Biofuels for Europe – a sustainable option? · Political targets for RES in Germany. Renewable...

Biofuels for Europe – a sustainable option?

Nils Rettenmaier

The Green Bug Lectures University of Hohenheim, 22 November 2011

ifeu

–

Institute for Energy andEnvironmental Research Heidelberg

IFEU -

Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg, since 1978

• Independent scientific research institute

•

organised as a private non profit company with currently about 40 employees

• Research / consulting on environmental aspects of-

Energy (including Renewable Energy)

-

Transport -

Waste Management

-

Life Cycle Analyses -

Environmental Impact Assessment

-

Renewable Resources -

Environmental Education

Who we are -

What we do

Who we are -

What we do

IFEU focuses regarding the topic of biomass

•

Research

/ consulting on environmental aspects of -

transport biofuels

-

biomass-based electricity and heat -

biorefinery systems

-

biobased

materials-

agricultural goods and food

-

cultivation systems (conventional agriculture, organic farming, etc.)

• Potentials and future scenarios

• Technologies / technology comparisons

• CO2

avoidance costs

• Sustainability aspects / valuation models

TREMOD: Transport Emission Model•

Modelling emissions of road vehicles, trains,

ships and airplanes

•

Official database of the German Ministries for emission reporting

Life cycle analyses (LCA) and technology impact assessments since 1990:

• Biofuels (all biofuels, all applications)

• Alternative transportation modes

•

Renewable Energy

Who we are -

What we do

Who we are -

What we do

IFEU -

Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg, since 1978

Our clients (on biomass studies) -

World Bank

-

UNEP, FAO, UNFCCC, GTZ, etc. -

European Commission

-

National and regional Ministries -

Associations (industrial, scientific)

-

Local authorities -

WWF, Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth etc.

-

Companies (Daimler, German Telecom, Shell etc.) -

Foundations (German Foundation on Environment, etc.)

Biofuels for Europe – a sustainable option?

Nils Rettenmaier

The Green Bug Lectures University of Hohenheim, 22 November 2011

ifeu

–

Institute for Energy andEnvironmental Research Heidelberg

Bioenergy: Energy from biomass

Bio- mass

Transport

FuelEnergy

House- holds

Biomass: Resource for biofuels

•

Residues from:•

Forestry and wood processing industry

•

Agriculture and food processing industry

•

Biomass from:•

Forestry (woody biomass)

•

Agriculture (woody and herbaceous biomass)

Bio- mass

Dedi- cated

crops

Resi-dues

TransportFuel

•

Organic waste from:•

Households, industry and trade

Liquid biofuels: Modern bioenergy

Source: IPCC SRREN 2011

Global (bio-)energy use


27%

33%

21%

6%

2%

10%1%

Coal Oil GasNuclear Hydro Biomass

& wasteOther

renewables

Source: IEA WEO 2010

Global Primary Energy Use

Political targets for RES in Germany

Renewable energy sources as a share of energy supply in Germany

3.8

9.4

2.90.4

3.96.4

9.5

5.8

17.0

10.9

18.0 1)

minimum 35.0 1)

14.0 1)

10.0 1,2)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Share of RES in total finalenergy consumption

(electricity, heat, fuels)

Share of RES in total grosselectricity consumption

Share of RES in totalenergy consumption for

heat

Share of RES in fuelconsumption for road traffic

Share of RES in totalprimary energyconsumption

Shar

e in

[%]

2000 2002 2004 2006 2007

2008 2009 2010 2020

1) Sources: Targets of the German Government according to Energy Concept, Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG); Renewable Energy Sources Heat Act (EEWärmeG), EU-Directive 2009/28/EC;2) Total consumption of engine fuels, excluding fuel in air traffic; 3) Calculated using efficiency method; Source: Working Group on Energy Balances e.V. (AGEB);

RES: Renewable Energy Sources; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); image: BMU / Brigitte Hiss; as at: July 2011; all figures provisional

2)

3)

Targets:

Gross final energyconsumption

Transport sector

Source: BMU 2011

Legal framework for biofuels

Year Total quota

Diesel quota

Petrol quota

2007 - 4,40% 1,20%2008 - 2,00%2009 6,25% 2,80%2010 6,75% 3,60%2011 7,00%2012 7,25%2013 7,50%2014 7,75%2015 8,00%

Germany

Biofuels Quota Act (18 Dec 2006)

Europe

Directive 2003/30/EC (8 May 2003)

Year Total quota

Diesel quota

Petrol quota

2010 5,75% - -

Directive 2009/28/EC (23 Apr 2009)

Year Total quota

Diesel quota

Petrol quota

2020 10,00% - -

Year Total quota

Diesel quota

Petrol quota

2007 - 4,40% 1,20%2008 - 2,00%2009 5,25% 2,80%2010 6,25%2011201220132014

•

Note: % relates to energy content

Future role of biofuels

IEA 2011

IPCC SRREN 2011

Why biofuels ?

•

Legal frameworks:•

Promoting the use of biofuels [...] could create new opportunities for sustainable rural development

in a more market-orientated

common agriculture policy…•

Greater use of biofuels for transport forms a part of the package of measures needed to comply with the Kyoto Protocol…

•

Increased use of biofuels for transport [...] is one of the tools by which the Community can reduce its dependence on imported energy and influence the fuel market for transport and hence the security of energy supply in the medium and long term..

Source: EU Directive 2003/30/EC

Why biofuels ?

1.

Goal: Sustainable rural development•

Excess food production

•

Land set aside (taken out of production)•

After a few years, cultivation of energy and industrial crops on set-aside land was permitted

•

Introduction of an energy crop premium•

Diversification needed: Farmers were dependent on food and feed production

Why biofuels ?

2.

Goal: Climate protection•

Transport sector should contribute to climate protection

•

Multiple options, among others substitution of conventional fuels by more environmentally benign fuels (CNG, LPG or biofuels)•

Biofuels are considered to be environmentally friendly

•

Liquid biofuels suitable for blending

Why biofuels ?

3.

Goal: Security of energy supply•

Germany / Europe dependent on imported energy

•

Diversification: Transport sector dependent on crude oil

Outline

•

Introduction

•

Challenging two hypotheses behind biofuels•

Climate protection

•

Life cycle assessment (LCA)•

Impact of land use changes on GHG balances

•

Sustainability criteria, certification and the iLUC

problem•

Security of energy supply

•

Land availability, biomass potentials & bioenergy trade

•

Conclusions

•

Introduction

•


Climate protection

•



•


problem•


•

Land availability, biomass potentials & bioenergy

trade

•

Conclusions

Sustainable development

Brundtland Commission of the United Nations (1987):

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Environment Econ

omy

Society

Environment Econ

omy

Society

Environmental advantages and disadvantages:

+•

CO2

neutral

•

Save energetic resources

•

Organic waste reduction

•

Less transport

•

etc.

–•

Land use

•

Eutrophication of surface water

•

Water pollution by pesticides

•

Energy intensive production

•

etc.

Total:

positive or negative

?

Environmental impacts of biofuels

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

ISO 14040 & 14044

Life cycle assessment (LCA)


LCA: Life cycle comparison

Resource extraction

BiofuelFossil fuelFertiliser

Fuel Pesticides

Agriculture

Co-products

Credits

Fallow maintenance

Equivalent products

Raw material production

Utilisation

Transport

Processing


Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

ISO 14040 & 14044


Inventory analysis

Outputs

e.g.:

- CO2

- SO2

- CH4

- NOX

- NH3

- N2

O- HCl- CO- C6

H6

- VOC

Inputs

e.g.:

- natural gas- crude oil- brown coal - hard coal- uranium- water

Resource extraction

BiofuelFossil fuelFertiliser

Fuel Pesticides

AgricultureRaw material production

Utilisation

Transport

Processing

LCA: Inventory analysis

Starting point: Mass and energy flows


Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

ISO 14040 & 14044


Impact assessment

LCA: Impact assessment

Impact category Parameter Substances (LCI)Resource depletion Sum of depletable

primary energy carriers

Mineral resources

Water

Crude oil, natural gas, coal, uranium, …

Lime, clay, metal ores, salt, pyrite, …

Water

Greenhouse effect CO2

equivalents Carbon dioxide, dinitrogen monoxide, methane, different CFCs, methyl bromide, …

Ozone depletion CFC-11 equivalents CFC, halons, methyl bromide, dinitrogen

monoxide…

Acidification SO2

equivalents Sulphur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, …

Terrestrial & aquatic eutrophication

PO4

equivalents Nitrogen oxides, ammonia, phosphate, nitrate

Summer smog C2

H4

equivalent Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, …

Example 1: Rapeseed oil biodiesel

Crude oil extraction

Utilisation

RME

Utilisation

Diesel fuelFertiliser

Fuel Pesticides

Rape seed cultivation

Glycerine

conventional products

Credits

Glycerine

Transport Oil pressing

Refining Trans- esterification

Rape seed meal Soy meal

Fallow maintenance

Agricultural products

Results: RME versus diesel fuel

Resource depletion

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60[MJ CED / kg diesel or diesel eq.]

Credits

RME

Diesel

Expenditures

Balance(RME minus diesel)

Contribution in favour of RME

Contribution in favour of diesel

Machine work Reference system ProductionMaterial inputs Soy bean meal (agric.) UtilisationOil pressing Soy bean meal (transp.)Transesterification GlycerineUtilisation

RME Credits Diesel

Source: IFEU 2006


Greenhouse effect

-4 -2 0 2 4

Machine workReference system Production

Material inputsSoy bean meal (agric.) Utilisation

Oil pressingSoy bean meal (transp.)

TransesterificationGlycerine

Utilisation

RME Credits Diesel

RME

Diesel


[kg CO2 eq. / kg diesel or diesel eq.]

Credits Expenditures



Agricultural system

Source: IFEU 2006


Nitrous oxide emissions

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

ProductionUtilisation

Diesel

RME

Diesel


[g N2 O / kg diesel or diesel eq.]

Credits Expenditures



Machine workReference system

Material inputsSoy bean meal (agric.)

Oil pressingSoy bean meal (transp.)

TransesterificationGlycerine

Utilisation

RME CreditsAgricultural system

Source: IFEU 2006

←

Advantages for biodiesel Advantages for diesel fuel →

→ 1109

-400 -200 0 200 400 600

Energy demand

Greenhouse effect

Acidification

Eutrophication

Photo smog

Nitrous oxide inhabitant equivalentsper 1000 ha

*

*

one parameter for ozone depletion


Source: IFEU 2006


Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

ISO 14040 & 14044


Interpretation

1.

Rapeseed oil biodiesel (RME) shows environmental advantages as well as disadvantages

when compared to conventional diesel fuel.2.

RME shows advantages

with regard to non-

renewable energy resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (as long as no land use change

is occuring).

3.

In contrast, RME shows disadvantages

with regard to acidification, eutrophication and nitrous oxide emissions.

4.

The results don‘t show clear tendencies with regard to summer smog.

Results: Biofuels versus fossil fuels

5.

An objective decision

for or against RME cannot be made. However, based on a subjective value system a decision is possible.

6.

If, for example, energy saving and greenhouse effect is given the highest priority, RME performs better than conventional diesel fuel.

Results: Biofuels versus fossil fuels

Outline

•

Introduction

•


Climate protection

•



•


problem•


•


•

Conclusions

•

Introduction

•


Climate protection

•



•


problem•


•


trade

•

Conclusions

Example 2: Palm oil biodiesel (PME)Characteristics:Name: Oil palme

(Elaeis guineensis)Family: Palms (Arecaceae)Fruit: Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB)Yield: ca. 20 t FFB / (ha*a) and 4 t

Palm oil / (ha*a), respectively

Palm kernel: Palm kernel

oil

/ Press cake

Fibres

Pulp: Palm oil

PME: Life cycle comparison

Palm oil

Oil palm plantation

Transport

Extraction

& refining

Palm kernel

oil

Press cake

Tensides

Soy meal

Fibres & Shells Power mix

Empty fruit bunches

Mineral

fertiliser

Waste water Power mix

Trans-

esterification Glycerine Chemicals

PME

Crude oil ex-

traction and

pre-treatment

Processing

Transport

Diesel fuel

Ancillary products

Alternative land use

Product Process Reference system

Results: PME versus diesel fuel

-100 -50 0 50 100 150

Energy savings

Greenhouse effect

Eutrophication

Acifidication

Summer smog*

Summer smog**

Nitrous oxide

Advant. Disadvantage

IE / 100 ha

PME

Impact on greenhouse effect can be negative, if land use changes are occuring

Source: IFEU 2009

Environmental impacts

Land use change

Definition:•

Transition from one land use category to another,

e.g. forest land to cropland.

•

Direct land use change (dLUC):

Source: IFEU 2008

Europe: importing biomass

or biofuel

(1) tropical producer country: (certified) good practiseproduction of biomass for export

(2) replaces natural eco-system, a natural forest

DIRECT INDUCTIONOF FOREST LOGGING

Impacts of land use changes

Food & feed crops

Protected& otherhigh-nature value areas

Energy crops/ plantations

Loss of biodiversity

Forests, wetlands

Deforestation,carbon release

„unused“

land(marginal, degraded)

?

Source: Öko

2008 based on Girard 2005

Environment: loss of biodiversity; GHG emissions

Socio-economy: displacement of indigenous people

LUC and loss of biodiversity

Degraded and “idle” land

Used landUnused land

but: risk for biodiversity if not properly mapped.

Areas of high natural conservation value

(HNV)

Protected area

Cultivating bioenergy: no displacement, more organic C in soils…

Source: Öko

2008

LUC and life-cycle GHG emissions

Agriculture = 3rd

biggest emitterLULUC together 32%*

*LAND USEfood, fodder+fibre

: bioenergy

= 40 : 1

Source: Öko

2008

Others7% Power generation

25%

Land use change including deforestation

18%

Agriculture without land use change

14%

Transport14%

Industry14%

Housing8%

LUC example: Palm oil biodiesel

Palm oil

Oil palm plantation

Transport

Extraction

& refining

Palm kernel

oil

Press cake

Tensides

Soy meal

Fibres & Shells Power mix

Empty fruit bunches

Mineral

fertiliser

Waste water Power mix

Trans-

esterification Glycerine Chemicals

PME

Crude oil ex-

traction and

pre-treatment

Processing

Transport

Diesel fuel

Ancillary products

Alternative land use

Product Process Reference system

LUC example: Palm oil biodiesel

* Including use of hard wood

Oil palm plantation

Natural forest *

Peat forest *

Tropical fallow

Oil palm plantation through cutting of tropical forests

Oil palm plantation on marginal degraded land

LUC: Carbon stock changes

Carbon stock changes

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

Continuous

use

Devastation

after use

Duration 25, 100 or 500 a

Carbon

Natural forest

Degraded land

Plantation

Source: IFEU 2006

LUC: Impact on GHG balance

Source: IFEU 2009

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

Tropical fallowPeat

forestNatural forest

Diesel fuelTropical fallowPeat

forestNatural forest

tonnes CO2

equiv. / (ha*yr)

Expenditures

Advantage Disadvantage

Credits

Balances

Expenditures PME:

All transports

Soy meal

POME CH4

Tensides

Credits PME:

Utilisation

Utilisation

Diesel fuel:Production

Production

ChemicalsLand use changeCultivation

Negative GHG balances if natural forests are cleared

Greenhouse effect

GHG balances of biofuels

Source: IFEU 2009

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Sunflower biodiesel

Rapeseed biodiesel

Canola biodiesel

Oil palm biodiesel (natural forest)

Oil palm biodiesel (peat forest)

Oil palm biodiesel (tropical fallow)

Soy bean biodiesel (natural forest)

Soy bean biodiesel (fallow)

Jatropha biodiesel (shrubland)

Jatropha biodiesel (fallow)

tonnes CO2

equiv. / (ha*yr)

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

GJ primary energy / (ha*yr)

Advantage Disadvantage for biofuel

65

Temperate climate

Tropical climate

(Sub)tropical

climate

107 -

122

Outline

•

Introduction

•


Climate protection

•



•


problem•


•


•

Conclusions

•

Introduction

•


Climate protection

•



•


problem•


•


trade

•

Conclusions

Criticism of Biofuels

Sweet Danger for WildernessEthanol from Sugarcane

Clear-cutting for diesel Forest theft for biofuels

Sustainability criteria / certification

„Criteria for a Sustainable Use of Bioenergy

on a

Global Scale“Report commissioned by the Federal En-

vironment

Agency (UBA), Dessau, in co-

operation with FSC Germany & K. Lanje

IFEU Authors: Horst Fehrenbach, Jürgen

Giegrich

& Guido Reinhardt

Final report: January 2008

To be continued by IFEU and Öko-Institute:

“Development of strategies and sustainability standards for certification of biomass for international trade”


Europe: RE Directive

Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy

from renewable sources

Germany: Sustain. ordinance

Ordinance on requirements for sustainable production of

biofuels

(Biokraft-NachV

)


•

Criteria:•

The greenhouse gas emission saving

from the use of

biofuels and other bioliquids

shall be 35%

(50% from 2017)•

Biofuels and other bioliquids

shall not be made from raw

material obtained from land with high biodiversity value

(e.g. primary forests), high carbon stock

(e.g. wetlands) or

peatlands.•

Agricultural raw materials cultivated in the Community and used for the production of biofuels and other bioliquids

shall

be obtained in accordance with the minimum requirements for good agricultural and environmental condition.

•

Open issue:•

Inclusion of indirect land use changeInclusion of indirect land use change

Indirect land use change (iLUC)


or biofuel


(2) replaces previously givencultivation on the same acreage

(3) the previous cropping is displaced to an area somewhere else

(4) the area somewhere else is likely to be forest

INDIRECT INDUCTION OF FOREST LOGGING


or biofuel


(2) replaces previously givencultivation on the same acreage

(3) the previous cropping is displaced to an area somewhere else

(4) the area somewhere else is likely to be forest


Source: IFEU 2008

Indirect land use change (iLUC)

Europe: expanding domestic biomass production

for biofuel

(1) (certified) good practiseproduction of biomass

(2) replaces previously givencultivation on the same acreage, e.g. animal food

(3) animal food will be imported increasingly, e.g. from tropical countries

(4) the required area for animal food production is likely to be forest


Europe: expanding domestic biomass production

for biofuel

(1) (certified) good practiseproduction of biomass

(2) replaces previously givencultivation on the same acreage, e.g. animal food

(3) animal food will be imported increasingly, e.g. from tropical countries

(4) the required area for animal food production is likely to be forest


Source: IFEU 2008

Certification: Challenges

•

Traditional uses: •

Palm oil: cooking oil, margarine, soap, candles

•

Palm kernel oil: frying fat, confectionery, detergents, cosmetics

•

Press cake: animal feed

•

Future uses: •

Palm oil: liquid biofuel

(PPO or biodiesel)

Threat: Certified “green” palm oil in our cars but unsustainable palm oil in our margarine or detergent !

•

Energy use: •

“Only” 5% up to now, but huge potential !

Certification: Challenges

•

Displacement = generic problem of restricted system boundaries•

Accounting problem of partial analysis („just“ biofuels, no explicit modeling

of agro + forestry sectors)

•

All incremental land-uses imply indirect effects

•

Analytical and

political implications •

Analysis: which displacement when & where?

•

Policy: which instruments? Partial certification schemes do not help, but have „spill-over“ effects

•

Future global GHG regime with cap

for all sectors & countries: no leakage = no indirect effects!

Source: Öko

2008

Any agricultural land use, i.e. also food and feed production, must be included in a certification scheme !

Outline

•

Introduction

•


Climate protection

•



•


problem•


•


•

Conclusions

•

Introduction

•


Climate protection

•



•


problem•


•


trade

•

Conclusions

Biomass: Renewable and versatile

Bio- mass

Transport

Fuel

IndustryFibre

HumansFood

Energy

House- holds

AnimalsFeed

Land –

a limited resource

Only 12% of the earth’s surface is used as arable land

Another 13% potentially suitable (quality?) Source: IFEU 2008

Increased demand for land

•

Intensified production on existing agricultural land, e.g. to the detriment of agro-environmental programs

•

Re-utilisation of set-aside land, which had been taken out of use for nature quality reasons (among others)

•

Expansion of agricultural land

through conversion of natural ecosystems (e.g. grasslands or forests)

Land use change

•

Reclamation of idle or degraded land, which possibly needs high input, e.g. intensive irrigation of semi-arid regions.

Increased land use competition and conflicts

Land use change

Biomass potentials: Parameters


Global biomass potentials


European biomass potentials

Source: BEE 2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055

EJ /

yr

IEA Current policies IEA New policies IEA 450 BEE 2010

Energy demand

Biomass potential

Global bioenergy trade


Outline

•

Introduction

•


Climate protection

•



•


problem•


•


•

Conclusions

•

Introduction

•


Climate protection

•



•


problem•


•


trade

•

Conclusions

Conclusions

1.

LCA is a suitable tool for the assessment of a product‘s environmental impacts. Energy and GHG balances only show part of the picture, i.e. other impacts have to be considered, too.

2.

LCA results

show

that

biofuels are

associated with

both

positive and negative environmental

impacts, i.e. the

use

of biomass

is

not

environmentally

friendly

per se, simply

because

biomass

is

a renewable

resource3.

Biofuels usually

show advantages with regard

to non-renewable energy resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (as long as no land use change is occurring).

Conclusions

4.

Direct

and indirect

land use

changes

have

a significant

impact

on GHG balances

which

can

even

turn out negative, i.e. biofuels would cause more

GHG emissions

than

fossil fuels.

The

contribution

to climate

protection

is questionable.

5.

Sustainability

criteria

and certification

are

a step

into

the

right direction, but

have

to be

extended

to solid and gaseous

biofuels or

–

at best –

to all kinds

of biomass

uses.

6.

Indirect

effects

have

to be

addressed, not

only in terms

of GHG balance

but

also regarding

biodiversity

and food

security

Conclusions

7.

Land availability

and biomass

potentials

are constrained, i.e. different land uses

and

biomass

uses

are

competing8.

Strategies

for

an optimal allocation

of biomass

to different sectors

have

to be

developed (including

bio-based

materials

etc.)

9.

Due

to limited

biomass

potentials

in Europe, a significant

import

of biomass

will be

necessary.

Security

of energy

supply

might

be

increased due

to larger number

of suppliers, however,

seasonal/ annual

variability

might

increase

risk.10.

The

largest

unexploited

resource

is

energy

efficiency

which

needs

to be

prioritised

over simple substitution.

Thank you for your attention !Nils Rettenmaier

Contact:[email protected]

+ 49 -

6221 -

4767 -

0 / -

24

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