Digestate handling. Logistics of biomass for biogas Co-substrates.
Biogas Digestate Land Application Crolla07
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Transcript of Biogas Digestate Land Application Crolla07
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7/30/2019 Biogas Digestate Land Application Crolla07
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Assessment of the Production and LandApplication of Anaerobically Digested Manurefrom Medium Sized Livestock Farms
Anna Crolla1, Chris Kinsley1,mie Dsilets2,Elizabeth Pattey3, Ray Desjardins3, Bonnie Ball-Coelho3, Tarlok Sahota4
Growing the Margins:Energy Conservation and Generation for Farms and Food Processors
1 University of Guelph Campus dAlfred, 2 Dairy Farmers of Canada,3 Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 4 Thunder Bay Agricultural Research Station
April 11-14, 2007
London Convention Centre, London, Ontario
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Project Objectives
1. Evaluate the production of biogas and electricity fromdairy manure.
2. Evaluate enhanced biogas production through theaddition of high organic agricultural and non-agricultural feedstocks.
3. Assess the fate of nutrients, GHGs and pathogensfrom the storage and land application of digestedversus undigested manure, and subsequent
environmental and agronomic impacts.4. Conduct Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) for anaerobicdigestion systems on medium sized dairy farms.
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Project Overview Anaerobic Digesters:
Construction of 2 anaerobic digesters on dairy
farms in Eastern Ontario Monitoring of 4 anaerobic digesters Evaluate use of co-substrates for enhanced
biogas production (pilot & full scales) Land Application Trials:
Land application trials for GHGmeasurements
Land application trials for fate of nutrients and
pathogens in soil and water
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Anaerobic Digesters
1. Fepro Farms (160 dairy cows) Cobden, Ontario2. EEC Energy Corp. (105 dairy cows) Thunder Bay, Ontario
3. Terryland Farm (150 dairy cows) St. Eugene, Ontario (newly built)4. Pinehedge Farm (55 dairy cows) St. Eugene, Ontario (newly built)
Monitoring Parameters
Digester System Performance Environmental Impacts
Biogas production & CH4 concentration Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
Electricity & heat production E.coliCOD Salmonella
Volatile solids C.perfringens
pH Enterococci
Temperature CH4 emissions
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Fepro Farm Digester
Owned by Paul and Fritz Klaesi 160 dairy cows Mesophilic system (40oC) 500 m3 completely mixed
reactor 20 m3 day-1 loading rate of raw
manure with HRT of 25 days Co-digestion of FOG (2007) 65 kW generator Electricity production to be sold
to grid Heat production used to heat
digester, 2 homes and part ofbarn
Operating for 3 years
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Terryland and Pinehedge Farms
Two digesters owned byGeorge and Josef Heinzle
Construction completed andoperation to start spring 2007
Mesophilic systems 800 m3 digester Terryland: conventional dairy
with 150 cows Pinehedge: organic dairy with
55 cows and yoghurt facility Co-digestion with corn silage 180kW and 100kW generators Electricity to be sold to grid and
heat used in yoghurt facility
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Electricity and Heat Production
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 8- Ma y- 06 2 7- Ju n- 06 1 6- A ug -0 6 05 -O ct- 06 24 -Nov - 06 13 -Ja n- 07 04 -Ma r- 07 2 3- A pr -0 7
Date
DailyBio
gasVolume(m3)andDaily
Elect
ricityProduction(k
Wh)
E lec tric ity B iogas
Example: Fepro Farm Digester, Cobden, ON
Klaesi Digester EEC DigesterBiogas
(m3 day-1)
Electricity
(kWh day-1)
Heat
(Btu h-1)
Biogas
(m3 day-1)
Heat
(Btu h-1)
Mean 419 713 300,000 357 210,000STDEV 43 79 23
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Odours Odours: ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acids
(VFA), phenolic compounds
95 % reduction of VFAsExample: Fepro Farm Digester, Cobden, ON
Concentration of Volatile Fatty Acids (mg L-1)
Raw Manure Digested Manure
AceticAcid
PropionicAcid
ButyricAcid
TVFA AceticAcid
PropionicAcid
ButyricAcid
TVFA
Average 5090 1500 951 7542 322 81 1 398STDEV 1680 542 454 2550 179 81 6 228
% Red. 93.7 94.6 99.9 94.7
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Pathogens
E.coli in rawmanure sample
E.coli in digestedmanure sample
70-95% reduction in pathogens (~ 1-2 logs)Examples: Digesters at Fepro Farm, Cobden, ON & EEC, Thunder Bay, ONGeometric Mean Bacteria Concentrations (CFU 100mL
-1)
Klaesi Digester EEC Digester
RawManure
DigestedManure
LogReduction
RawManure
DigestedManure
LogReduction
E.coli 5.15 E+07 4.46 E+05 4.99 E+05 3.03 E+04
Log STDEV 0.97 0.78 0.48 0.46
Salmonella 1.25 E+06 5.95 E+04 2.12 E+05 1.84 E+04
Log STDEV 0.54 0.67 0.33 0.21
C.perfringens 1.37 E+07 2.90 E+06 6.89 E+05 2.97 E+04
Log STDEV 0.67 0.51 0.57 0.41Enterococci 2.16 E+07 1.66 E+06 1.32 E+06 5.97 E+04
Log STDEV 0.59 0.78 0.25 0.52
1.341.12
1.370.67
1.061.32
1.222.06
Pathogens
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CH4 Emissions at Fepro Farms
Source: Drs. Ray Desjardins & Matthew McBain (AAFC Ottawa)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
298.2 298.4 298.6 298.8 299 299.2 299.4 299.6
Day of Year (DOY)
WholeFarmEmissionRate(mgCH4s-1)
Biodigester disabled
Biodigester enabled
CH4 emissions from storage with digestion = 56 kg CH4 head-1 year -1
CH4 emissions from storage without digestion = 245 kg CH4 head-1 year -1
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Land Application Trials
Water and Soil Samples Air Measurements
Nutrients : NH4+
, NO3-
, o-PO43-
, TP,Organic-N NH3 & N2O
E.coli Plant Samples
Salmonella Nutrients: Yield, Total-N, Total-P
C.perfringens
Enterococci
University of Guelph at Alfred Monitoring of soil and waterafter land application of raw manure, digested manure andinorganic fertilizer.
AAFC at Ottawa Monitoring of soil and air after landapplication of raw manure, digested manure and inorganicfertilizer.
Thunder Bay Research Station Monitoring of soil after landapplication of raw manure, digested manure and inorganic
fertilizer.Monitoring Parameters
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Gas Measurements from Land
Application Trials CFIA plots Three 8 ha plots
Tunable Diode Laser (TDL) usedto measure N2O gradients at 1.5mand 2.5m above the displacementheight at east and west bounds
TDL takes continuousmeasurements during manureapplication and field work
Crop rotation wheat/corn/corn
Fall 2005 application of raw anddigested manure Spring 2006 application of urea Spring 2007 application of raw and
digested manure
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Land Application Trials at CFIA Plots
Location: CFIA Plots in Ottawa October 2005
Spray broadcast of manure with incorporation within 24 hours
Gas Emissions from Land Application Trials
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Harvested spring Wheat Field (CFIA, Ottawa))
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111
Calendar Days (2006)
FN2O(mgN2O-Nm-2d
-1)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5560
65
70
75
80
85
Rain(mm
d-1);Snow(cm)
Rain
Snow (cm)
FN2O-N raw + sterilized
FN2O Biodigested
Total Emissions:Biodigested =2.4 kg N ha-1
Raw + Sterilized =1.5 kg N ha-1
Gas Emissions from Land Application Trials
Fall 2005 Raw & Digested Manure Applications
Source: Dr. Elizabeth Pattey (AAFC Ottawa)
Raw ManureApplication 40.4 m3 ha-1 75.0 kg total N ha-1
56.0 kg inorganic N ha-1(53.0 kg NH4+ -N ha-1, 3.0 kg NO3- -N ha-1)
Digested Manure
Application 40.4 m3
ha-1
86.5 kg total N ha-1
76.9 kg inorganic N ha-1
(74.6 kg NH4+
-N ha-1
, 2.3 kg NO3-
-N ha-1
)
Gas Emissions from Land Application Trials
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CFIA Field 14
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150
Calendar Day (2006)
NH3
Flux
(m
g
NH3-Nm
-2d
-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Precipitation
(m
m
d-1)
Precipitation
Ammonia Fluxes
Urea application:
CD 130
Total emissions:
2.98 kg NH3-N ha-1
Corn Field 14 (CFIA, Ottawa)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Calendar Day (2006)
N2OFlux(
mgN2O-Nm-2d
-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Precipitation(mmd-1)
PrecipitationN2O Fluxes
1.9 kg N2O-N ha-1
NH3 Flux N2O Flux
Gas Emissions from Land Application Trials
Spring 2006 Application of Urea
Source: Dr. Elizabeth Pattey (AAFC Ottawa)Urea application: 136 kg N ha
-1
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Plot Trials at Alfred Campus
Sandy soil plots Clay soil plots with surface and
subsurface drains Twelve 0.15 ha plots (15 m x 100 m) Plots hydraulically isolated with liner
between plots to a depth of 2 m Surface drains at 15 cm depth and
subsurface drains at 1 m depth 3 m wells around plot perimeter Application of raw and digested
manure and inorganic fertilizer in
both spring and fall (spray broadcastand incorporated within 24 hrs) Low N loading: 75 kg N ha-1 (L) High N loading: 140 kg N ha-1 (H)
Crop rotation barley/corn/corn
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Alfred Plots Layout of Clay Soil Plots
Plo
t#1-Contr
ol
Plo
t#2Raw
Manure
Plo
t#3Dig.Manure
Plo
t#4-Fertilizer
Plo
t#5Raw
Manure
Plo
t#6Dig.Manure
Plo
t#7-Fertilizer
Plo
t#8-Control
Plo
t#9Raw
Manure
Plo
t#10Dig.Manure
Plo
t#11-Fertilizer
Plo
t#12-Control
FieldStation
Both surface and subsurface water drainage are collected
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Alfred Field Station
All 24 drains run into
basement of cabin Flow measured using tippingbuckets (datalogged)
Flow proportional composite
samples are taken (tippingbuckets control samplingpumps)
Nitrates in Drainage Waters
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Nitrates in Drainage WatersRaw Manure Digested Manure
Raw Dairy ManureFall Application
0.002.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
10-Sep
-06
25-Sep
-06
10-Oct
-06
25-Oct
-06
09-Nov-06
24-Nov-06
09-Dec
-06
24-Dec
-06
08-Jan
-07
23-Jan
-07
Date
Flo
w-weightedMeanNO3-N
Concentrations,mg/L
Surface Drains Subsurface Drains
05
10
15202530
10-Sep
-06
25-Sep
-06
10-Oct-
06
25-Oct-
06
9-No
v-06
24-N
ov-06
9-De
c-06
24-Dec
-06
8-Jan-07
23-Jan
-07
Date
Precipitation,mm
Digested Dairy Manure
Fall Application
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
10-Sep
-06
25-Sep
-06
10-Oct
-06
25-Oct
-06
09-Nov
-06
24-Nov
-06
09-Dec
-06
24-Dec
-06
08-Jan
-07
23-Jan
-07
Date
Flo
w-weightedMeanNO3-N
Concentrations,mg/L
Surface Drains Subsurface Drains
05
1015
20
2530
10-Sep
-06
25-Sep
-06
10-Oct-
06
25-Oct-
06
9-No
v-06
24-N
ov-06
9-De
c-06
24-Dec
-06
8-Jan-07
23-Jan
-07
Date
Precipitation,mm
Manure Manure
Spring 2006 Fall 2006
Raw Manure (56.0 kg NH4+ -N ha-1,3.6 kg NO3
- -N ha-1)4.75 5.97 3.99 3.78
Application of75 kg total N ha-1 Surface Drains Subsurface Drains Surface Drains Subsurface Drains
7.95
4.92
5.72
3.82
Digested Manure (63.7 kg NH4+ -N
ha-1, 3.1 kg NO3- -N ha-1)
8.55 4.26
Inorganic Fertilizer (68 kg NH4+ -Nha-1)
7.61 2.81
Flow-weighted Mean Concentrations in Drains (mg L-1)
E li i D i W t d i F ll
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E.coli in Drainage Waters during Fall
Digested Dairy ManureFall Application
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Days
E.coliConcentra
tions(Log10cts/100mL)
Surface Drains Subsur face Drains
0
5
10
15
20
25
22/11/2006
24/11/2006
26/11/20
06
28/11/20
06
30/11/2006
02/12/20
06
04/12/2006
06/12/20
06
08/12/20
06
10/12/20
06
12/12/20
06
14/12/2006
16/12/20
06
18/12/2006
Date
Precipitation,mm
Raw Dairy ManureFall Application
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 1 6 17 18 1 9 20 21 22 2 3 24 25 26 27Days
E.coliConcentration(Log10cts/100mL)
Surface Drains Subsur face Drains
0
5
10
15
20
25
22/11/20
06
24/11/20
06
26/11/20
06
28/11/20
06
30/11/20
06
02/12/20
06
04/12/20
06
06/12/20
06
08/12/20
06
10/12/20
06
12/12/20
06
14/12/20
06
16/12/20
06
18/12/20
06
Date
Precipitation,mm
Raw Manure Digested Manure
E.coli Salmonella C.perfringens Enterococci
Raw Manure - Surface Drains 7.22 E+03 4.66 E+03 1.23 E+03
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On-going Work Digesters:
- Continue monitoring digesters for reactorperformance and environmental impacts
- Monitor increased biogas production at Klaesi andHeinzle digesters using co-substrates
- Continue monitoring CH4 emissions
Land Application Trials:- Monitor NH3 and N2O emissions from spring
application of raw and digested manures
- Monitor nutrients and pathogens in drainage waterand soils with higher manure application rate- Determine transport of nutrients and pathogens
through soil to drainage waters
P j t P t
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Project Partners Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Dr. Elizabeth Pattey, Dr. Ray Desjardins & Dr. Bonnie Ball-Coelho Dairy Farmers of Canada
mie Dsilets University of Guelph
Anna Crolla & Chris Kinsley Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
Don Hilborn, Jake DeBruyn, Pamela Joosse & Duff MacKinnon University of Ottawa
Dr. Kevin Kennedy Thunder Bay Agricultural Research Centre
Dr. Tarlok Sahota Fepro Farms Klaesi Family Terryland Farms Heinzle Family Pinehedge Farms Heinzle Family
EEC Energy Corporation Jeff Stubbings