólo el gobiernofederal tenía autoridad; fue ignorada por el presidenteAndrew Jackson y por el estado de Georgia (pág. 296)

workers’ compensation laws laws which would guaran-tee a portion of lost wages to workers injured on thejob (p. 618)leyes de seguro de accidentes del trabajo leyes quegarantizan que se les pague a los trabajadores unaporción de su salario si se lesionan durante eldesempeño de sus funciones laborales (pág. 618)

X

XYZ aff air (1797) an incident in which French agentsattempted to get a bribe and loans from U.S. dip-lomats in exchange for an agreement that Frenchprivateers would no longer attack American ships;it led to an undeclared naval war between the twocountries (p. 214)incidente XYZ (1797) incidente en el que funciona-rios franceses intentaron obtener sobornos y présta-mos de diplomáticos estadounidenses a cambiode un acuerdo por el cual sus barcos corsarios noatacarían más a los barcos estadounidenses; provocóuna guerra no declarada entre las fuerzas navales deambas naciones (pág. 214)

Y

yellow journalism the reporting of exaggerated stories innewspapers to increase sales (p. 646)prensa amarillista publicación de noticias exageradasen los periódicos para aumentar las ventas (pág. 646)

yeomen owners of small farms (p. 384)pequeños terratenientes propietarios de granjaspequeñas (pág. 384)

Worcester v. Georgia/Worcester contra Georgia yeomen/pequeños terratenientes

IND

EX

R84 INDEX

Indexc = chart m = mapf = feature p = photog = graph R = Reference

KEY TO INDEX

AABC Powers, 661abolition, 416–21, 417p, 418p, 419m,

420p, 514–15; creation of RepublicanParty and, 450; defi nition of, 416;Emancipation Proclamation and, 492;Fugitive Slave Act and, 442; opposi-tion to, 420–21; women’s rights and,423–24

accused: rights of the, 181Achomawi, 9mAdams, John, 126, 349, R23; Boston

Massacre and, 67; Declaration ofIndependence and, 84, 89; electionof 1796, 212–13; election of 1800,228–29, 229p; as vice president, 197;XYZ Affair, 213–14, 214p

Adams, John Quincy, 257p, 261, 262–63,R23; election of 1824, 267; election of1828, 285–86; Fourth of July (1821)Address, R44

Adams, Samuel, 63, 132; Boston Mas-sacre and, 67; Committees of Cor-respondence and, 68; Declarationof Independence and, 89; Sons ofLiberty and, 65, 66; tax revolt and,67; Townshend Acts and, 66

Adams-Onís Treaty, 261, 261m, 309Addams, Jane, 597, 597p, 611adobe, 318, 325advisory council, 54, 55fAfrica: colonization of, 417; Columbian

Exchange and, 18–19, 18m; immi-grants from, 591m; slavery and,38–39, 57; trade with, 13–15, 14m;triangular trade, 56m, 57–58, 57p

Africa: Political, R12mAfrican Americans, 384p; abolition-

ist movement and, 416–21, 417p,418p, 419m, 420p; Black Codes and,518–20; in Boston Massacre, 67;civil rights of, 520–21; in the CivilWar, 492–93, 492p, 493p, 494–95;colonization in Africa and, 417; inCongress, 509p, 525, 525m, 525p;Declaration of Independence and,85; discrimination and, 385, 624–25;Dred Scott decision and, 451–52,452m, 453; education and, 414–15,516, 516p; Emancipation Proclama-tion and, 491–92, 491m; farming and,529–30, 529p; Freedmen’s Bureauand, 516, 516p; freedpeople, 515,515p–16p, 516; free southern, 385;Fugitive Slave Act and, 441–42; inGold Rush, 329; Great Awakeningand, 59; Homestead Act and, 560; JimCrow laws and, 528; Ku Klux Klanand, 526, 526p, 527p; Middle Passageand, 57p, 58; migration of, 590m,594; Plessy v. Ferguson, 528f, 529; poll

taxes and, 176, 176p, 528–29; popula-tion of, 40c; Radical Republicansand, 519–20, 519p; Redeemers and,528; religion and, 411, 515, 597; inRevolutionary War, 91; in Rough Rid-ers, 648; on the Supreme Court, 148;Thirteenth Amendment and, 514–15;voting rights of, 115, 171, 284, 385,493, 521, 521m, 522p, 523; in Warof 1812, 248; Washington, D.C. and,202, 202p

Age of Exploration, 3p, 12–19, 13p, 14m,16m, 17p

agrarian, 41, 266, 289, 381agriculture: in Middle Colonies, 51; in

New England colonies, 47; scientifi c,380; slavery and, 376; in the South,382–84; in southern colonies, 41,288–89; staple crops, 51; supply anddemand, 563g; technology in, 366,366p. See also farming

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 648airplane: invention of, 577-78, 578pAlabama, R28; cotton in, 378m; Native

Americans in, 295; during Recon-struction, 523; secedes from theUnion, 458; slavery in, 388; votingrights in, 284; in War of 1812, 248

Alamo, 314, 314m, 315pAlaska, R28; Paleo-Indians in, 6, 7m;

Purchase of, 641Albright, Madeleine, 185alcohol abuse, 411Alcorn, James, 525Alcott, Louisa May, 409Aleut people, 8, 8mAlgonquian, 9m, 11, 59Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 215, 230Almy, William, 348amendments, 135American Anti-Slavery Society, 417, 418, 515American Colonization Society, 417“American Crisis, The” (Paine), 92–93American Federation of Labor, 571p, 586, 619American Fur Company, 308American Indians. See Native Americans;

specifi c Native American groups andindividuals

American Medical Association, 612American Missionary Association, 516American Revolution. See Revolutionary

WarAmerican Slavery As It Is (Grimké), 417Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), 141American System, 264American Telephone and Telegraph, 577Americas: exploration of, 15–19, 17m,

18m; triangular trade, 56m, 57–58, 57p“America the Beautiful” (Bates), R31amnesty: for southerners, 510, 513, 517,

527amusement parks, 596Anaconda Plan, 482fAnalysis Skills: analyzing costs and ben-

efi ts, 598; analyzing diagrams, 241;analyzing information, 147, 155, 163,167, 171, 173, 231, 285, 350, 451,495, 528, 553, 587; analyzing sources,377p; analyzing visuals, 99p, 176p,347p, 348p–49p, 355p, 361p, 381p,

390p, 403p, 407p, 452p, 480-81p,556p, 575p, 585p, 595, 607p, 611p,643p; California Standards, H22–H27;continuity and change, 636, 664f;determine content of statements,140; determining context, 188;different points of view, 110, 136,140, 203, 244, 456, 520; distinguishfact from opinion, 602; distinguishrelevant information, 140, 434, 508;drawing conclusions, 381; explaincentral issues from the past, 256,342, 508; framing questions, 2, 28f;human-environment interaction,18m; identifying central issues, 276f;interpret and analyze economicindicators, 570; interpreting charts,40c, 479c; interpreting politicalcartoons, 214; location, 390m; move-ment, 18m; primary sources, 38, 43,67, 96, 128, 134, 210, 230, 238, 262,286, 292, 296, 311, 324, 353, 356,391, 413, 420, 426, 440, 441, 442,453, 458, 460, 485, 493, 519, 561,581, 612, 618, 630, 656; reading timelines, 32, 69, 70f, 95, 169, 207, 243,367, 425, 563, 577; recognize inter-pretation of history can change overtime, 74; recognize role of chance,oversight and error, 508; short andlong term causal patterns, 632; under-stand cause and effect, 110, 342, 602;understanding historical interpreta-tion, 102; using maps and docu-ments, 304, 542

Anasazi, 8, 325Anderson, Joseph R., 373p, 381Anderson, Robert, 473Andersonville, Georgia, 495Andros, Sir Edmund, 55–56Anglican Church, 25Anglo-Californians, 327Annapolis Convention, 124annexation, 306; of Hawaii, 643, 665;

of Mexican Cession, 323; of Oregon,317; of Philippines, 650; of Texas,317–18

Antebellum, 376Anthony, Susan B., 424p, 427, 428, 623Antietam, Battle of, 479m, 480p, 481, 492Antifederalists, 132, 133, 134, 135Anti-Imperialist League, 650antitrust movement, 581f, 582, 630pApache, 9m, 10, 324, 553, 554, 554m, 557Apalachee, 9mAppalachian Mountains, 234appeal courts, 148, 161fAppeal to the Christian Women of the South

(Grimké), 417Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

(Walker), 417Appomattox Courthouse, 502–03, 502papportionment, 145apprentices, 47, 352Arapaho, 9m, 11, 553, 554, 554marchitecture, 271p, 273; skyscrapers, 595.

See also housingArctic, culture area, 8, 9mArgentina, 661

INDEX R85

IND

EX

Arizona, R28; Civil War in, 487; GadsdenPurchase and, 323; Mexican Ameri-cans in, 325, 592; Mexican Cessionand, 323; Native Americans in, 8, 557

Arkansas, R28; Civil War in, 474, 474m,484, 487; cotton in, 378m; explorationof, 26; during R econstruction, 523

Arkwright, Richard, 347Army of the Potomac, 480Army, U.S., 309m; Mexican War and, 320;

Native Americans and, 555, 556, 557Arnold, Benedict, 81, 92, 94, 100art, 271p, 272, 406, 406p, 407p; of the

Civil War, 466–67p, 480p; Declarationof Independence, 85p; Florida, 1p

Arthur, Chester A., 607, 608p, 609, R25Arthur, T.S., 425Articles of Confederation, 116, 120, 124,

130fAsia: immigrants from, 589, 592p; trade

with, 13–15, 14mAsia: Political, R11mAsian Americans, 592p, 593, 625–26assemblies, 54assembly, freedom of, 167, 179assembly line, 350fassimilation, 410Assiniboin, 554mAstor, John Jacob, 308–09astrolabe, 14Atlanta, Georgia, 501, 501m, 531pAtlantic Ocean, 14–15, 17–18; Panama

Canal and, 652–53, 654m, 655Attucks, Crispus, 67Audubon, John, 271pAustin, Stephen F., 312–13, 315Australia and New Zealand: Political, R13mautomobile industry, 577–78Autry, James L., 486Avery College, 414Aztec, 8, 20–21

BBacon, Nathaniel, 39Bacon’s Rebellion, 38–39Bagley, Sarah, 356f, 357Bahamas, 17bail, 182balance of power: in Constitution, 183;

between sections, 439Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 17Baldwin, Abraham, 165Ballinger, Richard, 629Bank of America, 590Bank of Italy, 590Bank of the United States: 204, 231;

Second, 291–92banks and banking: Federal Reserve

system, 631; Hamilton and, 203–04;reforms, 630–31

Banneker, Benjamin, 202, 202pBannock, 554mBarbary States of North Africa, 240Barton, Clara, 496, 496pBartlett, Josiah, 89Bassett, Richard, 165Bastille (Paris), 205, 205pBear Flag Revolt, 320, 321mBedford, Gunning, Jr., 165Beecher, Catherine, 413

Beecher, Lyman, 411Bell, Alexander Graham, 577Bell, John, 457, 457mbenevolent societies, 590Beothuk, 9mBering Land Bridge, 6, 7, 7mBerkeley, John Lord, 50Bessemer, Henry, 575Bessemer process, 575Bible, 25bicameral, 45, 127, 295Biddle, Nicholas, 292Bidwell, Annie, 562bill of exchange, 13Bill of Rights (English). See English Bill

of RightsBill of Rights (U.S.), 135, 166–67, 178–83Billy Budd (Melville), 407Bingham, George Caleb, 272Biography: Addams, Jane, 597, 597p;

Banneker, Benjamin, 202, 202p;Bryan, William Jennings, 564, 564p;Carnegie, Andrew, 583, 583p; ChiefJoseph, 559, 559p; Clay, Henry, 266,266p; Columbus, Christopher, 17,17p; Douglass, Frederick, 422, 422p;Equiano, Olaudah, 57, 57p; Farragut,David, 487, 487p; Franklin, Benjamin,131, 131p; Gompers, Samuel, 585,585p; Grant, Ulysses S., 489, 489p;Hutchinson, Anne, 46, 46p; Jackson,Andrew, 287, 287p; Jefferson, Thom-as, 233, 233p; Lee, Robert E., 481,481p; Lincoln, Abraham, 477, 477p;Madison, James, 149, 149p; Mann,Horace, 413, 413p; Morse, Samuel B.,365, 365p; Penn, William, 50, 50p;Pontiac, 61, 61p; Rockefeller, John D.,583, 583p; Roosevelt, Theodore, 593,593p; Stanford, Leland, 583, 583p;Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 429, 429p;Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe, 319,319p; Washington, George, 82, 82p;writing a, 106–07f

Black Codes, 518–20Black Death, 12Blackfoot, 9m, 11, 554mBlack Hawk, Chief, 297Black Hawk War, 297Blaine, James, 608Blair, John, 165Bleeding Kansas, 448–49, 448pblockades, 121m, 247m, 482–83, 482p,

483m, 649, 649mBlount, William, 165Bolívar, Simon, 262Bonaparte, Napoléon. See Napoléonbonds, 200Bonhomme Richard (warship), 97Book of Mormon, 310boomtowns, 548Booth, John Wilkes, 517borders, 101, 260, 261m, 317border states, 474, 474mBoston, 44; Intolerable Acts and, 69; siege

at, 80m, 81Boston Gazette (newspaper), 67fBoston Manufacturing Company, 354Boston Massacre, 67, 67f, 67p, 69Boston Tea Party, 68Bowie, Jim, 314Boxer Rebellion, 645boycott, 65, 66

Bozeman Trail, 555Bradford, William, 43Bragg, Braxton, 513Brandeis, Louis, 630, R34Brant, Joseph. See ThayendanegeaBraxton, Carter, 89Brazil, 661breadbasket, 561Brearley, David, 165Breckinridge, John C., 457, 457mBreed’s Hill, 80m, 81Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies

(Las Casas), 23fBritain. See England; Great BritainBritish East India Company, 68British West Indies, 122Brook Farm, Massachusetts, 406Brooklyn Bridge, 576pBrooks, Preston, 448–49Broom, Jacob, 165Brown, John, 447–48, 455–56, 456pBrown, Moses, 348Brown, Smith, 348Brown, William Wells, 418Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 141,

R135Bruce, Blanche K., 525, 525pBryan, William Jennings, 564, 564p, 629Buchanan, James, 450, 458, R24Buena Vista, Battle of, 322, 322pbuff alo, 7, 10, 551, 554, 555Bull Moose Party, 630Bull Run, Battle of, 479, 479m, 480Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 653Bunker Hill, Battle of, 80m, 81Burgoyne, John, 94, 94mburial mounds, 8Burnet, David, 313Burns, Anthony, 442, 443Burnside, Ambrose, 498Burr, Aaron, 212, 228–29Bush, George W., R27; September 11,

2001, address, R50business: corporations, 579; corrup-

tion in, 610; horizontal integration,581; leaders in, 580–81, 583, 583p;monopoly, 582, 631; regulation of,628; Sherman Antitrust Act, 582;social Darwinism, 581; trusts, 581,582; vertical integration, 580. See alsofactories; industry

Butler, Pierce, 165

CCabeza de Vaca, 16mcabinet posts, 147cable cars, 595Cabot, John, 16mCabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 21Caddo, 9mcalendar systems, 8Calhoun, John C., 244, 285, 290, 290p,

440, 441California, R24; Adams-Onís Treaty and,

309; Bear Flag Revolt, 320, 321m;California Trail, 326; cattle industryin, 548–49; Civil War in, 487; ascolony, 318–19; culture areas, 9m, 10;economy of, 329, 331; gains state-hood, 331, 546; Gold Rush, 327–31,327p, 328p, 329p; immigrants to, 330;

Arizona California

R86 INDEX

IND

EX

Mexican Americans in, 325, 326–27,592; Mexican Cession and, 323;Mexican War and, 320, 321m; miningin, 547, 547m; Native Americans in,326–27, 331; Oregon Trail, 309–10,309m, 326; railroad in, 550–51; slav-ery issue and, 439, 439m, 440, 441;Spain and, 22, 318–19, 319p

California Trail, 326Californios, 319, 320, 331Calvert, Cecilius, 39Canada, 60m; in American Revolution,

92; borders, 317; in French andIndian War, 60; Northwest Passage,17–18; U.S. foreign policy and, 260;War of 1812, 246–47, 247m

canals, 265–66, 265m; cotton trade and,379

Cape of Good Hope, 14m, 15capital, 13capitalism, 619capital punishment, 182Capitol Building, 230Caribbean: Spanish-American War in,

648–49, 649m. See also Cuba; Domini-can Republic; Haiti; Puerto Rico

Carnegie, Andrew, 580, 581, 582, 583, 583pCarolinas, 40, 40m, 61. See also North

Carolina; South Carolinacarpetbaggers, 524Carranza, Venustiano, 661Carrier, 9mCarroll, Charles, 89Carroll, Daniel, 165Carteret, Sir George, 50Cartier, Jacques, 16m, 17, 18cash crop, 95, 101, 288, 377–78, 378m,

380, 530Cass, Lewis, 439Castro, Cipriano, 656Catlin, George, 272pCatt, Carrie Chapman, 623–24, 623pcattle industry, 548–49Cattle Kingdom, 549Cayuga, 9m, 11Cayuse, 554mCazenovia Fugitive Slave Convention, 442fCemetery Ridge, 498, 499, 499mCentennial Exposition, 596Central America: Native Americans in, 7;

Panama Canal and, 652–53, 654m,655; Spain and, 22, 262. See alsoMesoamerica

central government, 127Central Pacifi c Railroad, 550–51, 581Central Park, 596Champlain, Samuel de, 16m, 17–18Charles I, King of England, 39, 44Charles II, King of England, 40Charleston, South Carolina, 99, 379charter, 27, 54Chase, Samuel, 89checks and balances, 130–31, 146f, 231fCheraw, 9mCherokee, 9m, 11, 295–96, 554m, 625Chesapeake Bay, 36–37, 37m, 100Chesapeake (ship), 241Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 513Chevalier, Michel, 360Cheyenne, 9m, 553, 554, 554mChicago, Illinois, 363, 594; Hull House

in, 596m, 596p, 597, 611; railroad in,575; union strikes in, 586, 586m

Chicago Exposition, 596Chickasaw, 9m, 295, 554mChief Joseph, 557, 559, 559pchildren: labor and, 352–53, 354–56, 354p,

355p, 531, 581, 610, 615–19, 615p,616p, 618p; social reforms and, 612

Chile, 661Chimakum, 9mChina: Boxer Rebellion, 645; foreign

policy with, 644–45; immigrantsfrom, 330, 550, 590m, 593, 625–26;Japan and, 644; trade with, 317

Chinese Americans, 593, 625–26Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 593, 626Chinook, 9m, 10Chipewyan, 9mChippewa, 554mChisholm Trail, 549, 550mChoctaw, 9m, 248, 294–95, 554mChristianity, 14m, 642; spread of, 14, 14m,

22Chumash, 9mchurch and state, 46fChurch of England, 25, 42Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,

310–11circuit courts, 147circuit riding, 147fcities: growth of, 363, 402, 403p, 404;

immigrants and, 402, 403p, 404;mass culture in, 595–96; planning of,611; problems in, 596–97; settlementhouses in, 597; of the South, 384;tenements in, 404, 590, 596, 611;transportation in, 595, 611; urbangrowth of, 594–95, 610

citizenship: duties of, 185, 186p, 187p;gaining, 184–85, 185p; Puerto Ricoand, 651

city council, 614city government, 614civil court, 181civil engineering, 611civil liberties, 117civil rights: of African Americans, 520–21;

Black Codes and, 518–20; Ku KluxKlan and, 526, 526p, 527p

Civil Rights Act (1866), 520–21Civil Rights Act (1875), 527, 528civil service, 608–09Civil Service Commission, 609Civil War: African Americans in, 492–93,

492p, 493p, 494–95; art of, 466–67p,480p; battles of, 478–83, 479m, 480p,481p, 482m, 483m, 486, 487m, 497–500, 497p, 498p, 499m, 499p, 500–02,501, 501m; casualties of, 500, 502g;daily life in, 490–96, 491m, 491p,492p, 493p, 494p, 495p, 496p; diseasein, 495; in the East, 478–83, 479m,480p, 481p, 482m, 483m, 500; effectsof, 502c, 503; medicine in, 495, 496,496p; navies in, 482–83, 482p, 483m;opposition to, 494–95; prisoners ofwar, 495; soldiers of, 495, 495p; in theSouth, 501–02, 501m; in the West,484–87, 485p, 486m; women in,496, 496p

Clark, Abraham, 89Clark, George Rogers, 97Clark, William, 222–23p, 235–38Clay, Henry, 243p, 244, 264, 317, 440–41Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 631

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850), 652Clermont (steamship), 359Cleveland, Grover, 584, 608, 609p, 643,

R25; Hawaii and, 581; Pullman Strikeand, 587

climate, 6, 7Clinton, Bill, 146, R27Clinton, Henry, 98closed markets, 122Clotel (Brown), 418Clymer, George, 89, 165coal, 362–63; miners’ strike, 627–28Coast Salish, 9mCochimi, 9mCody, William, 551Coercive Acts (1774), 69Coffi n, Charles, 479Cold Harbor, Battle of, 500Cole, Thomas, 272, 272p, 406collective bargaining, 585Colombia, 653colonial courts, 56colony. See company colony; proprietary

colony; royal colonyColorado, R28; cattle industry in, 549;

Mexican Cession and, 323; miningin, 555; Native Americans in, 8; Pike’sexpedition to, 239

Columbian Exchange, 18–19, 18mColumbia River, 238, 309, 309mColumbus, Christopher, 3p, 15, 16m, 17;

Native Americans and, 17Colville, 554mComanche, 9m, 11, 553, 554, 554m, 555commerce clause: Native Americans

and, 155fCommercial Revolution, 12, 13commission form of government, 614Committee of Thirteen, 116Committees of Correspondence, 65,

67, 68common-school movement, 412Common Sense (Paine), 83, 316communications: battlefi eld, 495f;

inventions in, 577community service, 186–87, 187pcompany colony, 36, 45, 54company stores, 353compass, 14compensation, 515Compromise of 1850, 440–41, 446Compromise of 1877, 527Comstock, Henry, 547Comstock Lode, 547Concord, Massachusetts, 79concurrent powers, 144Coney Island, 596Confederate States of America, 458–59,

473, 473p, 474, 474m, 479m, 501m;battles in the West, 484–87, 485p,486m; casualties of, 500, 502g; atGettysburg, 497–500, 497p, 498p,499m, 499p; naval strategies of,482–83, 482p, 483m; soldiers of the,475–76, 475p, 495, 495p

Confederation Congress, 122, 125Congress, U.S.: African Americans in,

509p, 525, 525m, 525p; Alien andSedition Acts, 215; Articles of Con-federation and, 116, 120; Bank ofthe United States, 204; Constitutionand the, 151–57; declaration of war,147; delegated powers of, 144; elastic

California Congress, U.S.

INDEX R87

IND

EX

clause, 144, 156; Land Ordinancesand, 117; Missouri Compromise,266–67; organization of, 145; vetoesand, 146–47; Wade-Davis Bill,513–14. See also House of Representa-tives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.

Connecticut, R28; colonial, 46, 47; con-stitution of, 115; government in, 54,55–56; labor laws in, 357; ratifi cationof the Constitution, 165

conquistadores, 20, 21, 21pconscription, 490conservation, 628, 628p, 629mconstitution, state, 115Constitution, U.S.: amendments to, 135,

164, 166–77; Bill of Rights and, 135,178–83; checks and balances, 130–31;creation of, 126–30; education and,182–83; loose construction of, 204;ratifi cation of, 132–35, 165; strengthsof, 130f; strict construction of, 204;text of, 150–77. See also individualamendments

Constitution, USS (warship), 240, 241p,246

Constitutional Convention, 124, 125–26,125p, 126p; Great Compromise,126–27; New Jersey Plan, 127; Three-Fifths Compromise, 128; VirginiaPlan, 126–27

Constitutional Union Party, 457, 457mContinental Army, 80, 80m, 81, 90–91,

91m, 91p, 95, 120Continental Congress, First, 78; Second, 80,

84, 116Continental Navy, 97Convention of 1818, 260, 261mCook, James, 642Cooke, Jay, 552Cooper, James Fenimore, 271, 274fCooper, Peter, 360cooperative, 560Copeland, John A., 456Copperheads, 494Cornwallis, Charles, 93, 100Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 16m, 21corporations, 579Corps of Discovery, 236–38Cortés, Hernán, 16m, 20–21, 322Costanoan, 9mcotton, 288–89, 376, 377–78, 378g, 378m,

379g, 530, 531cotton belt, 378–79, 378m, 379gcotton diplomacy, 475cotton gin, 372p, 377, 377pcouncil-manager government, 614Council of State, 55Council of the Indies, 22county meetings, 55court systems, 129, 147, 161f, 197–98;

colonial, 56; labor laws and, 618–19cowboys, 318p, 549, 549pCrazy Horse, 555Creek, 9m, 11, 244, 295, 554m, 565Creek War, 247m, 248crime, 596–97, 610criminal court, 181Critical Thinking Skills: analyzing, 578;

categorizing, 589, 596; determiningcontext, 188f; different points ofview, 136f; distinguishing fact fromopinion, 460f; evaluating; framinghistorical questions, 28, 28f; general-

izing, 583; solving problems, 300f;understanding historical interpreta-tion, 102f

Crittenden, John J., 459Crockett, Davy, 314crop rotation, 380Crow, 9m, 554mCuba: Spain and, 646–47; Spanish-

American War in, 648–49, 649m, 650Cuban Americans: population of, 22cCulp’s Hill, 498, 499mculture, 8–11, 8p, 9m, 10p, 270–75,

405–06, 406p, 407p; in cities, 595–96;defi nition of, 7; Mexican American,325; themes of, 278

Cumberland Road, 265, 265mcurrency, 80, 109p, 111p, 564; in Revolu-

tionary War, 123. See also moneyCusabo, 9mCuster, George Armstrong, 556Czolgosz, Leon, 627

DDa Gama, Vasco, 14m, 15Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 319Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, 165Dare, Virginia, 27Darwin, Charles, 581Daughters of Liberty, 66Davis, Henry, 513Davis, Jefferson, 439, 458, 475, 488, 496,

501, 525Dawes, William, 79Dawes General Allotment Act (1887), 558,

625Dayton, Jonathan, 165death penalty, 182Debs, Eugene V., 587, 630Declaration of Independence, 115, 135;

creation of, 84–85, 84p, 85p; signingof, 84p; text of, 86–89, R2–5

Declaration of Rights, 78Declaration of Rights for Women, R50Declaration of Sentiments, 426, R45Declaratory Act, 66Deere, John, 365p, 366defl ation, 564deforestation, 363Delano, Alonzo, 329Delaware, R28; Civil War in, 474, 474m;

colonial, 50; ratifi cation of theConstitution, 134, 165

Delaware, 9m, 61Delaware River, 27, 92–93, 93pdelegated powers, 144democracy, 118f; demonstrations and,

285f; in Latin America, 657f, 658; rep-resentative, 144; Tocqueville and, 186

Democratic Party, 349; election of 1852,445–46; election of 1860, 457, 457m;election of 1868, 522–23; electionof 1876, 527, 607; election of 1884,608; election of 1888, 608; election of1896, 608; election of 1912, 629–30;Emancipation Proclamation and, 491;formation of Republican Party and,450; in Reconstruction, 525

Democratic-Republican Party, 212; electionof 1800, 228–29

Denmark Vesey Document, R46

department stores, 596deportation, 184depression, economic, 123, 292De Soto, Hernando, 16m, 21Detroit, 26, 247, 247mDewey, George, 647–48Dewey, John, 612Dias, Bartolomeu, 14m, 15Díaz, Porfi rio, 659–60Dickinson, Emily, 407Dickinson, John, 165direct primary, 613disabled Americans, 413discrimination, 323, 385, 525, 560, 594,

622, 624–25, R37diseases, 610; in cities, 404; in Civil War,

495; Native Americans and, 19, 23,319; progressive reforms and, 612,613p; in tenements, 596; yellow fever,650, 655

dissenters, 44district courts, 147, 161fDistrict of Columbia, 202, R28;

Compromise of 1850 and, 441. Seealso Washington, D.C.

division of labor, 349pDix, Dorothea, 412Dogrib, 8, 9mDole, Sanford B., 643dollar diplomacy, 657, 657f, 658Dominican Republic, 656, 658Dominion of New England, 55–56Donner party, 327double jeopardy, 180Douglas, Stephen, 450; debates and,

453–54, 454p; election of 1860, 457,457m; Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854),446–47

Douglass, Frederick, 418, 422, 422p, 426,492, 493, 515

draft, military, 185, 494–95Drake, Edwin L., 576Drake, Sir Francis, 25Dred Scott decision, 451–52, 451f, 453dual sovereignty. See federalismDu Bois, W.E.B., 624–25, 624pDunny, Patrick, 400Duryea, Charles and Frank, 577–78Dutch. See NetherlandsDutch East India Company, 643Dutch West India Company, 27

EEast: Civil War in, 478–83, 479m, 480p,

481p, 482m, 483m, 500; culture areasof the, 9m, 11

economics, 293; capital, 13; capitalism,619; of cotton, 381p; defl ation, 564;depression, 123, 292; of farming, 562;infl ation, 25, 122–23, 292, 329; inter-est, 13; mass production, 348–49p;national debt, 292; Panic of 1837,292, 356, 527, 552; Panic of 1893,564; reading skills for, 4–5f, 34–35f,194–95f, 282–83f, 306–07f, 344–45f,374–75f, 572–73f, 638–39f; social-ism, 619; supply and demand, 563g;themes of, 302, 336, 394

economy: American System, 264; ofCalifornia, 331; of Europe, 12–13;

Congress, U.S. economy

R88 INDEX

IND

EX

interstate commerce and the, 122;of Jamestown, 38–39; of MiddleColonies, 51; national debt, 200–01,201c; of New England, 47; railroadand, 575; of the South, 380p, 513; ofsouthern colonies, 41; states’ debts,201–02, 201c

Edison, Thomas Alva, 576, 577education: African Americans and,

414–15, 516, 516p; civil liberties and,116m, 117; colonial, 48; commonschool movement, 412; Constitu-tion and, 182–83; culture and, 273;of Native Americans, 295–96; in NewEngland, 412; reforms in, 610, 612;slavery and, 388; women and, 48,413, 413p, 424, 622. See also highereducation

Edwards, Jonathan, 58egalitarian, 114Eighteenth Amendment, 172, 623, 631fEighth Amendment, 167, 180, 182Einstein, Albert, 185Eisenhower, Dwight D., 176, R26elastic clause, 144, 156, 204El Camino Real, 22election: of 1796, 212–13, 213m; of 1800,

228–29, 229p; of 1804, 241; of 1808,245; of 1812, 245; of 1824, 267; of1828, 272, 285–86; of 1832, 290, 292;of 1836, 292; of 1840, 293; of 1844,317, 317p, 365; of 1848, 322; of 1852,445–46; of 1854, 450–51; of 1860,457, 457m; of 1864, 493,495, 501; of1866, 521; of 1868, 522–23; of 1876,527, 607; of 1880, 607; of 1884, 608;of 1888, 608; of 1890, 564; of 1896,564, 608; of 1904, 628; of 1908, 629;of 1912, 629–30; of 1916, 631; func-tion of an, 186, 187p; presidential,158; reforms, 613, 614c

electoral college, 158, 158m, 197, 284, 608electricity, 576, 577elevator, 595Eleventh Amendment, 168Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 25Ellery, William, 89Ellis Island, 589Ellison, William, 385, 387Ellsworth, Oliver, 128emancipation, 416Emancipation Proclamation, 469p, 491–92,

491m, 503, 514embargo, 241Embargo Act (1807), 241–42, 243fEmerson, John, 451Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 405eminent domain, 180empresarios, 312encomienda system, 22–23England: colonies of, 27, 36–41, 37m, 39p,

40m, 42–48, 45m, 45p, 50, 54–61,55p, 56m, 57p, 58p, 60m; economyof, 56–57; English Bill of Rights, 55,114, 119; exploration by, 16m; GreatMigration, 44; Navigation Acts,56–57; political change in, 55–56,55p; religion in, 39; Spain and, 25,26p; trade laws of, 56–57. See alsoGreat Britain

English Bill of Rights, 55, 114, 119, R42Enlightenment, 59, 83, 114fentrepreneur, 380, 579, 580

environment: in the Ice Age, 7; plants andanimals in the, 18m. See also human-environment interaction

equal rights, 520–21Equiano, Olaudah, 41, 57, 57pEra of Good Feelings, 266Ericsson, John, 483Erie Canal, 265–66, 265m, 268f–69fEsselen, 9mEstevanico, 16mEurope: Columbian Exchange and,

18–19, 18m; economy of, 12–13;immigrants from, 588; trade with,13–15, 14m

Europe: Political, R10mexecutive branch, 129; checks and bal-

ances, 146f; Constitution and the,158–60; organization of, 146–47;separation of powers, 145. See alsoPresident, U.S.; Vice President, U.S.

executive orders, 147Exodusters, 560Eyak, 9m

Ffactories, 350, 366, 373p; child labor and,

615–19, 615p, 616p, 617p; familiesand, 352–53, 353p, 531; immigrantsand, 356, 592; labor unions and,585–86, 585p, 587, 587c; in the NewSouth, 530–31, 530p; safety in, 618;in the South, 380–81; specializationin, 584; steam power and, 366; tradeunions and, 356–57. See also business;industry

Fair Employment Act (1942), 141Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 208m, 209families: factories and, 352–53, 353p, 531;

Mexican Americans, 301p; Pilgrim,44; slavery and, 388–89; social classesand, 402

Farmers’ Alliance, 564farming: dry, 561; equipment, 366, 561,

562p; free silver debate, 564; on theGreat Plains, 561–64, 563g; meth-ods of, 561, 562p; National Grange,562–63; organizations, 562–63, 564;in the South, 529–30, 529p. See alsoagriculture

Farragut, David, 485–86, 485f, 487,487p, 493

federal courts, 147, 198federal government, 133, 144; branches

of, 145; concurrent powers and, 144;delegated powers of, 144; functionsof, 231; organizing the, 197–98;Tenth Amendment and, 183

federalism, 129, 144, 163fFederalist Papers, 133, 134fFederalist Party, 132–33, 212; election of

1800, 228–29; Embargo Act and, 242Federal Judiciary Act (1789), 147federal regulatory powers, 628Federal Reserve Act (1913), 631Federal Reserve system, 631Ferdinand, King of Spain, 15Fetterman Massacre, 554mFew, William, 165Fifteenth Amendment, 171, 522f, 523Fifth Amendment, 119, 166, 180, 181, 452Fillmore, Millard, 446, 450, 581, R24

Finney, Charles Grandison, 410–11, 416First Amendment, 119, 166, 178–79, 179p,

421First Seminole War, 261fi shing industry, 47FitzSimons, Thomas, 165Flathead, 554mFlorence, Italy, 12, 13Florida, 1p, R28; cotton in, 378m; explo-

ration of, 16m, 21; and French andIndian War, 60; Native Americans in,261, 297, 297m; during Reconstruc-tion, 523; secedes from the Union,458; Second Seminole War, 297,297m; Spain and, 40, 101, 207, 207m,261, 261m

Floyd, William, 89folk music, 272folktales, 389Foraker Act (1900), 651Ford, Henry, 577Ford’s Theater, 517foreign policy, 595p; with Britain, 260,

261m, 262; with Canada, 260; withChina, 582–83; imperialism, 578–79;isolationism, 579; with Japan, 581–82, 582p; of Jefferson, 234–35; withMexico, 659–61, 659p, 660m; MonroeDoctrine, 262–63; with Spain, 261,261m; of Taft, 657; of Theodore Roos-evelt, 655–56, 656p; of Wilson, 661

forest service, 628Fort Detroit, 61, 97, 247, 247mFort Donelson, 484Fort Greenville, 208Fort Henry, 484Fort McHenry, 247m, 248Fort Mims, 247m, 248Fort Moultrie, 472p, 473mFort Necessity, 60Fort Sumter, 459, 473, 473m, 473pFort Ticonderoga, 81, 94, 94mFort Wagner, 493Forty-niners, 327–30, 327p, 328p, 329p, 439Fountain of Youth, 21Four Corners, 8Fourteenth Amendment, 170–71, 520–21,

522f, 523, 529, 618Fourth Amendment, 166, 180France: American Revolution and, 95,

100, 100m; empire of, 26, 26m, 60m;England and, 205, 205p, 206, 240;exploration by, 16m; French and Indi-an War, 60; Louisiana and, 235–36; inNorth America, 101m; revolution in,205, 205p, 206; XYZ Affair, 214

Franklin, Benjamin, 84, 85, 89, 95, 101,131, 131p, 132, 165

Frazier, William, 356Freedmen’s Bureau, 516, 516p, 520–21freedpeople, 515, 515p–16p, 516free enterprise, 329Freeport Doctrine, 453–54free silver debate, 564Free Soil Party, 439, 450Free Speech (newspaper), 624free states, 266–67, 266m, 419m, 438–39,

439mfree trade, 351Frémont, John C., 320, 451French and Indian War, 60, 64French Revolution, 205, 205p, 206French West Indies, 207

economy French West Indies

INDEX R89

IND

EX

frontier, 546, 547m, 565; literature of the,274–75f. See also Northwest Territory

Fugitive Slave Act, 441–42, 443, 446Fugitive Slave Law, 440Fuller, Margaret, 405Fulton, Robert, 342p, 359fundamental liberties, 166–67Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 46,

115, R41fur trade, 49, 50, 308Futrell, Mary Hatwood, 183

GGadsden, James, 323Gadsden Purchase, 323Gage, Thomas, 69, 79gag rule, 420–21Gallatin, Albert, 213p, 230, 231, 350Gallaudet, Thomas, 413Gálvez, Bernardo de, 95, 95pgam saan haak, 330gang-labor system, 386Garfi eld, James A., 603p, 607, 608p, 609,

R25Garrison, William Lloyd, 397, 417, 417p,

492, 515, 523gasoline, 577–78Gates, Horatio, 94, 99General Amnesty Act (1872), 527General Court of Massachusetts, 45–46, 48Genet, Edmond, 206Geography Skills: human-environment

interaction, 9m, 14m, 26m, 37m,45m, 60m, 80m, 91m, 100m, 321m,362m, 521m; interpreting maps, 45m,56m, 60m, 78m, 91m, 100m, 101m,116m, 121m, 158m, 208m, 213m,247m, 261m, 265m, 266m, 289m,297m, 309m, 321m, 362m, 401m,419m, 439m, 447m, 448m, 457m,499m, 501m, 521m, 525m, 547m,550m, 554m, 596m, 649m, 650m,654m, 660m; location, 116m, 235m,297m, 321m, 525m; movement, 14m,37m, 56m, 80m, 91m, 100m, 121m,265m, 309m; place, 26m, 45m, 56m,101m, 261m; reading skills for, 4–5f,76–77f, 226–27f, 306–07f, 544–45f;region, 9m, 16m, 60m, 116m, 121m,235m, 261m, 265m, 266m, 289m,521m, 525m

geography themes, 254, 336George II, King of England, 40George III, King of England, 61, 78, 84Georgia, R28; Civil War in, 495, 501,

501m, 502; colony of, 40, 40m; cot-ton in, 378m; Native Americans in,296; ratifi cation of the Constitution,165; during Reconstruction, 523; inRevolutionary War, 98, 99; secedesfrom the Union, 458; slavery in, 388

German, Obadiah, 245Germany: American Revolution and, 92,

95; immigrants from, 330, 401, 560,588; Samoa and, 641

Geronimo, 557Gerry, Elbridge, 89Gettysburg, Battle of, 497–500, 497p,

498p, 499m, 499pGettysburg Address, 500, R48

Ghost Dance, 558Giannini, Peter, 590Gibbons, Thomas, 359Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), 266, 359, R32Gilded Age, 606–09, 608p, 609pGilman, Nicholas, 165Goethals, George W., 655gold, 296, 546–48golden spike, 551Gold Rush, 327–31, 327p, 328p, 329pGoliad, Texas, 314, 314mGompers, Samuel, 585, 586, 585p, 619Gorgas, William C., 655Gorham, Nathaniel, 165government: branches of, 129; colonial,

54–55, 55f, 55p, 66; federalism, 129;formation of, 115–16; General Courtof Massachusetts, 45–46; infl uencing,186; models of, 115; in Pennsylvania,50; religion and, 46f. See also city gov-ernment; federal government; stategovernment

Grady, Henry, 528, 530, 530pGrangerism, 560Grant, Ulysses S., 469p, R25; at Appo-

mattox, 502–03, 502p; battles in theWest, 484–85; biography of, 489,489p; election of 1868, 522–23; presi-dency of, 607; at Vicksburg, 486, 500

graphs, 392fGreat Awakening, 58–59, 58p, 83Great Awakening, Second, 410–11, 412, 416Great Basin, culture area, 9m, 10Great Britain: American Revolution and,

78–81, 79m, 80m, 84, 91m, 92–97,100–01, 100m; colonial policy of, 57,61, 64–66, 68–69f; colonial taxationby, 64–66; Declaration of Indepen-dence and, 84; Embargo Act and,241–42; France and, 205, 206, 240;French and Indian War and, 59–60,62; immigrants from, 588; IndustrialRevolution in, 346–47, 350; and Jay’sTreaty, 207; North American empireof, 60m; Oregon Country and, 235m,309, 317; and Proclamation of 1763,61; railroad in, 360; and Treaty ofParis (1763), 60, 60m; and Treaty ofParis (1783), 101, 101m, 120; U.S.Civil War and, 468, 475; and triangu-lar trade, 56m, 57; and U.S.-Canadianborder, 250–51m, 260, 261m, 310;U.S. foreign policy and, 241–42, 260,262, 310; U.S. trade with, 120–21,121m, 122; and War of 1812, 240–41,242–45, 242–43f, 246–48, 247m. Seealso England

Great Compromise, 126–27Great Lakes, 16m, 18, 101, 260Great Migration, 44Great Plains, 237, 238, 550m, 551; culture

area, 9m, 10–11; farming the, 561–64,563g; immigrants on the, 560; NativeAmericans on the, 553–56, 553p,554m, 556p; settling the, 560

Greece, 273, 588Greeley, Horace, 417Greene, Catherine, 377Greene, Nathanael, 99, 100Grenville, George, 64, 66Grimké, Angelina and Sarah, 417, 421, 424Grundy, Felix, 244Guachichil, 9m

guerrilla warfare, 99, 99pGuinn v. United States (1915), 625Guiteau, Charles, 607Gulf of Mexico, 26gun control, 180Gwinnett, Button, 89

Hhabeas corpus, 494Haida, 9mHaisle, 9mHaiti, 235, 658Hall, Lyman, 89Hamilton, Alexander, 124, 132, 133, 133p,

134, 165; Federalist Party and, 212;Jefferson and, 201, 202–04, 203p;national bank and, 203–04; nationaldebt and, 200–02, 201c; as secretaryof the treasury, 197, 197p; Washing-ton and, 211; Whiskey Rebellion and,209; Zenger and, 56

Hamlet, James, 441, 443Hancock, John, 66, 85p, 89Han, 9mHarmar, Josiah, 208, 208mHarpers Ferry, Virginia, 455–56Harris, Townsend, 643Harrison, Benjamin, 89, 608, 609p, R25Harrison, William Henry, 446, R24; Battle

of Tippecanoe and, 243–44; deathof, 317; election of 1840, 293; War of1812, 247–48

Hart, John, 89Hartford Convention, 249, 290Harvard, John, 48Harvard College, 48, 414harvesting machine, 366Hawaii, 636p, R28; territory of, 642–43,

642m, 642pHawthorne, Nathaniel, 406Hay, John, 644, 645, 653Hayes, John W., 582Hayes, Rutherford B., 527, 607, 608p, 609,

R25Hay-Herrán Treaty (1903), 653Haymarket Riot, 586, 586mHay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901), 653Hays, Mary Ludwig, 91Haywood, William, 619headright system, 38health programs, 610, 612hearing-impaired, 413Hearst, William Randolph, 646, 647“Heavenly Road, The” (spiritual), 389Heitsuk, 9mHelper, Hinton Rowan, 381Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, 39Henry, Patrick, 66, 78, 79, 84–85, 126,

132, 201Henry the Navigator, 15Henry VIII, King of England, 25Henson, Josiah, 388Herrán, Thomas, 653Hessians, 92, 93Hewes, George, 68, 89Heyward, Thomas, Jr., 89Hiawatha (Longfellow), 407Hidalgo y Costilla, Father Miguel, 312higher education, 48, 414Hill, D.H., 480

frontier Hill

R90 INDEX

IND

EX

Illinois, 9mimmigrants, 590m–91m; adjustments for,

591; Asian, 592p; Chinese, 330, 550,590m, 593; cities and, 402, 403p, 404,611; factories and, 356; German, 330,401; on the Great Plains, 560; Irish,266, 400, 588, 591m; labor unionsand, 593; from Mexico, 660; nativistsand, 402; neighborhoods of, 590;new, 588; newspapers and, 596; old,588; opposition to, 593; patterns of,591c; Pilgrim, 42–43; population of,400, 401, 591g; religious persecutionand, 588–89; rights of, 184–85; workand, 591–92

Immigration Restriction League, 593impeachment, 146, 160, 509p, 522imperialism, 640–41impressment, 240inaugural address: of Jefferson, 230, 255,

R44; of Lincoln (fi rst), 459, 472, R47;of Lincoln (second), 477, R49; ofMcKinley, 638; of Pierce, 446; ofWilson, 630

Inca, 8, 21Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Jacobs),

418income tax, 630indentured servants, 38–39, 51Independence Hall, 125p, 126Indiana, R28; in Northwest Territory,

116m, 117; voting rights in, 284Indian Aff airs, Bureau of, 294Indiana Territory, 243–44Indian Removal Act (1830), 294–96, 295p,

297, 297mIndians. See Native AmericansIndian Territory, 294, 309mindict, 180Indies, 15indigo, 41individualism, 407, 424Industrial Revolution: beginning of,

346–47; in Great Britain, 346–47, 350;inventions during, 349, 349p; manu-facturing in the, 348p, 349–51, 349p,350p; Second, 574–78, 574p, 575p,576p, 577, 577p, 584; textile industry,347–48, 347p

Industrial Workers of the World, 619industry: child labor and, 615–19, 615p,

616p, 617p; growth of, 574–76, 575p.See also business; factories

infl ation, 25, 122–23, 292, 329Infl uence of Sea Power Upon History, The

(Mahan), 641Ingersoll, Jared, 165initiative procedure, 613Institute for Colored Youth, 414interchangeable parts, 348p, 349interest, 13interest groups, 186interstate commerce, 122, 266Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 563Interstate Commerce Commission, 563Intolerable Acts (1774), 68–69, 69, 78Inuit, 8, 8m, 9minventions, 364–67, 576–77, 576p, 577p,

595; electricity, 577; telegraph,364–65, 365p, 550, 577; telephone,577, 577p; at World’s Fair, 596. Seealso science and technology

Iowa, R28; farming and, 561; OregonTrail and, 310

Iowa, 9mIreland: immigrants from, 266, 400, 588,

591m; potato famine in, 400ironclads, 482-83, 488piron ore, 363, 381Iroquois, 9m, 11Iroquois League, 10p, 11, 59, 60mIrving, Washington, 270, 275fIsabella, Queen of Spain, 15Islam, 14misolationism, 641Italy, 14m; immigrants from, 588, 590,

591m

JJackson, Andrew, 248, 261, 267, 281p,

R23; biography, 287; election of 1828,272, 285–86; election of 1832, 290;inauguration of, 286; Indian RemovalAct and, 294, 296; nullifi cation crisisand, 290–91; regional differences and,288–89, 289m, 289p; Second Bank ofthe United States and, 291–92; states’rights doctrine and, 290–91; Tariff ofAbominations and, 289; Texas and,315; in War of 1812, 248

Jackson, Helen Hunt, 558Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”, 478, 498Jackson, William, 165Jacksonian Democracy, 285Jacobs, Harriet, 418, 418pJames II, King of England, 55–56Jamestown, 36–37, 37m, 38Japan, 644; trade with, 643–44, 644pJay, John, 132, 133, 134, 207Jay Cooke and Company, 527Jay’s Treaty (1794), 207Jeff erson, Thomas, 126, R23; architecture

and, 273; Articles of Confederationand, 116; biography, 233; Declarationof Independence and, 84, 89; Demo-cratic-Republican Party, 212; electionof 1800, 228–29, 229p; Embargo Act(1807), 241–42; foreign policy of,234–35; France and, 206; freedom ofreligion and, 179; Hamilton and, 201,202–04, 203p; inauguration of, 230;Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,215; manufacturing and, 351; policiesof, 230–31; as secretary of state, 197,197p; spoils system and, 608; stateconstitutions and, 115; states’ rightsdoctrine and, 290; Supreme Courtand, 231–32, 232p; as vice president,212

Jews, immigrants, 588–89Jim Crow laws, 528Johnson, Andrew, R24; Black Codes

and, 518–20; election of 1866, 521;impeachment of, 146, 509p, 522;Reconstruction and, 517

Johnson, William Samuel, 165Johnston, A.S., 485Johnston, Joseph, 501joint-stock companies, 13, 43, 579Jolliet, Louis, 26Jones, John Paul, 97Jones Act (1917), 651Jones, Mary Harris, 586

Hispanic Americans: poll tax and, 176;population of, 22c. See also CubanAmericans; Mexican Americans;Puerto Rican Americans

Hispaniola, 17, 19, 235History and Geography: America’s Growth

1760, 52–53; The Atlantic SlaveTrade, 62–63; Origins of the Constitu-tion, 118–19; America’s Growth 1820,250–51; The Erie Canal, 268–69; TheIndian Removal Treaties, 298–99;America’s Growth 1850, 332–33; TheVicksburg Strategy, 488–89; America’sGrowth 1900, 662–63

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 179Homestead Act (1862), 560homesteaders, 565, 565m, 565pHomestead Strike, 587Honduras, 657Hood, John, 501Hooker, Thomas, 46Hooper, William, 89Hope, James, 480pHope Leslie (Sedgwick), 271, 272pHopewell, 8Hopi, 9m, 554mHopkins, Stephen, 89Hopkinson, Francis, 89horizontal integration, 581Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, 247m, 248Horton, James, 352House of Burgesses, 55, 66, 68, 79, 115House of Representatives, U.S., 129, 145;

Constitution and the, 151; gag rule,420–21; impeachment and, 146; termof offi ce, 152f; Ways and Means Com-mittee, 145. See also Congress, U.S.

housing: factory, 353, 354; Native Ameri-can, 10p; slum, 610; tenements, 404,590, 596, 611

Houston, Sam, 313, 315, 459Howard, Oliver O., 516Howe, Elias, 367Howe, Samuel Gridley, 413Howe, William, 81, 92, 94How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 620fHudson, Henry, 16m, 18Hudson Bay, 16m, 18Hudson River, 359Hudson River school, 272, 272pHuerta, Victoriano, 661Huguenots, 25, 50Hull House, 596m, 596p, 597, 611human-environment interaction, 9m, 14m,

26m, 37m, 45m, 60m, 80m, 91m,100m, 321m, 362m, 521m

Humphrey, H., 353hunter-gatherers, 6Huntington, Samuel, 89Hupa, 9m, 10, 554mHuron, 9m, 59, 61Hutchinson, Anne, 46, 46p, 47

IIce Age, 6–7, 7mIdaho, R28; Oregon Trail and, 326Ignacíeno, 9mIllinois, R28; coal mining in, 362; labor in,

587; Mormons in, 311; Native Ameri-cans in, 297; in Northwest Territory,116m, 117; voting rights in, 284

Hispanic Americans Jones

INDEX R91

IND

EX

judicial branch, 129; checks and balances,146f; Constitution and the, 161–62;organization of, 147–48; separationof powers, 145. See also court system;Supreme Court, U.S.

judicial review, 232Judiciary Act (1789), 197Judiciary Act (1801), 231Jumano, 9mJungle, The (Sinclair), 621f, 628jury duty, 185, 186pjury trial, 181, 185

KKalakaua, King of Hawaii, 580, 636p, 642Kansa, 9mKansas, R28; African Americans in, 560;

Bleeding Kansas, 448–49, 448p; cattleindustry in, 548–49, 549; Civil Warin, 487; slavery issue in, 446–47,446m, 447m

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 446–47,446m, 447m, 450–51

Kansas Pacifi c Railroad, 548–49Karankawa, 9mKaskaskia, 97Kawaiisu, 9mKearny, Stephen, 320Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916), 631Kelley, Florence, 616Kelley, Oliver Hudson, 563Kemble, Frances, 265Kennedy, John F., 176, R26Kentucky, R28; admitted to the Union,

234; Civil War in, 474, 474m; SecondGreat Awakening in, 410

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 215Key, Francis Scott, 248, R31Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, A (Stowe), 443Kickapoo, 9m, 554mKing, Rufus, 165, 266King Philip, 59King Philip’s War, 59Kiowa, 9mKitchen Cabinet, 286Klickitat, 9mKnights of Labor, 585, 586Know-Nothing Party, 402, 450Knox, Henry, 197pKnox, Philander Chase, 657Ku Klux Klan, 526, 526p, 527pKwakiutl, 9m, 10

Llabor laws, 357; children and, 615–19,

615p, 616p, 618p; court system and,618–19; reforms and, 618; womenand, 618, 619

labor organizations, 619labor strikes, 356labor unions, 585–86, 585p, 587, 587c;

immigrants and, 593; membership in,586g; women in, 586. See also tradeunions

Labrador, 260Lady at Home, The (magazine), 425Lafayette, Marquis de, 94p, 95, 100, 100mLafi tte, Jean, 248

La Follette, Robert M., 614Lagunero, 9mlaissez-faire, 606Lake Erie, 265m, 266Lake Erie, Battle of, 247, 247mLakota Sioux, 556land grants, 315, 550, 560Land Ordinances (1785 and 1787), 116m,

117land rush, 565, 565m, 565pLangdon, John, 165language: of Mexican Americans, 592;

sign, 553; Spanish, 325Larcom, Lucy, 354, 356La Salle, René-Robert de, 26Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 23Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 271, 274fLatin America, 652–58, 654m; dollar

diplomacy in, 657; Monroe Doctrineand, 655

Latrobe, John, 360laws, bills become, 154Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 407Lee, Ann, 406Lee, Charles, 91Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 89Lee, Richard Henry, 89, 132Lee, Robert E., 455–56, 469p, 498; battles

in the East, 480; biography of, 481,481p; surrender of, 502–03, 502p

legal systems: British, 64. See also courtsystems

“Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The” (Irving), 271,275f

legislative branch, 129; checks and bal-ances, 146f; Constitution and the,151–57; organization of, 145; separa-tion of powers, 145. See also Congress,U.S.; House of Representatives, U.S.;Senate, U.S.

legislatures, 127Leopard (ship), 241Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 653Lewis, Francis, 89Lewis, Meriwether, 222-23p, 235–38Lewis and Clark expedition, 222-23p, 235m,

236–38Lexington, Battle of, 79–80, 79m, 79plibel, 179Liberator, The (newspaper), 397, 417Liberia, 417Liberty (ship), 66Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 642–43,

642plimited government, 115limited powers, 116Lincoln, Abraham, 490p, R24; assassina-

tion of, 508p, 517; biography of,477, 477p; Civil War and, 474, 478,480, 484–87, 485p, 486m, 494, 501;debates and, 453–54, 454p; DredScott decision and, 452, 453; electionof 1860, 457, 457m; EmancipationProclamation and, 491–92, 491m,R48; Gettysburg Address, 500, R48;inaugural address (first), 459, 472,R47; inaugural address (second),R49; on John Brown, 456; secessionand, 458–59; slavery and, 473; Stoweand, 443; Ten Percent Plan and, 513;Wade-Davis Bill and, 514

Lincoln, Mary Todd, 474

Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 459, 472,R47

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, 477, R49Linking to Today: commerce clause and

Native Americans, 155f; commu-nications, 495f; democracy, 285f;Hispanics, 22f; Louisiana Purchase,239f; manufacturing, 350f; MexicanAmericans, 324f; Native Americantribal councils, 555f

Linotype, 595literacy tests, 593literature, 270–71, 274–75; African Ameri-

can, 418; American romanticists,406–07; frontier, 274f–75f; muckrak-ing, 620f, 621f; of the Progressives,620f, 621f; of slaves, 389; transcen-dentalism, 405–06; Uncle Tom’s Cabin(Stowe), 444f; utopian, 406

Literature in History: frontier, 274f–75f;How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 620f;Jungle, The (Sinclair), 621f; Last ofthe Mohicans, The (Cooper), 274f;Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The (Irving),275f; muckraking, 620f, 621f; of theProgressives, 620f, 621f

Little Bighorn, Battle of, 554m, 556Little Round Top, 498, 499, 499mLittle Turtle, 206p, 208, 209Little Women (Alcott), 409Livingston, Philip, 89Livingston, Robert R., 84, 235–36Livingston, William, 165Lochner, Joseph, 618–19Lochner v. New York (1905), 619, R34Locke, John, 59, 115Lodge, Henry Cabot, 641London Company, 36–38, 55Lone Star Republic, 314mLongfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 407, 408longhouses, 10pLongstreet, James, 502Long Walk, 557Los Angeles, California, 320Louisiana, R28; Civil War in, 484; cot-

ton in, 378m; France and, 26, 60m,235–36; and French and Indian War,60; during Reconstruction, 523;secedes from the Union, 458; Spainand, 60m, 235–36; Ten Percent Planand, 513

Louisiana Purchase, 234–39, 235m, 236p,237p, 239m; Kansas-Nebraska Act(1854), 446–47, 446m, 447m

Louis XIV, King of France, 26Louis XVI, King of France, 206Lovejoy, Elijah, 420Lowell, Francis Cabot, 354Lowell, Massachusetts, 354Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, 357Lowell girls, 354–56, 354p, 355pLowell Off ering (magazine), 354Lowell system, 354Loyalists, 84, 85, 98Luther, Martin, 24–25, 25pLynch, Thomas, Jr., 89lynching, 624

MMacon, Nathaniel, 266–67Madero, Francisco, 660, 661

judicial branch Madero

R92 INDEX

IND

EX

Madison, Dolley, 149, 248pMadison, James, 124, 126, 126p, 132, 133,

134, 135, 165, 197, 206, R23; Bill ofRights and, 178; biography of, 149,149p; closed markets and, 122; Demo-cratic-Republican Party, 212; electionof 1808, 245; election of 1812, 245;Federalist Papers, 134f; Kentucky andVirginia Resolutions, 215; nationalbank and, 204; as secretary of state,230; states’ debts and, 201–02; states’rights doctrine and, 290; War of 1812,245; Washington and, 211

Magellan, Ferdinand, 17Magna Carta, 114, 119, R40Mahan, Alfred T., 641Maidu, 9mMaine, R28; Missouri Compromise and,

266m, 267; labor laws in, 357Maine, USS (battleship), 647, 647pmaize, 10, 19majority party, 145majority rule, 178Makah, 9mMalintzin, 20mammoths, 7pMandan, 9m, 11, 238, 554mManhattan Island, 27, 49manifest destiny, 316–17, 320Mann, Horace, 412, 413, 413f, 413pManuel, King of Portugal, 15manufacturing: in Industrial Revolution,

348p, 349–51, 349p, 350pmaps: expansion, 334f; interpreting, 45m,

56m, 60m, 78m, 91m, 100m, 101m,116m, 121m, 158m, 208m, 213m,247m, 261m, 265m, 266m, 289m,297m, 309m, 321m, 362m, 401m,419m, 439m, 447m, 448m, 457m,521m, 525m, 547m, 550m, 554m,596m, 649m, 650m, 654m, 660m;migration, 566f

Marbury, William, 231Marbury v. Madison (1803), 231–32, 232p,

R32March to the Sea, 502Marco Polo, 14Maricopa, 554mMarie-Antoinette, Queen of France, 206Marion, Francis, 99, 99pMarquette, Jacques, 26Marshall, John, 232, 232p, 296Marshall, Thurgood, 148martial law, 658Maryland, R28; Articles of Confederation

and, 116; Civil War in, 474, 474m,498-500; colony of, 39; labor reformsin, 618; ratifi cation of the Constitu-tion, 165; roads in, 265, 265m; slav-ery in, 379; voting rights in, 284

Mason, Biddy, 329–30Mason, George, 132, 133pMassachuset, 9mMassachusetts, R28; Boston Massacre, 67,

67f; colonial, 44–45, 47; education in,273, 412, 413; General Court, 45–46,48; government in, 55–56; immi-grants in, 400; minimum wage law,616; Pilgrims in, 43; ratifi cation ofthe Constitution, 165; reform groupsin, 412; in Revolutionary War, 78–81,79m, 80m; tax revolt in, 65, 67

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 44–45, 48

Massachusetts Infantry (54th), 493Massacre at Wounded Knee, 543p, 554m,

558Massasoit, 43mass culture, 595–96mass production, 348p–49p, 349, 367mass transit, 595matrilineal societies, 11Mayan culture, 7p, 8Mayfl ower (ship), 43, 118, 188pMayfl ower Compact, 43, 43f, 114f, 115,

118, R41McClellan, George B., 480, 484, 495McCord, Louisa, 443McCormack, Joseph, 612McCormick, Cyrus, 366, 561McCoy, Joseph, 548McCulloch, James, 291–92McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), 266, 291–92,

R32McDowell, Irvin, 478McGuff ey, William Holmes, 412McHenry, James, 165McKean, Thomas, 89McKinley, William, 564, 584, 585, 608,

609p, 647, 651, R25; assassinationof, 627

McKinley Tariff (1890), 637, 642McMillan, Harry, 386, 388Meade, George G., 498, 500Medici family, 13medicine, 476, 495, 496, 496pMeiji Restoration, 644Melville, Herman, 407Memphis, Tennessee, 521Menominee, 554mmercantilism, 56–57mercenaries, 92merchants, 47Merrimack (warship), 482Mesoamerica: farming societies in, 7;

migration to, 7m; Native Americansin, 8. See also Central America

mestizos, 312Metacomet, 59Methodists, 411Mexican Americans, 301p, 323, 592, 598,

625p, 626; in California, 326–27;effects of Mexican War on, 324;mining and, 547; population of, 22c,324f; property rights of, 324

Mexican Cession, 323, 438, 440, 441Mexican Revolution, 659–61, 659p, 660mMexican-American War, 320–25, 321m,

322p, 323p, 438, 446; effects of,324–25

Mexico: foreign policy with, 659–61,659p, 660m; Gadsden Purchase and,323; independence of, 312; MexicanCession, 323; Mexican Revolution,659–61, 659p, 660m; Spain and, 22,262; Texas and, 312–15, 313p, 314m,315p; war in, 320–25, 321m, 322p,323p

Miami, 9mMichigan, R28; immigrants in, 401; in

Northwest Territory, 116m, 117Micmac, 9mMiddle Ages, 12–13middle class, 402, 412Middle Colonies, 49–51, 49p; characteris-

tics of, 50f; economy of, 51; govern-ment in, 55; in Revolutionary War,

91m; women in, 51Middle Passage, 57p, 58Middleton, Arthur, 89midnight judges, 231“Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, The” (Longfel-

low), 408Midway Islands, 641Miffl in, Thomas, 165migration, 590m, 594; to the Americas,

6–7, 7m; maps, 566fmilitary service, 185, 186pmilitia, 59, 79, 166, 180, 475, 494–95minimum wage law, 616, 618mining, 546–48; coal, 362–63, 362m;

gold, 328–31, 328p; Native Americansand, 554–55

Minnesota, R28; Native Americans in,554m

minority party, 145Mint, U.S., 203Minuit, Peter, 27minutemen, 79, 80, 80m, 81missionaries, 642missions, 22, 318–19Mississippi, R29; Civil War in, 485, 500;

cotton in, 378m; Native Americansin, 295; secedes from the Union, 458

Mississippian culture, 8Mississippi River, 16m, 26, 26m, 101, 294,

359p; in Civil War, 485-86, 486m;trade along the, 121, 121m

Missouri, R29; becomes a state, 266–67;Civil War in, 474, 474m, 487; Mor-mons in, 311; Oregon Trail, 309,309m; as a slave state, 438

Missouri Compromise (1820), 266–67,266m, 438; Dred Scott decisionand, 452

Missouri, 9mMissouri River, 237Miwok, 9m, 10Mobile, 9mMoby-Dick (Melville), 407Moctezuma II, 20–21Modoc, 9m, 10Mohave, 9m, 554mMohawk, 9m, 11, 91Mohegan, 9mMolala, 9mMolasses Act (1733), 57molasses, 58Molly Pitcher, 91monarchy, 55f, 642–43, 642pmoney, 564, 579. See also currencyMonitor (warship), 483Mono, 9mmonopoly, 14, 203, 359, 579, 582, 583,

584, 608, 629, 630, R32Monroe, James, 256p, 655, R23; Florida

and, 261; Louisiana Purchase and,235–36

Monroe, John T., 485Monroe Doctrine, 262–63, 655, 656, 657f,

R45Montagnais, 8, 9mMontana, R29; Native Americans in, 554mMontesquieu, Baron de, 115Montgomery, Richard, 92Monticello, 225pMontreal, Canada, 92Morgan, John T., 528Mormons, 310–11, 311, 325Mormon Trail, 309m, 311

Madison Mormon Trail

INDEX R93

IND

EX

Morrill Act (1862), 560Morris, Gouverneur, 128, 128p, 165Morris, Lewis, 89Morris, Robert, 89, 165Morrow, Edwin P., 173pMorse, Samuel B., 364–65, 365pMorse code, 365Morton, John, 89Mott, Lucretia, 426mountain men, 308Mount Holyoke College, 413muckrakers, 610, 616mugwumps, 606Muir, John, 628, 628pMuller v. Oregon (1908), 619, R34Munsee, 554mMurray, Judith Sargent, 197music, 270p, 272, 389Muslims: trade with, 14m, 15

NNakipa, 9mNapoléon, 235–36Narranganset, 9mNation, Carry, 623National American Woman Suff rage

Association, 623–24National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People, 625national bank, 203–04, 266National Child Labor Committee, 616National Consumers’ League, 616national debt, 200–02, 201c, 292national government, 116, 129, 163f;

supremacy of, 164National Grange, 562–63National Guard, 180nationalism, 264–66, 267, 272, 277, 664National Road, 265, 265mNational Urban League, 625National Woman’s Party, 624Native Americans, 8; buffalo and, 554,

555; in California, 326–27, 331;in Civil War, 487; colonists and,59; Columbian Exchange and,19; Columbus and, 17; commerceclause and, 155f; Creek War, 247m,248; disease and, 19, 23, 319; educa-tion of, 295–96; Great Awakeningand, 59; Great Plains, 553–56,553p, 554m, 556p; horses and, 554;housing of, 10p; Indian RemovalAct and, 294–96, 295p, 297, 297m;Jackson and, 261; labor of, 319;land loss of, 554m; languages of,553; Lewis and Clark expedition,238; in literature, 271; Manhat-tan Island and, 27; Mexican Warand, 324; mining and, 554–55; inNorthwest Territory, 208–09, 208m;Paleo-Indians, 5, 6, 7; Pilgrims and,43; Powhatan Confederacy, 37; pro-gressive reforms and, 625–26; prop-erty rights of, 324; religion and, 10,22; reservations and, 555, 558; inRevolutionary War, 91; slavery and,23; in South America, 20–21; in theSouthwest, 557; Spain and, 22–23;Treaty of Greenville and, 242; tribalcouncils of, 555f; U.S. Army and,555, 556, 557; women, 11, 20, 558,

558p. See also specifi c Native Ameri-can groups and individuals

nativists, 402, 593Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 390–91, 390m,

390p, 421naturalized citizens, 184, 185natural law, 114natural resources, 628, 628p, 629m; coal,

362–63, 362m; wood, 362, 363natural rights, 437, 491natural selection, 581Navajo, 9m, 10, 324, 554m, 557Navigation Acts, 56–57Navy, U.S., 97; Mexico and, 661; in Span-

ish-American War, 641; War of 1812,246–48, 247m, 248p

Nebraska, R29; Native Americans in, 554,554m; railroad in, 550–51; slaveryissue in, 446–47, 446m, 447m

Nebraska Territory, 309mnecessary and proper clause, 144, 156Nelson, Thomas, Jr., 89Netherlands: colonies of, 27, 49–51, 49p;

empire of, 26m, 27; exploration by,16m; Pilgrims in, 42–43

neutrality, 240Neutrality Proclamation, 206–07, 207mNevada, R29; Mexican Cession and, 323;

mining in, 547, 547mNew Amsterdam, 27, 49–50, 49pNew England: colonies in, 42–48, 45m,

45p; economy of, 47; education in,48, 412; factories in, 366; governmentin, 55; slavery and, 85; textile millsin, 348

New England Primer, 48New-England Tale, A (Sedgwick), 271New England Working Men’s Association, 357Newfoundland, 260New France, 26, 26m, 60mNew Freedom, 630New Hampshire, R29; colonial, 44, 47;

government in, 55–56; labor laws in,357; ratifi cation of the Constitution,134, 165

New Jersey, R29; in Civil War, 474, 474m;colonial, 49–50; government in, 55–56; immigrants in, 400; ratifi cation ofthe Constitution, 165; in Revolution-ary War, 92–93; technology in, 576;voting rights in, 115

New Jersey Plan, 127New Mexico, R29; in Civil War, 487; Com-

promise of 1850 and, 441; GadsdenPurchase and, 323; Mexican Ameri-cans in, 325; Mexican Cession and,323; Mexican War and, 320; NativeAmericans in, 8, 557; Santa Fe Trail,309m, 310; Spain and, 318

New Mexico Territory, 309mNew Nationalism, 629New Netherlands, 27, 49–50New Orleans, 26, 60, 121m, 207, 207m,

521; Civil War in, 485-86, 486m; Jef-ferson and, 234–35

New Orleans, Battle of, 248, 248m, 272New South, 530–31, 530pNew Spain, 22, 60m, 318, 319newspapers, 320, 363, 401, 417; yellow

journalism, 646New Sweden, 27New World, 18New York, 18, R29; colonial, 49–50;

First Continental Congress and, 78;government in, 55–56; immigrantsin, 400; labor reforms in, 618–19;ratifi cation of the Constitution, 134,165; in Revolutionary War, 92, 100;Stamp Act Congress in, 66; state debtof, 201; transportation in, 265m, 266;women’s movement in, 428

New York African Free School, 414New York City, 50; ethnic groups in, 402m;

as nation’s capital, 199, 199p; politicalmachine in, 607; population density,403m; public space in, 596; in Revo-lutionary War, 92; transportation in,595; workplace safety in, 618

New York Journal (newspaper), 646New York State Tenement House Act (1901),

611New York Stock Exchange, 199, 579New York World (newspaper), 646Nez Percé, 9m, 10, 238, 554m, 557Nicaragua, 657Nickerson, A.H., 481Niña (ship), 15Nineteenth Amendment, 141, 173, 173p,

603p, 624, 631fNinth Amendment, 167, 182–83Non-Intercourse Act (1809), 242Nooksack, 9mNootka, 9mNorth: African Americans in the, 414;

Civil War in, 474–75, 474m; economyof, 288, 289m; election of 1860, 457,457m; resources of, 474–75, 474c;response to secession, 459; slaveryand the, 438–39, 439m

North America: Columbian Exchange and,18–19, 18m; culture areas in, 8–11,8p, 9m, 10p; migration to, 6–7, 7m,7p; Native Americans in, 8; NorthwestPassage, 17–18

North America: Political, R8mNorth Carolina, R29; Civil War in, 474,

474m, 475, 501m, 502; colony of, 40;cotton in, 378m; as English colony,27; ratifi cation of the Constitution,165; during Reconstruction, 523; inRevolutionary War, 98; state debt of,201. See also Carolinas

North Dakota, R29Northeast: culture area, 9mNorthern Paiute, 9mNorthern Shoshone, 9mNorthup, Solomon, 387–88Northwest Coast: culture area, 9mNorthwest Ordinance (1787), 117Northwest Passage, 16m, 17–18Northwest Territory, 116m, 117; confl ict

in, 208–09, 208m; Treaty of Green-ville and, 242

Nueces River, 320nullifi cation crisis, 290–91number systems, 8

OOberlin College, 413, 414“Objections to This Constitution

of Government” (G. Mason), R43Obregón, Álvaro, 661O’Connor, Sandra Day, 148Ogden, Aaron, 359

Morrill Act (1862) Ogden

R94 INDEX

IND

EX

Oglethorpe, James, 40Ohio, R29; admitted to the Union, 234;

education in, 413; election of 1890,564; immigrants in, 401; labor lawsin, 357; Mormons in, 310–11; NativeAmericans in, 208; in Northwest Ter-ritory, 116m, 117; oil in, 576; roadsin, 265, 265m; Second Great Awaken-ing in, 410

oil, 576, 580–81, 580pOklahoma, R29; land rush, 565, 565m,

565p; Native Americans in, 553–54,554m, 557, 565

Old Three Hundred, 312–13Old World, 18Olive Branch Petition, 80Olmec society, 8Olmstead, Frederick Law, 596Omaha, 9m, 554mOneida, 9m, 11, 554mOnís, Luis de, 261Onondaga, 9m, 11Open Door Policy, 644–45oral history, 74, 104Oregon, 318, R29; annexation of, 317;

election of 1876 in, 527; gains state-hood, 317; Native Americans in, 557;Oregon Trail, 309–10, 309m; votingin, 613

Oregon Country, 235m, 309, 317Oregon Territory, 309m, 317Oregon Trail, 309–10, 309m, 326Osage, 9m, 554mOsceola, 297, 297mO’Sullivan, John, 316Otis, Elisha, 595Otis, James, 65Ottawa, 9m, 61overproduction, 562Oviedo, Fernández de, 19

PPaca, William, 89Pacifi c Coast: culture area, 9m, 10Pacifi c Northwest, 309, 309mPacifi c Ocean, 16m, 17–18, 238; Panama

Canal and, 652–53, 654m, 655Pacifi c Railway Acts, 550PACs. See political action committeesPaine, Robert Treat, 89Paine, Thomas, 83, 92–93, 316Paiute, 9m, 10, 554m, 558Paleo-Indians, 5, 6, 7Panama Canal, 652–53, 654m, 655Panic of 1837, 292, 311, 356Panic of 1873, 527, 552Panic of 1893, 564Papago, 554mpaper industry, 363pardons, 147parks, 596, 611, 628, 628p, 629mParticipation Skills: accepting social

responsibility, 430f; group decisions,216f; personal conviction and bias,368f; working in groups to solveissues, 252f

patents, 576Paterson, William, 165Patriots, 81, 84, 85, 98Paul, Alice, 624

Pawnee, 9m, 11, 553, 554, 554mPawtucket, Rhode Island, 348, 352Pawtuxet, 43, 45mPayne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), 629Peace Democrats, 494Pea Ridge, Battle of, 487Pemberton, John C., 486Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), 609Penn, John, 89Penn, William, 50, 50pPennsylvania, R29; Civil War in, 474,

474m, 498–500; coal mining in, 362;colonial, 50–51; economy of, 51;First Continental Congress in, 78;immigrants in, 400; labor in, 587;labor laws in, 357; oil in, 576; ratifi ca-tion of the Constitution, 165; slaveryprotest in, 58

Pequot, 9mPerry, Benjamin F., 518Perry, Matthew, 301p, 643Perry, Oliver Hazard, 247Pershing, John J., 661Peru: Spain and, 22petition, freedom to, 167, 179petroleum, 576Philadelphia, 50, 91m, 199, 596; Consti-

tutional Convention in, 124, 125–26,125p, 126p; Constitutional Hall,111p; First Continental Congress in,78; as nation’s capital, 202; SecondContinental Congress, 80

philanthropy, 581Philippine Government Act (1902), 651Philippines, 637, 647–48, 650–51, 650mPickett, George, 499Pickett’s Charge, 499, 499m, 499pPierce, Franklin, 445–46, 450, R24; Fugi-

tive Slave Act and, 442Pike, Zebulon, 235m, 238–39Pikes Peak, 238Pilgrims, 42–43; life of, 44; Native Ameri-

cans and, 43; women, 44Pima, 9m, 554mPinchot, Gifford, 628, 629Pinckney, Charles, 165Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 165, 228Pinckney, Thomas, 207, 212Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), 207–08, 207mPinkerton Agency, 587Pinta (ship), 15pioneers, 61Pioneers, The (Cooper), 271pirates, 240Pizarro, Francisco, 21placer mining, 329Plains Cree, 9mPlains Indians, 237, 553–56, 553p, 554m,

556pPlains Ojibway, 9mplantations, 23, 38, 41, 289, 373p, 376,

381, 382–83, 383p, 386, 509pplanters, 383plants, 18mPlateau: culture area, 9m, 10Platt Amendment, 650plea bargain, 181Pledge of Allegiance, R30Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 528f, 529, R33–34Plymouth Colony, 33p, 45pPlymouth Rock, 43Pocahontas, 37Poe, Edgar Allan, 407

police, 596–97political action committees (PACs), 186political cartoons, 214, 243, 482, 504, 519,

581, 594, 656political machines, 606–07, 607p, 613political participation, 186political parties, 145, 212; changes in,

450–51; nominating conventions,285; in 1800s, 284–85. See also BullMoose Party; Democrat Party;Democrat-Republican Party;Do-Nothing Party; Federalist Party;Free Soil Party; Know-Nothing Party;Populist Party; Progressive Party;Republican Party; Socialist Party;Whig Party

politics: corruption in, 606–09; explainingthe process of, 220–21f; reading skillsfor, 34–35f, 76–77f, 112–13f, 142–43f,226–27f, 258–59f, 282–83f, 436–37f,470–71f, 510–11f, 638–39f; under-standing assumptions, 194–95f

Polk, James K., 322, R24; Gold Rush and,327; Mexican-American War and,320; new territory and, 317–18;slavery and, 438

poll taxes, 176, 176p, 528–29pollution, 611polygamy, 310Ponca, 554mPonce de León, Juan, 16m, 21Pontiac, 33p, 61, 61pPony Express, 542p, 550Pope, John, 480popular sovereignty, 129, 439, 441, 446,

453population: of African Americans, 40c; of

California, 331; of cities, 594; farm,562; Hispanic, 22c; House of Repre-sentatives and, 145; immigrant, 400,401, 591g; Mexican American, 324f;rural, 198, 198c; urban, 198–99, 198c

population density, 403mpopulism, 562–63Populist Party, 564Portugal: exploration by, 14m, 15Pory, John, 38fPotawatomi, 9m, 554mPottawatomie Massacre, 448, 455poverty, 610Powderly, Terence V., 585Powhatan, 9m, 37Preamble to the Constitution, 119, 150precedent, 197Prescott, Samuel, 79President, U.S., 129, 146, R23–27; as

commander in chief, 147; Constitu-tion and the, 158–60; disability of,176–77; executive orders, 147; inGilded Age, 607–09, 608p, 609p;pardons and the, 147, 517; duringprogressive movement, 627–31, 628p;term of offi ce, 152f; veto power of,146–47

president pro tempore, 145presidios, 22, 318press, freedom of the, 167, 179Preston, Thomas, 67Primary Sources, 292, 296, 311, 426, 453,

456, 612; assessing, 460f; book, 23f;historical document, 43f, 134f, 210f,230f, 262f, 440f, 441f, 442f, 458f;journal entry, 96f, 238f; letters, 38f,

Oglethorpe Primary Sources

INDEX R95

IND

EX

Red River, 238Reed, Walter, 650, 655referendum procedure, 613reform movements, 597, 603p; abolition

of slavery, 416–421; child labor and,612, 615–19, 615p, 616p, 617p; civilservice, 608–09; progressives and,610–14, 611p, 612p, 613p, 614c;voting and, 613, 614c; women’srights, 425–28, 426p

religion: African Americans and, 411, 515,597; in England, 39; freedom of, 115,166, 179; government and, 46f; GreatAwakening, 58–59, 58p; immigrantsand, 588–89; in Middle Colonies,49–50; Mormons, 310–11; musicand, 270p, 272; Native American, 10,22; in New England colonies, 42–43,45–46; in Pennsylvania, 50; Protes-tant Reformation, 24–25, 25p; Puri-tan, 46; reading skills for, 398–99f;Second Great Awakening, 410–11; inslave culture, 389–90; in the South,384; Toleration Act and, 39. See alsoindividual religions

Republican Motherhood, 197Republican Party: creation of, 450; elec-

tion of 1860, 457, 457m; election of1868, 522–23; election of 1876, 527,607; election of 1880, 607; election of1884, 608; election of 1888, 608; elec-tion of 1896, 608; election of 1912,629–30; Emancipation Proclama-tion and, 491; Radical Republicans,519–20, 519p, 521, 523; in Recon-struction, 525. See also Democratic-Republican Party

reservations, 555, 558reserved powers, 144Revels, Hiram, 509p, 525, 525pRevere, Paul, 67, 79, 134revivals, 58–59, 58p, 272, 384Revolutionary War: allies in, 95; Conti-

nental Army and, 90–91, 91m, 91p,95; early battles, 78–81, 79m, 80m;economics of, 200–01; England and,91m, 92–97, 100–01, 100m; FrenchRevolution and, 206; Middle Coloniesin, 91m; sea battles of, 97; soldiers in,90–91, 91p; in the South, 98–99, 99p;Treaty of Paris, 101; Valley Forge, 96,96p; war debts, 122–23

Reynolds, Mary, 386Rhode Island, R29; colonial, 46–47, 47;

Constitutional Convention, 126;government in, 55–56; ratifi cation ofthe Constitution, 134

Rhode Island system, 353Richmond, Virginia, 381, 513p, 475, 478,

480Riis, Jacob, 596, 620fRio Grande, 320“Rip Van Winkle” (Irving), 271roads, 22, 265–66, 265m, 289, 379Roanoke Island, 27Rochambeau, Comte de, 100Rockefeller, John D., 580–81, 582, 583,

583pRocky Mountains, 260, 309mRodney, Caesar, 89Rolfe, John, 37Roman Catholic Church, 22, 39, 313, 402;

Protestant Reformation and, 25

separation of powers, 145f; Shays’Rebellion, 124f; terms of offi ce, 152f;Texas, 313f; U.S. Constitution, 130f;War of 1812, 249f

Quinalt, 554mQuincy, Josiah, 67, 242, 412

RRadical Republicans, 519–20, 519p, 521,

523railroad, 331, 343p, 360–63, 360p, 361p,

362m, 562p, 581; cattle industry and,548–49; economy and the, 575; effectof, 363, 552, 552p; regulation of,563; steel and, 575; transcontinental,550–52, 550m, 551p, 552p

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 27Randolph, Edmund, 126–27, 197pratifi cation, 116, 165“Raven, The” (Poe), 407Read, George, 89, 165Readers (McGuff ey), 412Reading Skills, 34, 76, 112, 142, 194, 226,

258, 282, 302f, 344f, 374f, 398–99,510f, 544f, 572, 576, 604–05, 638;compare and contrast, 436–37;economics, 4–5f, 34–35f, 194–95f,282–83f, 306–07f, 344–45f, 374–75f,572–73f, 638–39f; evaluatingweb-based information, 374–75f;geography, 4–5f, 76–77f, 226–27f,306–07f, 544–45f; politics, 34–35f,76–77f, 112–13f, 142–43f, 194–95f,226–27f, 258–59f, 282–83f, 398,436–37f, 470–71f, 510–11f, 638–39f;reading for essential information,510–11f; religion, 398–99f; scienceand technology, 344–45f, 544–45f;society and culture, 258–59f, 374–75f,398–99f, 436–37f, 470–71f, 510–11f,572–73f; specialized vocabulary, 4–5f;understanding assumptions, 194–95f;understanding cause and effect, 344–45f, 398–99f, 436–37f; understand-ing chronological order, 112–13f;understanding comparison-contrast,638–39f; understanding drawingconclusions, 282–83f; understandingpropaganda, 226–27f; understandingproposition and support, 470–71f;understanding semantic slanting,258–59f; understanding structuralpatterns, 572–73f; understandingsummarizing, 142–43f, 306–07f;understanding through question-ing, 544–45f; understanding wordsthrough context, 34–35f, 76–77f

Reagan, Ronald, 148, R27reaper, 366Reconstruction: Black Codes and, 518–20;

cotton and, 530, 531; different viewsof, 512–14; Ku Klux Klan and, 526,526p, 527p; military districts, 521m;in the New South, 530–31, 530p;Panic of 1873 and, 527; Redeemersand, 528; in the South, 524–25, 525p

Reconstruction Acts, 521–22, 522pReconstruction amendments, 171Redcoats, 80, 80m, 81Redeemers, 528

286f, 391f, 493f; magazine article,356f; newspaper advertisement, 353f;newspaper article, 67f; points ofview, 128f, 203f, 244f, 520f; politicalcartoons, 214f, 243f, 482f, 519f, 581f,594f, 656f; speech, 413f, 485f

Principles of Scientifi c Management, The(Taylor), 584

printing press, 24p, 25prisoners of war, 495prison reform, 412privateers, 206, 214Privy Council, 54Proclamation of 1763, 61Progressive Movement, 610–14, 611p,

612p, 613p, 614cProgressive Party, 630Prohibition, 172Promontory, Utah, 551propaganda, 67, 186, 226–27fproperty rights, 324; women’s rights

and, 428proprietary colony, 39, 54prospecting, 328Prosser, Gabriel, 390Protestant Reformation, 24–25, 25pProtestant religion, 25, 39, 402Providence, Rhode Island, 46Prussia: American Revolution and, 95public space, 596, 611publishing, 595–96; yellow journalism,

584Publius, 133Pueblo, 10, 318, 325, 554mpueblos, 22Puerto Rican Americans, 184, 651; popula-

tion of, 22cPuerto Rico, 575p; Spanish-American War

in, 649, 649m; as U.S. territory, 651Pulitzer, Joseph, 646Pullman, George, 575, 587Pullman Palace Car Company, 587Pullman Strike, 587Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 628Puritans, 42–43, 44–45, 45–46, 46;

self-government and, 45–46push-pull factor, 30, 401f

QQuakers, 50, 58, 414, 416Quebec, Canada, 18; in American Revolu-

tion, 92; in French and Indian War,60

Quick Facts, 595; African Americans, 529f;Andrew Johnson, 517f; checks andbalances, 146f; church and state,46f; Civil War soldiers, 475f; colonialgovernment, 55f; Constitution, 130;Dred Scott decision, 452f; electionof 1800, 229f; federalism, 129f,163f; Federalists and Antifederalists,133f; foreign policy, 657f; free statesand slave states, 439f; governmentsources, 114f; Great Compromise,127f; Hamilton’s economic plan,201f; judicial system, 161f; MiddleColonies, 50f; Patriots, 94f; politicalmachines, 607f; Progressive amend-ments, 631f; Progressives, 611f;Reconstruction Amendments, 522f;

Primary Sources Roman Catholic Church

R96 INDEX

IND

EX

Roosevelt, Franklin D., R26; term ofoffi ce, 146, 174

Roosevelt, Theodore, 627–30, 628p, R25;biography, 655, 655p; foreign policyof, 655–56, 656p; Panama Canal and,653, 655; Rough Riders and, 648,648p, 649p

Roosevelt Corollary, 656, 657fRosebud, Battle of the, 554mRoss, George, 89Ross, John, 295Rough Riders, 648, 648p, 649proyal colony, 37, 40, 54royal governor, 54Rush, Benjamin, 89Rush-Bagot Agreement, 260Russia: empire of, 60m; immigrants from,

588; in North America, 101m; OregonCountry and, 309, 317

Rutledge, Edward, 89Rutledge, John, 128, 128p, 165

SSacagawea, 222-23p, 238Sack of Lawrence, 447–48Sacramento River, 327St. Clair, Arthur, 208St. Lawrence River, 17, 18, 26St. Louis, 26, 236fSalem, Massachusetts, 47Salt Lake City, 309m, 311Sam, Guillaume, 658Samoa, 641Samoset, 43Sampson, Deborah, 91Sand Creek Massacre, 554m, 555San Diego, California, 320San Francisco, California, 320, 328, 331g,

331p, 570pSanitary Commission, U.S., 476sanitation, 611San Jacinto, Battle of, 314, 314mSan Juan Hill, 649Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 313–14,

314m, 322Santa Fe, New Mexico, 309m, 310, 318Santa Fe Trail, 309m, 310Santa María (ship), 15Santee Sioux, 9mSaratoga, Battle of, 94, 94m, 95Saschutkenne, 9msatire, 271Sauk, 9m, 297Savannah, Georgia, 40, 379, 501m, 502scalawags, 524–25Scandinavia, 588Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 397p, 406science and technology, 349; in Age of

Exploration, 14–15; factories, 366;farm equipment, 366, 561, 562p;icebox, 367; during Industrial Revo-lution, 349, 349p; Panama Canal,590–91, 592m, 593; reading skills for,344–45f, 544–45f; sewing machine,366p, 367; spinning machine, 347,347p; steam power, 359, 360, 366;telegraph, 364–65, 365p; themes of,568; USS Constitution, 241p; waterframe, 347, 347p; at World’s Fair, 596.See also inventions

scientifi c agriculture, 380

scientifi c management, 584Scientifi c Revolution, 59Scott, Dred, 451–52, 452mScott, Winfi eld, 321m, 322, 323, 446,

475, 482fScott v. Sandford (1857), R33. See also

Dred Scott decisionsea dogs, 25secession, 458–59Second Amendment, 166, 180Second Seminole War, 297, 297msectionalism, 267, 439segregation, 528, 529Selective Service, 185self-government: for Californios, 319f; for

Cubans, 646; in English colonies, 43,45, 50, 102, 118, R41

Seminary Ridge, 498, 499mSeminole, 9m, 11, 261, 297, 297m, 565Senate, U.S., 129, 145; Constitution and

the, 152; Louisiana Purchase and,236; president of the, 145; Seven-teenth Amendment and, 172; termof offi ce, 152f. See also Congress, U.S.;legislative branch

Seneca, 9m, 11Seneca Falls Convention, 397p, 426–27,

426pSeneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments, 426,

R45separate but equal, 529separation of powers, 145fSeparatists, 42Sequoya, 295Serapis (warship), 97Seri, 9mSerra, Junípero, 22settlement houses, 597Seven Days’ Battles, 479m, 480Seventeenth Amendment, 172, 613, 631fSeventh Amendment, 166, 167, 180, 181Seven Years’ War, 60Seward, William, 440, 447, 457, 641Seward’s Folly, 641sewing machine, 366p, 367sharecropping, 529–30Shawnee, 9m, 61, 242–44Shawnee Trail, 550mShays, Daniel, 122p, 123–24, 123pShays’s Rebellion, 122p, 123, 123pSherman, Roger, 84, 89, 126p, 165Sherman, William Tecumseh, 501-02,

501m, 515Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 582, 608, 628Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1888), 564Shiloh, Battle of, 485Shoemaker, David R.P., 476Shoshone, 9m, 10, 222–23p, 238, 554m“Shot Heard ‘Round the World,” 79–80Shuswap, 9mSierra Nevada, 326, 327, 550m, 551Signal Corps, 495fSilet, 554mSilk Road, 13–14, 14msilver, 546–48, 564Silvester, Naomi, 44Sinclair, Upton, 621f, 628Singer, Isaac, 367Sioux, 9m, 553, 554, 554m, 555, 556Sirius (steamship), 343pSitting Bull, 556Sixteenth Amendment, 172, 630, 631fSixth Amendment, 166, 167, 180, 181, 185

skyscrapers, 595slander, 179Slater, John, 353Slater, Samuel, 348, 352, 353Slatersville, 353slave auctions, 387, 388slave codes, 41, 388, 391slave narratives, 418, 443slave revolts, 390–91, 390m, 390p, 455–56slavery, 289, 373p; abolition of, 416–21,

417p, 418p, 419m, 420p; Africa and,57; agriculture and, 376; buyingfreedom, 387; compensation for, 515;daily life under, 388–90, 388p, 389p;Declaration of Independence and, 85;domestic, 387; Dred Scott decisionand, 451–52, 452m, 453; educationand, 388; Emancipation Proclama-tion and, 491-92, 491m, 503; familiesand, 388–89; Fugitive Slave Act and,441–42; gang-labor system, 386;Kansas-Nebraska Act, 446–47, 446m,447m; Lincoln and, 473; living condi-tions and, 387; manifest destiny and,317; in Middle Colonies, 51; MiddlePassage, 57p, 58; Native Americansand, 23; New England colonies and,85; in Northwest Territory, 116m,117; regional differences about,438–39, 439m; religion and, 389–90;skilled jobs and, 387; in southerncolonies, 39, 40, 41; in Texas, 313;Thirteenth Amendment, 170; Thir-teenth Amendment and, 514–15;Three-Fifths Compromise, 128;Underground Railroad and, 341p,418–20, 419m; in Virginia, 38–39

slave states, 266–67, 266m, 419m,438–39, 439m

slave trade, 128, 379, 440Slidell, John, 320slums, 610smelting process, 363Smith, James, 89Smith, John, 36–37Smith, Joseph, 310–11Smith, Margaret Bayard, 286fSmith, Margaret Chase, 179Smith, Sophia, 622Smith College, 622smuggling, 57, 64, 66, 68Snake River, 326social classes, 402social Darwinism, 581socialism, 619Socialist Party, 630social problems, 610–14, 611p, 612p,

613p, 614csocial reforms, 612Social Studies Skills, 532f; accepting social

responsibility, 430f; analysis, 28f,102f, 136f, 188f, 276f, 460f, 598f,632f, 664f; analyzing costs and bene-fi ts, 598f; comparing migration maps,566f; continuity and change, 664f;critical thinking, 28f, 102f, 136f, 188f,300f, 460, 460f; determining context,188f; different points of view, 136f;framing historical questions, 28f;group decisions, 216f; identifyingcentral issues, 276f; interpretinggraphs, 392f; interpreting maps, 334f;interpreting political cartoons, 504f;

Roosevelt Social Studies Skills

INDEX R97

IND

EX

interpreting time lines, 70f; participa-tion, 216f, 252f, 368f, 430f; personalconviction and bias, 368f; primaryand secondary sources, 460f; shortand long term causal patterns, 632f;solving problems, 300f; study, 334f,392f, 504f, 566f; understanding his-torical interpretation, 102f; workingin groups to solve issues, 252f

society and culture: defi nition of, 7;reading skills for, 258–59f, 374–75f,398–99f, 436–37f, 470–71f, 510–11f,572–73f

Society of Friends, 50. See also Quakerssodbusters, 561, 561pSons of Liberty, 66, 68, 79, 209South: African Americans in, 384p; Civil

War in the, 474-75, 474m, 501-02,501m; colonies in the, 36–41, 37m,39p, 40m, 55; cotton in, 377–78,378m, 380p; economy of, 41, 288–89,289m, 380p, 513; education in the,415; election of 1860, 457, 457m;factories in, 380–81; farming in,288–89, 380, 382–84, 529–30, 529p;Freedmen’s Bureau in, 516, 516p; KuKlux Klan and, 526, 526p, 527p; NewSouth, 530–31, 530p; nullifi cationcrisis and, 290–91; Reconstructionin the, 524–25, 525p; religion in,384; resources of the, 474-75, 474c;Revolutionary War in the, 98–99, 99p;slavery in, 39, 40, 41, 128, 438–39,439m; state government in the, 517,524–25, 525p; urban life in the, 384

South America: migration to, 7m; MonroeDoctrine and, 262–63; Native Ameri-cans in, 20–21; Spain and, 262

South America: Political, R9mSouth Carolina: agriculture in, 41; Black

Codes in, 519; Civil War in, 473,473m, 473p, 493; colony of, 40;cotton in, 378m; economy of, 290;freedpeople in, 515; nullifi cationcrisis and, 290–91; plantations, 373p;ratifi cation of the Constitution, 165;during Reconstruction, 523; in Revo-lutionary War, 98, 99, 99p; secedesfrom the Union, 435p, 456, 458;Second Great Awakening in, 410. Seealso Carolinas

South Dakota, R29Southeast: culture area, 9mSouthwest, 318–19; culture area, 9m, 10;

Mexican Americans in, 325, 592, 626;Native Americans in the, 557

Spaight, Richard Dobbs, 165Spain: Adams-Onís Treaty, 309; American

Revolution and, 95; California and,318–19, 319p; Central America and,22, 262; colonies of, 22–23; Cubaand, 584–85; empire of, 26m, 27,60m; England and, 25, 26p; explora-tion by, 16m, 20–21, 21p; Florida and,101, 207, 207m, 261, 261m; Louisianaand, 235–36; Mexico and, 262; NativeAmericans and, 22–23; New Mexicoand, 318; in North America, 101m;Oregon Country and, 317; Pinckney’sTreaty, 207–08, 207m; South Americaand, 262; Spanish-American War,646–51, 647p, 648p, 649m, 649p,650m, 650p; Texas and, 312; trade

with, 121, 121m; U.S. foreign policyand, 261, 261m

Spanish-American War, 646–51, 647p,648p, 649m, 649p, 650m, 650p

Spanish Armada, 25, 25pSpanish Florida, 40Spanish language, 325Speaker of the House, 145Speaking Skills: oral history, 74; thinking,

81specialization, 584speculators, 201speech, freedom of, 166, 179spheres of infl uence, 644spinning machine, 347, 347pspirituals, 272, 389spoils system, 286, 608–09Spokane, 9m, 554mSpy, The (Cooper), 271Squamish, 9mSquanto, 43Square Deal, 627–28Stamp Act (1765), 66, 68Stamp Act Congress, 66Standard Oil Company, 580–81, 580pStanford, Leland, 550, 581, 583, 583pStanford University, 581Stanton, Edwin, 491, 522Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 426, 427, 428,

429, 429p, 623staple crops, 51Starr, Ellen Gates, 597“Star-Spangled Banner, The” (Key), 248, R31state constitutions, 115state courts, 198state government, 129, 163f; concurrent

powers and, 144; Constitution and,162–63; delegated powers of, 144;nullifi cation crisis and, 290–91; pow-ers denied, 157; Redeemers and, 528;reserved powers of, 144; in the South,517, 524–25, 525p; Tenth Amend-ment and, 183; Thirteenth Amend-ment and, 517; Wisconsin Idea, 614

states’ rights doctrine, 290–91Statue of Liberty, 589psteamboat, 359, 359p; cotton trade and,

379steam power, 366steel industry, 363, 574–75, 580steerage, 589Stephens, Alexander, 383, 458Stephens, Ann Sophia, 406Stevens, John L., 642Stevens, Thaddeus, 520, 520p, 522stockholders, 579, 580pStockton, Richard, 89Stockton, Robert, 320Stone, Lucy, 427–28Stone, Thomas, 89Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 424, 435p, 443,

444fStrauss, Levi, 330strict construction, 204strikes, 356, 586m, 587, 627–28Strong, George Templeton, 361Stuart, Jeb, 498Study Skills: comparing migration maps,

566f; interpreting graphs, 392f;interpreting maps, 334f; interpretingpolitical cartoons, 504f

Stuyvesant, Peter, 27, 49p, 50Subarctic, culture area, 8, 8m, 9m

subsidy, 642suburbs, 595subways, 595suff rage, 115, 173, 173p. See also voting

rightssugar, 642Sugar Act (1764), 64, 68sugarcane, 381Sullivan, Louis, 595Suma, 9mSumner, Charles, 448–49, 520supply and demand, 563gSupreme Court, U.S., 130, R34–35p; deci-

sions, 147, 148, 231, 266, 291–92,296, 359, 451, 452, 453, 528, R32–39;Jefferson and, 231–32, 232p; judicialreview, 232; term of offi ce, 152f. Seealso judicial branch; individual cases

Susquehanna, 9mSutter, John, 327Sutter’s Fort, 327Swamp Fox. See Marion, FrancisSwampy Cree, 9msweatshops, 592Sweden, 27; empire of, 26m, 27; immi-

grants from, 591msymbolic speech, 179

TTaft, William Howard, 629–30, R26; for-

eign policy of, 657, 657f, 658Tagish, 9mTaino, 9m, 17Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de,

214, 236Tammany Hall, 607Taney, Roger B., 452Tarahumara, 9mTariff of Abominations, 289tariff s: British, 121; Confederation Con-

gress and, 122; Hamilton and, 209;progressives and, 629; protective,203; regional differences and, 288–89;transportation and, 264. See also taxes

Tarlton, Banastre, 98–99taxation without representation, 67taxes: Boston Tea Party and, 68; House

Ways and Means Committee, 145;income, 630; in Massachusetts BayColony, 44–45. See also tariffs

Taylor, Frederick W., 584Taylor, George, 89Taylor, Zachary, 439, 446, R24;

Mexican-American War and, 320,322, 322p

Tea Act (1773), 68tea tax, 68technology. See inventions; science and

technologyTecumseh, 242–44, 247, 248telegraph, 364–65, 365p, 550, 577telephone, 577, 577pTeller Amendment, 647, 650temperance movement, 411, 426, 623tenant farmers, 562tenements, 404, 590, 596, 611Tennessee, R29; admitted to the Union,

234; Civil War in, 474, 474m, 484-85;cotton in, 378m; during Reconstruc-tion, 523; Second Great Awakeningin, 410

Social Studies Skills Tennessee

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Tenochtitlán, 20–21Ten Percent Plan, 513Tenth Amendment, 167, 182, 183terms of offi ce, 152f, 174Teton Sioux, 9mTexas, 309, 309m, R29; Alamo, 314,

314m, 315p; annexation of, 317,318; cattle industry in, 548–49, 549;Civil War in, 484, 487; as a colony,312–13; Compromise of 1850 and,440, 441; cotton in, 378m; frontier,318; independence of, 313; MexicanAmericans in, 592; Mexican-Ameri-can War and, 321m; Mexican Cessionand, 323; Mexico and, 312–15, 313p,314m, 315p; Native Americans in,553; Reconstruction in, 517; as repub-lic, 313–15, 314m, 318; secedes fromthe Union, 458, 459; slavery in, 313;Spain and, 312

Texas Rangers, 315, 555Texas Revolution, 313–15, 314mtextile industry, 347–48, 347p, 354–56,

355p, 475, 530–31Thacher, James, 80, 94Thames River, Battle of, 247, 247mThanksgiving, 43Thayendanegea, 91Third Amendment, 166, 180Thirteenth Amendment, 170, 171, 514–15,

517, 522fThoreau, Henry David, 405Thornton, Matthew, 89Three-Fifths Compromise, 128Tilden, Samuel J., 527, 607Time Lines: amendments, 168–69; culture,

270–72; European history, 24–25;farming, 562–63; interpreting, 70f;inventions, 364–67, 576–77; Lewisand Clark expedition, 236–37; neutral-ity, 206–07; Patriots, 94–95; populism,562–63; Road to Revolution, 68–69;Road to War, 242–43; suffrage, 424–25

time zones, 360Tippecanoe, Battle of, 243–44Tlingit, 9mtobacco, 19, 37, 41, 289, 380Tocqueville, Alexis de, 186, 367Toleration Act (1649), 39Tolowa, 9mTompkins, Sally Louisa, 496Tom Thumb (locomotive), 343p, 360Tongas, 9mTonkawa, 9mToponce, Alexander, 551Tories, 76, 84totems, 10town meeting, 55, 55f, 114f, 115Townshend Acts (1767), 66, 68, 69townships, 116mtrade, 50; with Africa, 13–15, 14m; with

Asia, 13–15, 14m; barriers to, 121m;with Britain, 121, 121m, 122; withChina, 317; closed markets, 122; cot-ton, 379; with Japan, 643–44, 644p;in Middle Colonies, 51; overland,13–14, 14m; with Spain, 121, 121m.See also free trade; triangular trade

trade laws, 56–57trade unions, 356. See also labor unionsTrail of Tears, 295p, 296transcendentalism, 405–06

Transcontinental Railroad, 331, 550–52,550m, 551p, 552p

transportation, 264; animals used for, 19;canals, 265–66, 265m, 379; in cities,595, 611; El Camino Real, 22; inven-tions in, 577-78; railroad, 331, 343p,360–63, 360p, 361p, 362m, 550–52,550m, 551p, 552p; revolution in, 358;roads, 265–66, 265m, 289, 379; ships,37m; steamboat, 359, 359p; tariffsand, 264

Travis, Jim, 314treaties, 116, 120, 164, 310, 593, 693,

R32; and Congress, 145c, 146c; andcourts, 161; with Native Americans,298, 553–55, 554m; and president,145c, 147, 160. See also specifi c treaties

Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 295Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814), 248Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851), 554, 554mTreaty of Fort Laramie (1868), 555Treaty of Ghent (1814), 249, 260Treaty of Greenville (1795), 209, 242Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 323,

324Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867), 554m, 555Treaty of Paris (1763), 60Treaty of Paris (1783), 101, 120Tredegar Iron Works, 373p, 381Trenton, Battle of, 93trials, 181Triangle Shirtwaist Company, 618triangular trade, 56m, 57–58, 57ptribal councils, 555ftricksters, 389trolleys, 595trusts, 581, 582, 628Truth, Sojourner, 418, 424Tubman, Harriet, 420, 420pTule River culture area, 554mTurner, Nat, 390–91, 390m, 390p, 421Tuskegee, 9mTweed, William Marcy, 607, 607pTwelfth Amendment, 168–69Twentieth Amendment, 173–74Twenty-fi fth Amendment, 176–77Twenty-fi rst Amendment, 174Twenty-fourth Amendment, 176Twenty-second Amendment, 146, 174Twenty-seventh Amendment, 177Twenty-sixth Amendment, 141, 177Twenty-third Amendment, 174Two Years Before the Mast (Dana), 319Tyler, John, 293, R24; westward expan-

sion and, 317tyranny, 83

UUmpqua, 9munalienable, 84Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 443, 444fUnderground Railroad, 341p, 418–20, 419mUnderwood Tariff Act (1913), 630unicameral legislature, 127Union Army, 501m; African Americans in,

492–93; battles in the West, 484–87,485p, 486m; casualties of, 500, 502g;at Gettysburg, 497–500, 497p, 498p,499m, 499p; naval strategies of,482–83, 482p, 483m; soldiers of the,475–76, 475p, 495, 495p

Union Pacifi c Railroad, 550–51unions. See labor unions; trade unionsUnion States, 474, 474m, 479mUnited States of America: Physical, R4–5mUnited States of America: Political, R2–3mUtah, R29; Compromise of 1850 and,

441; Mexican Cession and, 323; Mor-mons in, 311; Native Americans in, 8;railroad in, 551

Utah Territory, 309mUte, 9m, 10, 554m

VVail, Alfred Lewis, 365Vallandigham, Clement L., 494Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe, 319, 319p,

321m, 331Valley Forge, 96, 96pVan Buren, Martin, 281p, 286, 290, 439,

R23; election of 1836, 292; labor and,357

Van Vorst, Marie, 616vaqueros, 318p, 549, 549pVassar College, 622Veiller, Lawrence, 611Venezuela, 655–56Venice, Italy, 13p, 14Veracruz, Mexico, 321, 322Vermont, R29vertical integration, 580Vesey, Denmark, 390. See also Denmark

Vesey DocumentVespucci, Amerigo, 17veto, 146–47Vice President, U.S., 146; as president of

the Senate, 145; term of offi ce, 152fVicksburg, Siege of, 486, 486m, 488, 500Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 661Vincennes, Battle of, 97Virginia , R29; agriculture in, 41, 378m;

Articles of Confederation and, 124;Civil War in, 474, 474m, 475, 478–81,479m, 480p, 500; daily life in, 38–39;education in, 48; as English colony,27; government in, 55; House of Bur-gesses, 115; Jamestown, 36–37, 37m,38; ratifi cation of the Constitution,134, 165; in Revolutionary War, 98,100, 100m; slave revolts in, 455–56;slavery in, 38–39, 379, 385, 388; statedebt of, 201; tax revolt in, 66, 68;western frontier and, 61

Virginia (warship), 482-83Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 290Virginia Company. See London CompanyVirginia Declaration of Rights, 135Virginia Plan, 126–27Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 115,

118, 179, R42visually impaired, 413volunteer groups, 186–87, 187pVon Steuben, Friedrich, 95, 96voting: age, 177; elections and, 186;

reforms in, 613, 614cvoting rights, 115; of African Americans,

171, 385, 493, 521, 521m, 522p, 523;poll taxes and, 528–29; in 1800s,284–85; in Washington, D.C., 174;of women, 173, 173p, 523, 603p,623–24, 623p

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Americans in, 557; Oregon Coun-try and, 309, 309m; Oregon Trail,309–10, 309m; Pike’s expedition,238–39; Revolutionary War in the,97; water-use laws, 325

Western Shoshone, 9mWestern Trail, 550mWest Indies, 17; trade with, 121mWestinghouse, George, 575, 577West Virginia, R29; Civil War in, 474,

474m, 479m; coal mining in, 362; oilin, 576; roads in, 265, 265m

whaling, 47Whig Party, 292, 450; election of 1852,

446Whipple, William, 89Whiskey Rebellion, 209White, John, 27Whitefi eld, George, 58p, 59White House, 230, 286Whitman, Walt, 407Whitney, Eli, 349, 372p, 377, 377pWichita, 9mWilder, Laura Ingalls, 562Wilderness Campaign, 500Willard, Frances, 623William and Mary College, 48Williams, Joseph E., 493fWilliams, Roger, 46–47Williams, William, 89Williamson, Hugh, 165Wilmot, David, 438Wilmot Proviso, 438–39Wilson, James, 89, 126p, 165Wilson, Woodrow, 629, 630–31, R26;

foreign policy of, 657f, 658, 661Winnemucca, Sarah, 558, 558pWinthrop, John, 44, 45Wisconsin, R29; immigrants in, 401; in

Northwest Territory, 116m, 117; Wis-consin Idea, 614

Wisconsin Idea, 614witchcraft trials, 47Witherspoon, John, 89Wolcott, Oliver, 89Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 623women: in Civil War, 496, 496p; Daugh-

ters of Liberty, 62; Declaration ofIndependence and, 85; educationand, 48, 413, 413p, 424, 622; fi rstladies, 197; in Gold Rush, 328, 329,329p; Great Awakening and, 59;Homestead Act and, 560; immi-grant, 592; labor reform and, 357,619; in labor unions, 586; in MiddleColonies, 51; in the military, 185;mill workers, 343p, 531; minimumwage law and, 618; Mormon, 310;Native American, 11, 20; Pilgrim,44; on plantations, 383; Progressivemovement and, 622; Quaker, 50;reform groups and, 412, 603p; inRevolutionary War, 91; slaves, 387p;on the Supreme Court, 148; temper-ance movement and, 623; in textileindustry, 354–56, 355p; voting rightsof, 115, 173, 173p, 284, 523, 603p,623–24, 623p; on wagon trains, 310,311p

women’s rights, 397p, 423–24; leaders,427–28; property rights and, 428;Seneca Falls Convention, 426–27,426p; voting rights, 115, 173, 173p,

284, 523, 603p, 623–24, 623pWood, Leonard, 650Woodward, Charlotte, 426, 428Worcester v. Georgia (1832), 296, R32–33workers’ compensation, 618workplace safety, 618World: Political, R6–7mWorld’s Fair, 596Wovoka, 558Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 578Writing Skills: biographical narrative,

106–07f; biographical sketch, 372;cause and effect, 338–39f; charactersketch, 256, 278; comparing peopleand events, 464–65f; explaining apolitical process, 220–21f; infomer-cials, 32; interviews, 280; job history,508; letter of recommendation, 224;letters, 2; newspaper advertisement,342, 372; newspaper article, 468;newspaper editorial, 110; Nobelnomination, 192, 216; outline, 300;pamphlets, 140, 190; persuasive essay,668–69f; social studies report, 536–39f

writing systems, 8, 295Wyoming, R29; cattle industry in, 549;

Mexican Cession and, 323; NativeAmericans in, 554, 554m

Wythe, George, 89

XXYZ Aff air, 213–14, 214p

YYakima, 9m, 554mYaqui, 9mYaquina, 9myellow fever, 650, 655yellow journalism, 646yeomen, 384Yokuts, 9m, 10Yorktown, Battle of, 100, 100mYoung, Brigham, 311, 325Yuki, 9mYuma, 9m

ZZapata, Emiliano, 661Zavala, Lorenzo de, 313Zenger, John Peter, 56zoning laws, 611Zuni, 9m

Voting Rights Act (1970), 177

WWabash River, 244Wade, Benjamin, 513, 522Wade-Davis Bill, 513–14wagon trains, 309–10, 310p, 311pWaicura, 9mWailaki, 554mWaldo, Albigence, 96Walker, David, 417Walla Walla, 9m, 554mWall Street, 199Waltham, Massachusetts, 354Walton, George, 89Wampanoag, 9m, 43, 59Wappo, 9mwar debts, 122–23War Hawks, 244–45War of 1812, 245; battles of, 246–48,

247m, 248p; causes and effects of,249f; manufacturing and the, 351;Rush-Bagot Agreement, 260

War of Independence. See RevolutionaryWar

Washington, R29Washington, Booker T., 624, 624pWashington, D.C.: Civil War in, 474, 474m,

478, 479; corruption in, 607; designof, 202, 202p; as nation’s capital, 202,202p, 230; voting rights in, 174; inWar of 1812, 247m, 248, 248p. Seealso District of Columbia

Washington, George, 210p, R23; biogra-phy of, 82, 82p; cabinet of, 197p; atConstitutional Convention, 126,126p; Continental Army and, 80,80m, 81, 91m, 92–93, 93p, 96, 96p,100, 100m, 101; court system and,197–98; farewell address of, 210f, 211,R43; as Federalist, 132; foreign policyof, 641; in French and Indian War,60; inauguration of, 196p, 197; Jay’sTreaty, 207; national bank and, 204;Neutrality Proclamation, 206–07;Northwest Territory and, 208–09,208m; Pinckney’s Treaty, 207–08,207m; as president, 197–98, 197p;Whiskey Rebellion and, 209

Washington, Martha, 197Washington’s Farewell Address, 210f, 211,

R43Washington Territory, 309mWasho, 9mwater frame, 347, 347pwater-use laws, 325Wayne, Anthony, 208Webster, Daniel, 291, 291p, 361, 440f, 441Weems, Maria, 341pWeld, Charles Richard, 361Weld, Theodore, 416, 424Wells, Ida B., 624West: Civil War in the, 484–87, 485p,

486m; confl icts in the, 242–44;culture areas, 9m, 10; economy of,289, 289m; frontier, 61; fur trade inthe, 308; Lewis and Clark expedi-tion, 235m, 236–38; mining in,546–48, 547m; movement to the,308–11, 309m, 310p, 311p, 316–17,546, 547m, 565, 565m, 565p; Native

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For permission to reproduce copyrighted material, grateful acknowledgment is made to the following sources:

Norwegian-American Historical Association: From quote by Gro Svendsen from Frontier Mother: The Letters of Gro Svendsen, translated and edited by Pauline Farseth and Theodore C. Blegen. Copyright © 1950 Norwegian-American Association.

Sources Cited:

Quote by an Aztec messenger from The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, Expanded and Updated Edition, edited by Miguel León-Portilla. Published by Beacon Press, Boston, 1992.

From Yesterday: A Memoir of a Russian Jewish Family by Miram Shomer Zunser, edited by Emily Wortis Leider. Published by HarperCollins Publishers, New York, 1978.

Quote by a Hungarian immigrant from This Was America by Oscar Handlin. Published by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1949.

Illustration and Photo CreditsFront Cover: Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS

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Chapter Opener time lines (tl) Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (bl) © Stockbyte.

Unit One. Chapter 1: Pages 2–3 (t), © Rebecca Marvil/Index Stock Imagery,

Inc. ; 2 (b), The Art Archive/National Anthropological Museum Mexico/Dagli Orti; 3 (both), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 7 (t), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Photograph by Chip Clark # 90-14563; 7 (b), Getty Images; 8 (t), The Field Museum of Natural History, Neg. A108557-c, Photo by Ron Testa; 9 (tl), Ohio Historical Society; (tr), From the Collection of Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa; (bl), © 2000 The Art Institute of Chicago (detail); 10 (tl), © Marilyn Wynn/Nativestock Pictures; (tr), The Granger Collection, New York; 13, Scala/Art Resource, NY; 17, Art Reference: AKG-Images; 21 tr, © Robert Frerck/Woodfi n Camp & Associates; 23, PRC Archive; 24 (l), Saint Bride Printing Library; 24–25, AKG-Images; 25 (br), Mary Evans Picture Library. Chapter 2: Pages 32–33 (t), Ted Curtin for Plimoth Plantation; 32 (bl), © David Ball/CORBIS; 33 (c), Courtesy of the Pilgrim Society, Plymouth, Massachusetts; 33 (bl), © SuperStock; 33 (cr) Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library; (br), © Culver Pictures, Inc.; 39, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; 46 (tl), Art Ref: PRC Archive; 49 (b), © SuperStock; 50 (bl), Art Reference: Historical Society of Pennsylvania; 52, © SuperStock; 53 (t), NASA; (b), © SuperStock; 57 (r), Art Reference: Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, Devon, UK/ Bridgeman Art Library; 57 (b), Private Collection/www.bridgeman.co.uk; 58 (t), National Portrait Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library; 61 (tr), Art Reference: Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library; 62 (l) British Library, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library; 62 (r), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 63 (t), © Michael Dwyer/Alamy Photos ; 64–65 (t), Virginia Historical Society; 67, Peter Newark’s American Pictures; 68, Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society; 69 (tl), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 69 (tr), American Antiquarian Society. Chapter 3: Pages 74–75 (t), © JamesLemass/Index Stock Imagery; 75 (cl), The Granger Collection, New York; 75 (cr), North Wind Picture Archives; 75 (br), © Christie’s Images; 78–79, The Granger Collection, New York; 79, © Concord Museum/Photograph by Chip Fanelli; 82 (l), (art reference) Phoenix Museum of Art, Arizona/ Bridgeman Art Library; 82 (b), © Robert Llewellyn/SuperStock; 84, © Bettmann/CORBIS; 91 (l), #1921.101, © Collection of The New-York Historical Society; 91 (r), © Collection of The New-York Historical Society, neg. 31665; 93 (t), © SuperStock; 94 (l), Saratoga National Historic Park; 94 (r), Chateau de Versailles, France/Giraudon/ Bridgeman Art Library; 95 (l), Falmouth Art Gallery, Cornwall, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 95 (r), Hotel Galvez, Galveston, Texas; 96, © Superstock; 99, The Granger Collection, New York.; 100 (both) © Bettmann/CORBIS.

Unit Two. Chapter 4: Pages 110–111 (t), Joe Marquette/ AP/Wide World Photos; 110, Library of Congress/PRC Archive; 111 (c), Collection of the American Numismatic Society, New York; 111 (bl), © Nik Wheeler/CORBIS; (bc), © Andrea Jemolo/CORBIS; (br), Tokyo National Museum; 115, The Granger Collection, New York; 119 (t), © Bettmann/CORBIS; (c), © Michael Nicholson/CORBIS ; (br), © Archivo Iconografi co, S.A./CORBIS; 122–123, The Granger Collection, New York; 125, © Dennis Degnan/ CORBIS; 126 (t), Hall of Representatives, Washington, DC/ Bridgeman Art Library; 126 (bl), Independence National Historical Park ; 126 (bc), Stock Montage; 126 (br), Portrait by Robert S. Susan, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States; 127, © Alex Wong/Getty Images; 128 (l), South Carolina Legal History Collection; 128 (r), City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery/ Bridgeman Art Library; 129, © Alex Wong/Getty Images; 131 (l), (art refer-ence) Historical Society of Pennsylvania; 131 (br), American Antiquarian Society; 133 (l), Stock Montage, Inc.; 133 (r), © Bettmann/CORBIS. Chapter 5: Pages 140–141 (t), Sam Dudgeon/ HRW Photo; 141 (cl), PRC Archive; 141 (cr), © Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; 141 (b), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 149 (both), National Archives (NARA); 150–177 (bdr), © Richard Cummins/CORBIS 152 (br), Dennis Cook/AP/Wide World Photos; 154–155 (bc), © Mark Wilson/Getty Images; 154, © Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 154 (br) Dennis Cook/ AP/Wide World Photos; 155, © Brooks Kraft/CORBIS; 166 (bl), © Yang Liu/CORBIS; (bc), Norm Detlaff, Las Cruces Sun-News/AP/Wide World Photos; 167 (bl), © Alex Webb/Magnum Photos; (bc), © David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; (br), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 171, Library of Congress/PRC Archive; 173, Library of Congress; 175 (l), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 175 (r), © Oscar White/ CORBIS; 176 (tl), Dr. Hector P. Garcia Papers, Special Collections & Archives, Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi, Bell Library; 176 (tr), © 1978 Matt Herron/TakeStock; 176 (tc), Texas State Library & Archives Commission; 179, © Daily News Pix; 181, © Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit; 182–183 (b), © Ariel Skelley/CORBIS; 185, © David Butow/CORBIS; 186 (tl), © James Pickerell/The Image Works; 186 (tr), © Brownie Harris/CORBIS; 187 (tl), © Ariel Skelly/CORBIS; (tc), Janet Knott/The Boston Globe. Republished with permis-sion of The Globe Newspaper Company, Inc.; (tr), © Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit. Chapter 6: Pages 192–193 (t), © Miles Ertman/Masterfi le; 192, © Christie’s Images; 193 (bl), Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 193 (r), Art Resource, NY; 196–197 (b), © SuperStock; 197, Library of Congress/PRC Archive; 198–199 (t), © The New York Public Library, Miriam and Ira D. Wallch Division of Art, Prints and Photographs,

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Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations / Art Resource, NY; 199, (inset) (#1907.32) © Collection of The New-York Historical Society; 202 (c), Photo © 2004 Roger Foley; 202 (b), © Joseph Sohm; Chromosohm, Inc./CORBIS; 203 (l), Stock Montage, Inc.; 203 (r), Stock Montage/Getty Images; 205, Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 206 (l), Chicago Historical Society, #i35980aa; 206 (r), Library of Congress/PRC Archive; 207, HRW Photo Library; 208, Courtesy Ohio Historical Society; 210, © Museum of the City of New York/CORBIS ; 213 (tl), © The New York Historical Society, New York, NY/ Bridgeman Art Library; 213 (tc), The Art Archive/Chateau de Blérancourt/Dagli Orti; 213 (tr), © The New-York Historical Society, New York, NY/ Bridgeman Art Library; 213 (bl), Independence National Historical Park Collection; 213 (bc), The Henry Luce III Center for the Study of American Culture/ SuperStock; 213 (br), National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY; 214, Library of Congress/PRC Archive.

Unit Three. Pages 222–223 (bkgd) (Art Ref) © Tom Bean/CORBIS. Chapter 7: Pages 224–225 (t), Superstock; 224, The Granger Collection, New York; 225 (bl), New Haven Colony Historical Society, Gift of George W. Crawford, 1973. #1973.20.C; 225 (cl), Benninghoff Collection of the American Revolution; 225 (cr), Portrait of the Founder, Munetada Kurozumi. Image courtesy of Kurozumikyo Shinto; 225 (cr), Library of Congress, LC-USZC4-6466; 229 (l), The Art Archive/Chateau de Blernacourt/Dagli Orti; 229 (r), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 229 (bkgd), © Alan Schein Photography/CORBIS; 231 (b), Getty Images; 232 (t), Washington and Lee University; 233 (both) Independence National Historical Park; 236, © Alan Majchrowicz/Getty Images; 239, © Terry W. Eggers/CORBIS; 242 (l), The Mariners Museum; (r), North Wind Picture Archives; 243 (t), North Wind Picture Archives; 243 (bl), The Granger Collection, New York; 243 (br), © 1993 Mickey Osterreischer/Black Star; 244 (l), © The Field Museum, Neg #A93851.1c, Chicago.; 244 (r), National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; gift of Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt, Jr.; 248 (b), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 248(inset) © New-York Historical Society/ Bridgeman Art Library; 250, © Craig Tuttle/CORBIS; 251 (tl) © Bettmann/CORBIS; (b), © Tom Bean/Getty Images; (tr),© SuperStock . Chapter 8: Pages256–257 (t), © Lee Snider/Photo Images/CORBIS ; 256, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY; 257 (tr), Library of Congress #LC-USZC4-5801; 257 (bl), The Granger Collection, New York; 257 (br), Courtesy PRC Archive; 265 (t), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 265 (b), Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland; 266 (cl), (Art Reference) Chicago Historical Society; 270, © Andre Jenny/Alamy Photos; 271, Library of Congress; 272 (l) American Antiquarian Society; (b), Smithsonian American Art Museum,

Washington DC/Art Resource, NY; 273, © Francis G. Mayer/CORBIS. Chapter 9: Pages 280–281, Detroit Publishing Company Collection, from Birth of A Century, KEA Publishing Services Ltd. ; 280 (b), The Granger Collection, New York; 281 (tl), Janice L. and David J. Frent Collection of Political Americana; 281 (tr), National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY; 281 (bl), The Stapleton Collection, UK/ Bridgeman Art Library; 281 (br), The Art Archive; 285 (t), R.W. Norton Art Gallery, Shreveport, LA. Used by permission; 285 (b), David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit; 286–287 (bl), (Art Reference) © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington; 287 (br), The Hermitage, Home of Andrew Jackson; 289 (l), American Museum of Textile History (c), Christie’s Images/ Bridgeman Art Library; (r), The Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, Gift of Eleanor Martin, 37566; 296, The Granger Collection, New York; 299, (all) Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC /Art Resource, NY. Chapter 10: Pages 304–305 (t), Seaver Center for Western History Research, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; 305 (cl), Panhandle-Plains Historical Museum, Research Center, Canyon, Texas; 305 (cr), © The Oakland Museum, The City of Oakland; 305 (bl), Peter Newark’s Western Americana; 305 (br), Library of Congress/PRC Archive; 309, © Bettmann/CORBIS; 310, Used by permission, Utah State Historical Society, all rights reserved; 313 (l) Institute of Texan Cultures, University of Texas at San Antonio (colorized) (r), Courtesy Texas General Land Offi ce, HRW Photo by Peter Van Steen; 314, Jack Lewis/ TxDOT; 315, Texas State Library and Archives Commission; 317 (t), Janice L. and David J. Frent Collection of Political Americana; 317 (t), Library of Congress/PRC Archive; (b), American Antiquarian Society; 318–319 (b), James Walker, Vaqueros in a Horse Corral, 1877, #0126.1480, From the Collection of Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma; 319 (br), (Art Reference) Courtesy The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; 321 (t), Society of California Pioneers; 322-323, Texas State Library and Archives Commission; 324, J. Griffi ths Smith/TxDOT; 327, (both) Collection of Matthew Isenburg; 328 (t), Courtesy of the California History Room, California State Library, Sacramento, California; 329 (tl), Seaver Center for Western History Research, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; 331, Library of Congress; 332, © George F. Mobley/Getty Images; 333 (t), © Bettmann/CORBIS; (c), Smithsonian American Art Museum), Washington, DC, USA/© SuperStock; (b), Grand Teton and Snake River; 336, HRW Photo/Sam Dudgeon.

Unit Four. Chapter 11: Pages 342–343 (t), © Marilyn Root/Index Stock Imagery, Inc.; 342 (b), New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown; 343 (inset), George Eastman House; 343 (cl), PRC Archive; 343 (cr), © Southeast Museum; 343 (bl), NASA; 343 (br), © CORBIS;

348 (l), Samuel Finley Breese Morse, Eli Whitney (1765–1825), Yale University Art Gallery. Gift of George Hoadley, B.A. 1801; 348 (r), Museum of Connecticut History; 349 (l), Museum of Connecticut History; 349 (r), New Haven Colony Historical Society; 350, © Bob Krist/CORBIS; 353, Rhode Island Historical Society; 354, Jack Naylor Collection; 359, Library of Congress, Detroit Publishing Company Collection; 364, Museum of Connecticut History; 365 (t), (Art Ref) Stock Montage, Inc.; 365 (bl), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (Photograph by Charles Phillips); 365 (br), Courtesy John Deere & Company Archives; 366 (l, c), U.S. Patent Offi ce; (r), National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (#89-6626). Chapter 12: Pages 372–373, Penn School Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Wilson Library, #P.3615/0824(A); 372, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Photo by Kim Neilson, #83-2953; 373 (bc), © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ CORBIS; 373 (br), Library of Congress; 384 (tl), The Valentine Museum; 384 (tr), Collection of the American Numismatic Society, New York; 387 (b), The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; 388–389 (t), Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings by William Henry Brown, The Historic New Orleans Collection; 389 (tr), South Carolina Historical Society; 390, North Wind Picture Archives. Chapter 13: Pages 396-397 (t), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of I.N. Phelps Stokes, Edward S. Hawes, Alice Mary Hawes, Marion Augusta Hawes, 1937.[37.14.22]. All rights reserved, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.; 397 (cl), Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society; 397 (cr), PRC Archive; 397 (bl), Photo © David Modica, cour-tesy American Printing House for the Blind Museum; 397 (br), Peter Newark’s American Pictures; 401 (c), William B. Becker Collection/ American Museum of Photography; 405, © Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 406–407, Brooklyn Museum of Art, Gift of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences/ Bridgeman Art Library; 411 (l) The Granger Collection, New York; (r), Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 413 (t), (Art Reference) Library of Congress; 414–415, Courtesy of Oberlin Archives; 415 (inset) Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design. Gift of Lucy T. Aldrich; 417 (t), Trustees of the Boston Public Library; 418, Library of Congress; 419 (t), Courtesy of the Levi Coffi n House Association and Waynet; 419 (b), Courtesy of The Brooklyn Museum of Art [40.59]; 420, Library of Congress; 421 (c), Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society; 422 (l), (art ref) PRC Archive; 422 (r), Library of Congress, Manuscript Division; 424 (l), Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society; 424 (r), The Granger Collection, New York; 425 (l), Courtesy of the Susan B. Anthony House, Rochester, NY; 425 (r), Library of Congress/PRC Archive; 427, Stock Montage, Inc.; 428, © Bettmann/CORBIS; 429 (bl), (Art Reference) Susan B.

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R102 CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Anthony House; 429 (r), © 1973 Historical Documents Co. Harcourt Photo by Maria Paraskevas. Chapter 14: Pages 434–453 (t), © Dave G. Houser; 435 (br), India Offi ce Library & Records, The British Library; 435 (cr), Chicago Historical Society; 435 (cl), PRC Archive; 440, PRC Archive; 442, The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; 445, Library of Congress; 448 (t), Kansas Museum of History; 448 (b), Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas; 449 (t) The Granger Collection, New York; 451, © Getty Images, (b) Missouri Historical Society; 453, Library of Congress/PRC Archive; 454 (r), The Museum of American Political Life, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT; 454 (tl), Picture History; 456 (t), Ohio Historical Society; 458 (b) Boston Athenaeum; 489, Naval Historical Center.

Unit Five. Chapter 15: Pages 468–469 (t), Library of Congress, Brady Civil War Photo Collection; 468 (b), Confederate Museum, United Daughters of the Confederacy; 469 (cl), © SuperStock; 469 (cr), © SuperStock; 469 (b), Chicago Historical Society, # i26736aa; 480, National Park Service; 473, © Bob Krist/CORBIS; 481 (b), Library of Congress/ PRC Archive; 486, © 1989, The Greenwich Workshop, Inc., Reproduced with the permission of the Greenwich Workshop, Inc., Shelton, CT; 489, Naval Historical Center; 490, SuperStock; 491, South Carolina Historical Society; 492 (t) Library of Congress; (inset), Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society; 494, © Bettmann/ CORBIS; 495 (t), National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC (ID#84-9312); (b), © REUTERS/Kai Pfaffenbach/CORBIS; 496, American Antiquarian Society; 503, © SuperStock; 504(t), 506, The Granger Collection, New York. Chapter 16: Pages 508–509 (t), © Paul Rocheleau; 508 (b), © Kean Collection/Getty Images; 509 (cl), The Granger Collection, New York; 509 (cr), Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University; 509 (bl), © Michael Maslan Historic Photographs/ CORBIS; 512–513 (b), National Archives (NARA); 514 (t), Library of Congress; 514 (inset), Chicago Historical Society; 515, University of Texas at El Paso Library, Special Collections Department, Ada Tharp Photograph Collection; 516, © William Gladstone Collection; 519, Library of Congress; 520 (l), Library of Congress; 520 (r), © CORBIS; 522, North Wind Picture Archives; 525 (both), Library of Congress; 526, The Granger Collection, New York; 527, Tennessee State Museum Collection. Photography by June Dorman; 528, Getty Images; 529 (t), National Archives (NARA), RG 86-G-1B-1; (b), North Wind Picture Archives; 530, Courtesy of The Charleston Renaissance Gallery, Robert M. Hicklin, Jr. Inc., Charleston, South Carolina; 531, © Bettmann/CORBIS.

Unit Six. Chapter 17: Page 541, (Art Ref) Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Cody, WY ; 542–543 (t), Library of Congress, Grabill Collection; 542 (b), Courtesy Wells Fargo Bank; 543 (cl), Southern Pacifi c Lines/PRC Archive; 543 (cr),

© CORBIS; 543 (bl), The Art Archive /Musée d’Orsay Paris/ Dagli Orti; 543 (br), The Granger Collection, New York; 547 (tr) © Collection of the New-York Historical Society, [neg. 41800]548 (l), Denver Public Library, Western History Collection; 548–549 (r), Nebraska State Historical Society, Photograph Collections; 549, Bob Boze Bell, True West Magazine; 550, © James L. Amos/CORBIS; 551, Union Pacifi c Historical Collection; 552, The Granger Collection, New York; 553, SuperStock; 555, George Lane/AP/Wide World Photos; 556–557, © Bettmann/CORBIS; 557, Western History Division, National Museum of American History/Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; 558, The Granger Collection, New York; 561, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma; 562 (t), Elias Carr Papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. Photo by Dewane Frutiger; 562 (bl) Library of Congress; 562 (br) Nebraska State Historical Society; 563 (l), Culver Pictures; 565, © CORBIS; 569, HRW Photo/Sam Dudgeon. Chapter 18: Pages 570–571 (t), PRC Archive; 571 (c), George Meany Memorial Archives; 571 (bl), © Bettmann/ CORBIS; 571 (br), Archives Larousse, Paris, France/ Bridgeman Art Library; 574–575, Library of Congress; 576 (l) Whittier Museum; 576 (r), [neg. #40578] © Collection of The New-York Historical Society; 577 (l), Property of AT&T Archives. Printed with permis-sion of AT&T; (r), © Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 578 (l), © CORBIS; (r), Library of Congress/PRC Archive; 579, Montgomery County Historical Society; 580, © CORBIS; 580 (inset), Courtesy of the Rockefeller Archive Center; 581, [#71880T] © Collection of The New-York Historical Society; 583 (l), (Art Ref) AP/Wide World Photos & © Bettmann/CORBIS; 583 (c), (Art Ref) AP/Wide World Photos; 583 (r), (Art Reference) Photo courtesy Union Pacifi c Historical Collection; 585 (t), Brown Brothers; 585 (b), (Art Ref) © Bettmann/CORBIS; 589 (l), Copyright The New York Public Library/Art Resource, NY; (r), © Joseph Sohm, Chromosohm, Inc./CORBIS; 590 (l), National Archives, #90-G-152-2038; (r), Shades of L.A. Archives/Los Angeles Public Library; 591 (l), © CORBIS; (r), Col. Ernest Swanson Papers, Swenson Swedish Immigration Research Center, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL; 592 (l) Library of Congress, Arnold Genthe Collection; (r), © A. Ramey/PhotoEdit; 595 , Chicago Historical Society; 596 (l), Jane Addams Memorial Collection (JAMC neg 227), Special Collections, University Library, University of Illinois at Chicago; 596 (r), Curt Teich Postcard Archives, Lake County, IL Museum; 599, © Bettmann/ CORBIS. Chapter 19: Pages 602–603 (t), Elizabeth Cady Stanton Trust; 603 (cl, cr), Janice L. and David J. Frent Collection of Political Americana; 603 (b), The Granger Collection, New York; 608–609, PRC Archive; 609 (r), The Granger Collection, New York; 612, Museum of the City of

New York, Jacob Riis Collection 502; 613, LifeCare Alliance/Ohio Historical Society; 615, National Archives; 616, Library of Congress; 618, Courtesy of Steve Latham; 623, © Bettmann/CORBIS; 625, Seaver Center for Western History Research, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; 626, Dr. Ching Collection/ PRC Archive; 626–627, © W. Perry Conway/CORBIS; 628, Leroy Radanovich/Yosemite Museum; 630, Stock Montage, Inc.; 635, Library of Congress. Chapter 20: Pages 636–637 (t), © Bettmann/CORBIS; 636 (b), © Charles Sleicher; 637 (bl), Press Information Bureau of India; 641, Naval Parade, held in honor of com-mander George Dewey (1837–1917) 1898 (oil on canvas) by Fred Pansing (1854–1912) Museum of the City of New York, USA / Bridgeman Art Library; 642, © CORBIS; 643, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/ Art Resource, NY; 644, Trustees of the British Museum; 647 (t), PRC Archive; (b), © Bettmann/ CORBIS; 649, Library of Congress; 650, Keystone-Mast Collection (KU58458)/University of California at Riverside/ California Museum of Photography; 652–653, Library of Congress, 654, © Danny Lehman/CORBIS; 656, The Granger Collection, New York; 659, 660, 662, 663 (all) © Bettmann/CORBIS. Epilogue:Page 670, © Bettmann/CORBIS; 671 (t), © Robert W. Kelley/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; (b), © Najlah Feanny/CORBIS; 672 (t), The Granger Collection, New York; (b), © Shiho Fukada/Daily News Pix; 673 (t), Thomas E. Franklin/The Record (Bergen County, NJ)/Corbis SABA; (b), Digital Vision/Getty Images.

Back Matter: Pages R0–R1 (bkgd), © Royalty-free/CORBIS; R23–R27, White House Historical Association (White House Collection); R27 (last) The White House, photo by Eric Draper; R33, © Tom Brakefi eld/Digital Vision/Getty Images; R34–R35 (all), © Jason Reed/Reuters/CORBIS; R36, AP/Wide World Photos/Dana Verkouteren.

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Lissa B. Anderson, Melanie Baccus, Charles Becker, Jessica Bega, Ed Blake, Gillian Brody, Shirley Contrell, Erin Cornett, Rose Degollado, Chase Edmond, Mescal Evler, Rhonda Fariss, Marsh Flournoy, Leanna Ford, Bob Fullilove, Matthew Gierhart, Janet Harrington, Rhonda Haynes, Rob Hrechko, Wilonda Ieans, Cathy Jenevinein, Kadonna Knape, Cathy Kuhles, Debbie Lofl and, Bob McClellan, Joe Melomo, Richard Metzger, Cynthia Munoz, Nathan O’Neal, Karl Pallmeyer, Chanda Pearmon, Shelly Ramos, Désirée Reid, Curtis Riker, Marleis Roberts, Diana Rodriguez, Gene Rumann, Annette Saunders, Key Selke, Ken Shepardson, Michele Shukers, Chris Smith, Elaine Tate, Jeannie Taylor, Joni Wackwitz, Ken Whitesite

Biographical Dictionary...Filipino leader and commander of forces in rebellion against Spain, he led...

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Transcript of Biographical Dictionary...Filipino leader and commander of forces in rebellion against Spain, he led...