SPEAKER : MOBEEN GHAZANFAR14071714-003

SEMINARZOOLOGY

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BIOGAS FUEL

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•Biogas•Biogas Formation•Biogas Plants & their Types•Domestic Biogas Construction•Biogas Safety•Advantages of Biogas Plants• Biogas plants in Pakistan•References

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) noted in 2008

05/02/2023http://www.globalissues.org/article/595/energy-security

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Forecast of energy supply and demand in Pakistan

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05/02/20236 http://anaerobic-digestion.com/biogas-and-anaerobic-digestion/biogas-composition/

Biogas: Green Energy50-70% methane;30-40% carbon dioxide;

Insignificant amounts of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

Biogas burns without soot or ash being producedMethane is a combustible gas

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Where does biogas come from?

•Vegetation

• Farm and ranch animalsChicken, pigs, cattle• Landfills

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Braun 1982; Zubr 1986)

Where does biogas come from?

05/02/20239- http://www.lemvigbiogas.com/GB.htm

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Where does biogas come from?

What Type of Waste Does NOT Produces Biogas?•Fiber rich waste such as wood etc. are difficult to digest

•Heavy metals• Inorganic materials in high concentration (Nitrate, Sodium Sulphate, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, etc) (Braun 2007)

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Anaerobic Digestion

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Anaerobic Digestion in a Biodigester

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• Digester is fed a mixture of water and waste called a slurry

• Daily, fresh slurry is added, displacing previous days load that bacteria have started to digest

• First, digestible organic matter is broken down by acid-producing bacteria

• By-products are then broken down by methane-producing bacteria

• Gujer W, Zehnder AJB (1983)

Biogas Formation

05/02/2023Yadvika, et al., 200414

Microorganisms in Anaerobic Digestion

05/02/2023Yadvika, et al., 200415

05/02/2023Caroline 201016

Biogas upgrading techniques

• Pressure swing adsorption• Pressurized water scrubbing• Amine wash scrubbing• Gasitification

05/02/2023Caroline 201017

Factors Effecting on the Process

pH Value

Temperature

Retention time

Loading rate

C/N ratio

Slurry

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Peter Weiland 2010

Parameter of raw substrates

05/02/2023Bagudo et al., 200819

Volume of biogas

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Slurry conc. And volume of biogas

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Digesters

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http://arkincreations.tradeindia.com/frp-biodigester-tank-2166275.html

Biogas Plants

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Biogas Plants

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Types of Biogas Plants

1 •Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant

2 •Batch Type Biogas Plant

3 •Balloon Type Biogas plant

4 •Continuous Type Biogas Plant

5 •Movable Drum Type Biogas Plant

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Fixed Dome Type Biogas Plant

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Fixed dome type biogas plant

Protection from temperature Changes

Low initial costs

Absence of moveable

Advantages

Long life span& local employment

Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

rusting steel parts

Disadvantages

1 •gas leaks occur quite frequently

2 •fluctuating gas pressure complicates gas utilization;

3 •amount of gas produced is not immediately visible,

4 •excavation can be difficult and expensive in bedrock

05/02/202328Ludwig Sasse et al., 1988

Batch Type Biogas Plant

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Balloon Type Biogas Plant

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Advantages

• Low cast• Ease of transporatation• Low construction sophistication• Higher digester temperatures• Uncomplicated cleaning, emptying and maitenance

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Disadvantages

• Relatively short lifespan (5 years)• Susceptibility to damage• Little creation of local employment• Limited self help potential• Little knowledge for repairing by local craftmen• Low gas pressure may require gas pumps;

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Continuous Type Biogas Plant

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disadvantage of two-phase digestion

• Difficult control of operation and process parameters. • malfunctioning hydrolysis stage, methane and hydrogen can be

formed in a large extent, which causes energy• losses and has a negative climate effect when the hydrolysis gas is

emitted to the atmosphere (Oechsner and Lemmer 2009). • a gas tight covering of the hydrolysis fermenter is generally

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Floating Dome Type Biogas Plant

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Floating Dome Type Biogas PlantAdvantages DisadvantagesSimple , easily understood operation

High material cost of the steel drum

Volume of stored gas is directly visible

Susceptibility of steel parts to corrosion

Gas pressure is constant Shorter lifespan

Construction easily Regular maintenance costs for the painting of the drum

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Preparing Biogas Plant at Home

1 • Choice of Material

2 • Temperature Range

3 • Preparation of Biogas

4 • Production of Biogas

5 • Container for Biogas

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Preparing Biogas Plant at Home

05/02/2023http://www.motherearthnews.com/renewable-energy/how-to-make-biogas-in-5-easy-steps-zbcz1410.aspx38

How to Construct Biogas Plant

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05/02/2023http://www.instructables.com/id/Biogas-

at-home-Cheap-and-Easy/40

How to Construct Biogas Plant

Bio Methane Potential from Organic Residuals

05/02/202341 http://tanglewoodorganics.com/?page_id=103

How Much Biogas Can I Get from Waste•Amount of biogas depends on the waste itself and design of the digester.•Some digesters can yield 20 liters of biogas per kilogram of waste up to 800 liters per kilogram.•Factors: waste quality, digester design, temperature, system operation, presence of oxygen.•How Much Energy in Biogas?•Average fuel value of methane = 1000 BTU/ft3•1 BTU/ft3 = 37.2589 KJ/m3

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Safety of Biogas Plants

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05/02/2023Lucas wagner 201545

Advantages of Biogas Plants

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http://biofuelsacademy.org/web-modules/process/biogasproduction/biogas-overview/

Nutrition cycling

05/02/202347 http://biofuelsacademy.org/web-modules/process/biogasproduction/biogas-overview/

Biogas and Climate Change

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www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk48

Pathogens

• Typhoid, cholera and dysentery bacteria (in one or two weeks), hookworm (in three weeks)• Tapeworm and roundworm die completely only when the fermented

slurry is dried in the sun

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Reduced indoor pollution

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05/02/2023Katuwal 200951

Disadvantages• Experts are required for the design of the reactor and skilled labour

is required for the construction of a gastight tank

• Substrates need to contain high amounts of organic matter for biogas production

• Slurry may has to be further treated before reuse

• Below temperatures of 15°C, biogas production is economically not interesting (heating required)

• Requires seeding (start-up can be long due to the low growth yield of anaerobic bacteria)

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History and current situation of biogas in Pakistan• Biogas industry is well developed in China and India• In China, (2007) 6.8 million household digesters • 1000 medium and big size digester, estimated production of 2

million m3 (Jingjing 2001)

• In Tibet, residential biogas model (RBM)• First biogas plant was built in 1959 in Sindh

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Pakistan Council for Appropriate Technology (PCAT):• Domestic biogas plants gained Pakistani government’s attention as alternate energy source in 1974 Pakistan Council for Appropriate Technology (PCAT):• 21 biogas plants • fixed dome Chinese type technology• failed due to gas leakage from hair line• cracks in their structure Later on Indian design followed 10 demo units installed in Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK):• worked well• adopted for mass propagation 05/02/2023(Heedge 2008)54

Directorate General of New and Renewable Energy Resources (DGNRER) in 1986: establish 4000 biogas plants• This three tier program included 100 demonstration units sponsored by

government, • 2nd phase was on 50% subsidy • 3rd phase subsidy ended with a continuing technical support to the willing

people• program failed:• due to withdrawal of government subsidy• high costs of technology,• lack of proper training of the community members, • insufficient demonstration and very low level motivation

05/02/2023Heedge 200855

• Biogas Support Program (BSP) in 2000 • with the support of government install 1200 household biogas units, • achieved its initial mandate • expected to install another• 10,000 biogas plants in coming 5 years; • expected to achieve 27% of total biogas potential of Pakistan• Presently Pakistan Dairy Development company (PDDC):• Up to May 13, 2009 almost 450 biogas plants were installed• this number jumped to 556 implementations soon after July, 2009• The expenses per biogas unit b/w 35,000 and 40,000 PKR • Manure of 4–6 buffaloes and/or cows is enough to run each of these

domestic units• PDDC is providing 50% subsidy to the client farmers 05/02/202356

• Rural Support Programs Network (RSPN) in 2009• 70 biogas units in first year• subsidy of RKR 7500 is also given to the clients• Domestic Biogas Program is following Nepalese design of fixed• dome known as GGC 2047• Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technologies (PCRET) • 1500 household sized biogas units,• 3 community size plants• 1 big thermophillic unit, • units failed to work for a longer time and it would be wise to develop big

sized biogas plants by following Japanese technique

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Bio gas plants in Pakistan• Pakistan spends almost 7 billion US$ on import of fossil fuels annually to congregate its energy needs (Heedge 2008)• Pakistan takes the opportunity to have almost 159 million animals

producing almost 652 million kg of manure daily from cattle and buffalo only; • that can be used to generate 16.3 million m3 biogas per day and 21 million

tons of bio fertilizer per year.• A biogas unit of 10 m3 size is anticipated to save almost 92,062 PKR per

annum on account of conventional fuels spent • The need of a National policy is imperative to bring this technology at

farmer’s doorstep and boost its success rate.

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Sugarcane industry in Pakistan • fifth largest sugarcane producer in the world • production of 47,244,100 million tonnes

• 2000MW electric power by using bagasse as fuel

05/02/2023[Kevin 2006], (2000 MW, 2007)60

References1) Heedge F, Pandey B. Program implementation documentfor a national program on domestic biogas dissemination

in Pakistan; 2008.

2) Gujer W, Zehnder AJB (1983) Conversion processes in anaerobic digestion. Water Sci Technol 15:127–167

3) Caroline,T., Healther Y. 2010. Biogas potential for development in transportation. Energy biosciences institutes

4) Yadvika, Santosh, Sreekrishnan T R, Sangeeta Kohli, Vineet, and Rana. Enhancement of biogas production from solid substrates using different techniques––a review. Bioresource Tech, 2004, 95: 1-10.

5) Asif M. Sustainable energy options for Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009;13:903-9,doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.04.001.

6) Sheikh MA. Renewable energy resource potential in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009;13:2696–702, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.029.

7) http://www.betapk.org/

8) Jingjing L, Xing Z, DeLaquil P, Larson ED. Biomass energy in China and its potential. Energy for Sustainable Development 2001;5:66–80,

9) http://www.globalissues.org/article/595/energy-security

10) https://www.env.go.jp/en/aboutus/pamph/html/00pan230.html

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11) http://www.fluid-biogas.com/?page_id=131&lang=en

12) http://www.lemvigbiogas.com/GB.htm

13) http://arkincreations.tradeindia.com/frp-biodigester-tank-2166275.html

14) http://anaerobic-digestion.com/biogas-and-anaerobic-digestion/biogas-composition/

15) Braun R (1982) Biogas-Methangärung organischer Abfallstoffe,Springer Wien Zubr J (1986) Methanogenic fermentation of fresh and ensiled plant materials. Biomass 11:159–171

16) Braun R (2007) Anaerobic digestion: a multi-faceted process for energy, environmental management and rural development. In: Ranalli P (ed) Improvement of crop plants for industrial end uses. Springer, Dordrecht pp. 335–415

17) Oechsner H, Lemmer A (2009) Was kann die Hydrolyse bei der Biogasvergärung leisten? VDI-Ber 2057:37–46

18) Umar K., Mirza., Nasir A., Tariq M.2007.An overview of biogas energy utilization in Pakistan. Science direct renewable and sustainable energy reviews 12(2008) 1988-1996

19) http://www.motherearthnews.com/renewable-energy/how-to-make-biogas-in-5-easy-steps-zbcz1410.aspx

20) http://www.instructables.com/id/Biogas-at-home-Cheap-and-Easy/

21) Lucas wagner.2015. Risk assessment and safety guidelines of biogas plants. German biogas association

22) http://biofuelsacademy.org/web-modules/process/biogasproduction/biogas-overview/

23) http://tanglewoodorganics.com/?page_id=10305/02/202362

THANK YOU !!

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