Biogeochemical Cycles€¦ · Biogeochemical Cycles SB4b. Explain the flow of matter and energy...
Transcript of Biogeochemical Cycles€¦ · Biogeochemical Cycles SB4b. Explain the flow of matter and energy...
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Biogeochemical CyclesSB4b. Explain the flow of matter
and energy through ecosystems
by explaining the need for cycling
of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).
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describe the flow of essential
elements from the
environment through living
organisms and back into
the environment.
Biogeochemical Cycles
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Reservoir
where nutrient is stored
Assimilation
how nutrient is used
Release
how nutrient leaves living things
Key Terms
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Hydrological Cycle1. Reservoir – oceans, air
(as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers;
2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water.
3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes.
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Phases of Hydrological Cycle
• Evaporation – process by which water changes
from a liquid into an atmospheric gas
• Transpiration – loss of water from a plant
through its leaves
• Condensation – process by which water
changes from an atmospheric gas into a liquid
• Precipitation - rain, sleet, hail, snow and other
forms of water falling from the sky
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Hydrological Cycle
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Carbon Cycle(carbon is required for building organic compounds)
1. Reservoir – main: ocean, atmosphere (as CO2), fossil fuels (oil, coal natural gas),
2. Assimilation – plants use CO2 in photosynthesis; animals consume plants.
3. Release – plants and animals release CO2through respiration and decomposition; CO2 is released as wood and fossil fuels are burned.
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Carbon-Oxygen Cycle
• Photosynthesis and respiration cycle
Carbon and Oxygen atoms through an
ecosystem
• Consumers die → decomposers give off
CO2
• Consumers die → heat, pressure, time →
become fossil fuel (coal, oil and natural
gas)
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Carbon Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle(Nitrogen is required for the manufacture of amino acids and nucleic acids)
1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as
N2); soil (as NH4+ or
ammonium, NH3 or ammonia,
NO2- or nitrite, NO3
- or nitrate)
2. Assimilation – plants absorb
nitrogen as either NH4+ or as
NO3-, animals obtain nitrogen
by eating plants and other
animals.
3. Release – Denitrifying
bacteria convert NO3- back to
N2; detrivorous bacteria
convert organic compounds
back to NH4+ ; animals excrete
NH4+, urea, or uric acid.
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Nitrogen Cycle
• N2 in air ( 80% of the atmosphere) organisms cannot use
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert N2 into a usable form →plants use to grow
• LEGUMES (beans, alfalfa) nodules contain bacteria that can take atmospheric N2 and convert it to usable nitrogen
• Animals obtain nitrogen from the plants they eat and return it to the soil in their stool.
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Phosphorus Cycle(Phosphorus is required for the manufacture of ATP and all nucleic acids.)
1.Reservoir – erosion transfers
phosphorus to water and soil;
sediments and rocks that
accumulate on ocean floors return to
the surface as a result of uplifting by
geological processes
2.Assimilation – plants absorb
inorganic PO43- (phosphate) from
soils; animals obtain organic
phosphorus when they plants and
other animals
3.Release – plants and animals
release phosphorus when they
decompose; animals excrete
phosphorus in their waste products *This is the only cycle that does NOT
have an atmospheric component.
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Phosphorus Cycle
• Erosion releases phosphorus from rocks into
the surrounding soil
• Phosphate in soil can either:
1) Be used by plants
2) Leach (drain away from soil)
into the water
• Animals receive nutrients by eating the plants
• Decomposers return phosphorus to the soil
• Phosphorus in water will be used by aquatic
plant or settle in sediment that forms new rocks
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Phosphorus Cycle
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ATP Cycle
• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) = The only usable energy form. – To release energy one of the bond between one of
phosphate atoms is broken
– Phosphate is released
– Produces ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) = the uncharged form
• A phosphate must be added back to the ADP molecule to recharge it and make a new ATP molecule
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