The Water or Hydrological Cycle

Biogeochemical Cycles

1Biogeochemical CyclesMatter can neither be created or destroyedIt cycles through the biosphere.As it cycles, it follows certain characteristic pathwaysThese pathways are called Biogeochemical PathwaysBio = LifeGeo = Earth2Biogeochemical CycleBiogeochemical cycle: cycle of transferring nutrients from the environment, to an organism, and back to the environment

BiogeochemicalCycles3Review: Energy PathwayEnergy enters an ecosystem in the form of sunlight Eventually all energy is lost as heatBiosphere requires a continual flow of new energy

SunEnergy Loss4Input energyBiogeochemicalCyclesEnergy LostEcosystems are OPEN SYSTEMS. Energy and matter can flow in and out of system5Nutrient RecyclingOn Earth there is finite supply of nutrients Energy cannot be created or destroyedTo maintain balance, matter is recycledMain elements:Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Main organic compounds:Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Cell energyEnergy storageCell structureGenetic material6The Main CyclesThere are 4 major cycles to understandHydrological Cycle or Water CycleCarbon/Oxygen CycleNitrogen CyclePhosphorus Cycle

7The Water or Hydrological Cycle

8Water CycleWater cycle path of water through the environmentFrom the earth to the atmosphere and back to the earthImportance of water:Absorbs and releases water = stable global weather patternsMedium for reactionsSolvent60% of cells mass9Properties of WaterAll living things need waterWater can be found in the biosphere in three statesSolid (snow or ice)LiquidGas ( vapour)Water is continuously entering and leaving living systems

10Polar MoleculeThe attraction of water molecules.One end of the molecule is positive, and other end is negative.

11Hydrogen bondingAttraction between slightly negative O and slightly positive H

Higher Boiling and FreezingTakes more energy to make molecules let go of each other and change stateLiquid to gasSolid to liquid

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15Hydrological Cycle Terms Abiotic ComponentsPrecipitationatmospheric water falling in the form ofrain, snow, sleet, hail, dew...Groundwaterwater on the surface or just below the surfacelakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, artesian wellsEvaporationwater that has been heated by the sun rises as water vapor.Condensationvapor into droplets when cooled16More Hydrological Cycle Terms Biotic ComponentsCellular Respirationthe process in which living organisms convert the energy of sugars into energy used by body processesTranspirationthe loss of water through the leaves of plants

17Waters RoleMoves from atmosphere to earth through precipitationSurface runoff and groundwater flows to other bodies of waterWater enters the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation 18Role of living thingsPlants:Return water to the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporationAnimals:Return water to the atmosphere through gas exchange, perspiration, evaporation, excretion, cellular respiration19Using hydrological cycle terminology label this diagram in your notes on page 13

20Water CycleWater in clouds (condensation)Rain and snow (precipitation)Water drains into river and soil (run off)Water taken up by plants and animals (through groundwater)Water loss by transpirationWater loss by respirationEvaporation21Water Beneath the SoilFreshwater comes from two sourcesGround water: rain fall seeps into the soil and filters downwards due to gravitySurface water: precipitation that collects above ground in lakes and riversGround water is created by,Percolation: water filters downward between the particles in the soilEventually the water fills the lower level of the soil and a water table forms above impenetrable bedrock or clayAs water seeps downwards it dissolves organic matter and minerals called leaching

Acid DepositionIndustrial plants burn metals & fossil fuels.When they undergo combustion, sulfur is released into the airThis is usually in the form of SO2Some industrial plants as well as automobiles also release nitrogen wastesusually nitrous oxides (NOx)So.Sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides can condense with water vapor in the air to form tiny droplets of acid. This is called acid rain!!Not all the SO2 or NOx combine with H2O(g).Some will circulate in the air and fall to the ground in the form of dry acid deposition.

Water Cycle Songhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T05djitkEFIWater Filtrationhttp://www.ted.com/talks/michael_pritchard_invents_a_water_filterThe Carbon Cycle

28The Carbon CycleAlso called the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle.Refers to the flow of CO2 through the biosphere.The main part of this cycle involves the interrelation between respiration and photosynthesis.6 CO2 + 6 H2O 6 O2 + C6H12O6 29The Carbon CycleAlso called the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle.Refers to the flow of CO2 through the biosphere.The main part of this cycle involves the interrelation between respiration and photosynthesis.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O 6 O2 + C6H12O6 Photosynthesis30The Carbon CycleAlso called the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle.Refers to the flow of CO2 through the biosphere.The main part of this cycle involves the interrelation between respiration and photosynthesis.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O 6 O2 + C6H12O6 31The Carbon CycleAlso called the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle.Refers to the flow of CO2 through the biosphere.The main part of this cycle involves the interrelation between respiration and photosynthesis.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O 6 O2 + C6H12O6 Cellular Respiration32The Carbon Cycle6 CO2 + 6 H2O 6 O2 + C6H12O6 Photosynthesis

33The Carbon Cycle6 CO2 + 6 H2O 6 O2 + C6H12O6

Cellular Respiration

The products of this reaction are used by plants in photosynthesis to produce more glucose and oxygen.34The Carbon CycleCarbon dioxide is also released by the activities of :VolcanoesAutomobilesCombustion of any source

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37The Carbon Cycle

Atmospheric Carbon DioxidePhotosynthesisCellularRespirationCombustionDecayFossil FuelsEatingHuman impact:burn excess fossil fuelsUse up forestsResult is more CO2 added to atmosphereLeads to the greenhouse effectGreenhouse effect:Heat blocking action of gasses in the atmosphereShort waves converted to long unable to escape atmosphere 39

40Earths Heat Retention

AlbedoThe extent to which a surface reflects light.E.g. snow, dirt, The higher the albedo, the more reflective the surface.

Greenhouse GassesName of GasChemical FormulaSourceCarbon DioxideCO2Fossil fuelsMethaneCH4Bacteria decay, fartsNitrous OxideN2OFertilizers, animal wastesCFCsStyrofoam, accelerants42Humans continue adding excess amounts of CO2Since 19th century, levels have increased 25%Possible increase in global temperature

43Effects:Melting ice capsSea levels to increase floodingChange in climate patternsMore/less rainfallLarge impact on agricultureNatural vegetation could changeSome say that oceans are a large sink for CO2 Solutions?

44TeslaPetrol vs Electric Mercedes SLS AMGhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gFGX43vubMFCX Clarity

48Ozone LayerProtects earth from UV radiation~ 99% of UV radiation is screened and never reaches surfaceOzone holes: Above the poles (N & S)Increase in skin cancer and eye problemsMajor cause?CFCs 49CFCs released in sprays and as a waste productWhen in upper atmosphere, Chlorine reacts with ozone and breaks it downCFCs stay in atmosphere for a very long timeMay continue to break down ozone layerSolution?50

51The Nitrogen Cycle52The Nitrogen CycleThe complex cycling of nitrogen between organisms and the environment.The air is 79% nitrogen.The main component of most fertilizers is a nitrogen compound.

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Nitrogen and PlantsNitrogen is a chemical that plants need to grow well. Plants get nitrogen throughNitrates (NO3-): a group of nitrogen containing compounds that are readily absorbed by the roots of plants(thats good.)

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Nitrogen and AnimalsNitrogen is also needed for the construction of proteins and nucleic acidsMuscle tissueHair BonesCell partsDNARNA55

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Nitrogen UsageNitrogen is usually utilized in life in the form of nitrates.There are 2 main ways atmospheric nitrogen can be converted into useful forms.1) Lightning2) Legumes

Method #1 -- Lightning Lightning can force nitrogen and oxygen together to form nitratesthese will fall with precipitation and be absorbed by plant roots.The plants will change these into their own proteins.Animals eat the plants and reorganize those proteins into the ones they need.Method #2 -- Legume

Legumes are members of the bean family and include:cloverAlfalfaHave nitrogen fixing nodules on their roots.These can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates.Legumes can utilize atmospheric nitrogen.

LegumesDr. Death speaksAfter an organism dies, it decays.Decaying matter which contains nitrogen produces ammonia.Ammonia will degrade into nitrites.Nitrites will degrade into nitrates.The nitrates will now re-enter the cycle.

Nitrogen CycleSome bacteria will actually convert the nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen.Denitrifying bacteria.These bacteria do not need oxygen -- anaerobic respiration.

Atmospheric pool of nitrogen Lightning Fertilizers

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumes Why me?Atmospheric pool of nitrogenNitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules of legumesFertilizersSoil nitrateNitrate take up by plant rootsPlant and animal proteinsDead organismsDecomposersNitrate bacteriaNitrite bacteriaDenitrifying bacteriaLightning

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66The Phosphorus Cycle67Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus is a nutrient required by all living things.Component of bones and teeth DNAATPPhosphorus Cycle is simpler than the carbon or nitrogen cycles because it does not involve movement through the atmosphere.

68The Phosphorus CycleTwo methods of P recycling:geological (abiotic)living organisms (biotic)69Long Term CycleMost common form: a part of rocksProperties: soluble - dissolve in waterPhosphates dissolve in watererosion carries them from land to streams and rivers and then finally to the oceansOceanssediments may be thrust upward and once again form land through geological activity

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Long Term Cycle71Short Term CyclePhosphates in water also enter the food chain through photosynthetic organismsDecomposition of dead organisms soluble phosphates are absorbed by plants and used during photosynthesisPlants are eaten by animals72