Biofuel

Biofuel with particular focus on Jatropha curcas as biodiesel

Biofuel with particular focus on Jatropha curcas as biodiesel

Dr. Nandita Singh

ScientistNational Botanical Research Institute

(Council for Scientific & Industrial Research)

Lucknow (India)

Increase in worldwide energy consumption

Increase in worldwide energy consumption

BiofuelBiofuel

obtained from agricultural feed stocksform of energy that can be easily transported and stored, thus tradableenvironmentally friendly products

Three pillars for Biofuel production

Three pillars for Biofuel production

Liquid biofuelsLiquid biofuels

Alcohol fuels : Ethanol and MethanolVegetable oils: Derived from plant seeds

India ranks sixth in terms of energy demands (3.5% of world’s commercial energy)

Demand for energy: growing by 4.8 %

Diesel consumption: 40 % of energy

Demand for diesel: 40 million tonsRoad transport : 75 %

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National Scenario

“Bio-Diesel” refers to the neat ethyl or methyl esters of

vegetable oils

“Bio-Diesel” refers to the neat ethyl or methyl esters of

vegetable oils

Biodiesel is a domestically produced renewable liquid fuel that can be manufactured from the oils and fats of plants. It contains no petroleum and can be blended at any level

BIODIESEL vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELSBIODIESEL vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS

DIESEL CNG LNG METHANOL ETHANOL BIODIESEL

___________________________________________________________________________

Vehicle cost 10 5 5 5 5 10Infrastructure 10 2 5 5 5 10Safety 7 4 3 1 3 8Operating range 10 5 10 10 10 10Operating cost 10 5 7 5 5 7

Reliability 10 7 5 3 3 10

Customer acceptance 5 8 8 8 9 8Funding assistance 1 10 2 0 2 2Training cost 10 5 5 5 5 10Fuel availability 10 10 5 5 5 6Fuel quality 9 5 10 8 8 9Fuel price stability 6 8 8 6 6 6

TOTAL 98 74 73 61 66 96 __

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Motivation for Research

Since the introduction of diesel engine, Rudolph Diesel (1895) intended to burn modified vegetable oil for development of agriculture.

It is only now that we are developing biodiesel for this purpose.

Biodiesel for EnergyBiodiesel for Energy

Degummification Esterification

Removal of water Separation of Glycerine

Filter Washings

BIO OIL BIO DIESEL

Vegetable Oil

Concern for biodiesel ?Concern for biodiesel ?

The world over there is a quest for looking for fossil fuel alternatives:– Environmental concerns– Economic concerns– Reducing fossil fuel reserves– Strategic concerns– Indigenous production

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Environmental Motivations

No Sulphur or aromatic compounds

Safer to breathe

Reduced emissions in 3 of the 4 regulated categories: total unburned HC, CO, SPM

Promotes more vegetation (C fix)

Non toxic and biodegradable

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Economical Motivations

Provides investment in innovations

Reduces subsidies

New job creation: production, manufacturing, processing, construction, distribution, marketing

Import substitution

Protects over-dependence on limited sources of fuels

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Industrial Motivations

Increased use will decrease deficit by reducing imports

Scope for cleaner technologies

Operators use clean fuel with less health problems

Links agriculture to energy

Storage and transport need little or no modification

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Government Motivations

Energy independence gives strength to countries

Biodiesel meets international standards for clean S free diesel

Fuel standards for use of renewable energy

Incentives for alternate and clean fuel

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Scientific Motivations

Challenge to develop biodiesel at competitive price

Develop alternative protocols and tools

Develop clean catalysts

Reduce cost of lipase technology

Achieve environment standards

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•Biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide exhaust emissions by up to 80%.•Biodiesel produces 100% less SOx than petroleum.•Biodiesel reduces exhaust smoke (particulates) emissions by up to 75% so the usual black cloud associated with a diesel engine can be eliminated. •The smell of the biodiesel exhaust is far more pleasant.

Why biodiesel?

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•Biodiesel is much easier to handle and does not cause cracking or redness.•Biodiesel is much less dangerous to put in vehicle fuel tank as its flash point is ± 150°C (300°F) as opposed to petroleum diesel ± 70°C (150°F).•Biodiesel degrades about 4 times faster than petroleum diesel after spillage, with most of a spill broken down after just 28 days.

•Biodiesel provides significant lubricity improvement over petroleum diesel fuel so engines last longer, with the right additives engine performance can also be enhanced

Various countries have set their targets:– USA to use B20 to B100– India to start with B5– Brazil to go for B2 to B3– Philippines look for B10

Indian InitiativesIndian Initiatives

National Mission on Biodiesel has been launched by GOIState Governments designated special authorities/bodies to manageMinistry of Petroleum and Natural Gas notified biodiesel purchase policyGovernment Institutes are working on technology and promotionPublic and private sectors are working on processing and end use

Proposed Biodiesel Program in India

2005-2007: Demonstration phase2007-2010: Expansion –

Self sustaining2011-2012: Meeting requirement

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Biodiesel feedstockBiodiesel feedstock

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Palm oil Rs. 23Soybean oilCoconut oil

Castor oil

Rs. 37 Rs. 73/76 Rs. 41/47

Cotton seed Rs. 32

Rubber oil Rs. 25

Peanut oil Rs. 32 Sunflower oil Rs. 57

Rice bran oil Rs. 19/22/25 Neem oil Rs. 26

Karanj oil Rs. 37

Malaysia

Philippines

USA

Brazil

EU

India

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Non edible oil tree species: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Karanj (Pongamia pinnata)Meswak (Salvadora species)Mahua (Madhuca indica)Rubber (Hevea species)Castor (Ricinus communis)Palm oil / Rice bran oilJatropha (Jatropha curcas)Others: Diploknema butracea,

Garcinia, Tung etc.

C:1619%

C:1810%

C:18:134%

C:18:224%

C:205%

C:228%

Fatty acid composition

Pongamia pinnata

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C:1626%

C:187%

C:18:146%

C:18:216%

C:205%


Madhuca indica

B

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Diploknema butyracea

C:1657%

C:184%

C:18:134%

C:18:25%


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Salvadora oleoides

C:1627%

C:18:03%C:18:1

46%

C:18:28%

C:2016%


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Salvadora speciesSalvadora species

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Jatropha curcasJatropha curcas

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It is an exotic plant for India and is species native to Mexico and Central America. In India, it is believed to have been introduced by Portugues navigators in the 16th century.

Common Names: Ratanjyot, Purging net, physic nut. Botanical Name : Jatropha curcasFamily : Euphorbiaceae Availability : Throughout India (mostly in dry/tropical

areas)Features : Small tree or shrub, (3-5 m in height), smooth

greasy bark which exudes whitish colored, watery latex when cut and large green to pale green leaves

(deciduous), alternative but apically crowdedGestation period : Less than one year (minimum amongst all the tree

borne oilseeds)Productive life : 30-35 years.

Why Jatropha ?Why Jatropha ?

India cannot afford edible vegetable oilsWe don’t have waste vegetable oilJatropha can grow in wastelandsThis is not grazed or browsedIt is a shrub and yields fruits in three to four years

-High yield of oil %-Least risks of failure-Least cultivation inputs-High acceptability of farmers-Suitability of oil for diesel-Wide adaptability to stress-Fast growing & short rotation-Availability of seed material -Least disease occurrence

Selection of biofuel tree

Jatropha curcas

The land to grow ?The land to grow ?

Country has nearly 63 million ha of wasteland.Nearly 33 million ha committed for tree plantationCurrent target is 1 million haFarmer land, Panchayat land, spoiled, mined sites, underutilized land.

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Wasteland that can be available for Jatropha Plantation

Wasteland that can be available for Jatropha Plantation

Available in India

(mha)

1 Shallow/Medium Ravinous

1.5 0.4

2 Land with scrub 15.1 3.8

3 Land without scrub 3.7 0.9

4 Saline/Alkaline Sight 0.4 0.1

5 Shifting Cultivation (abandoned)

3.5 0.9

6 Degraded Forest-Scrub 10.9 1.1

Total 31.1 7.2

Sr. No.

Category of land Available for Jatropha plantation

(mha)

Source: Dr. J. Parikh, IRADE

Jatropha curcasJatropha curcas37

Collection of good Germplasm

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2

Native collection of Jatropha curcas accessions

15

10

6

1010

10

10

10

1720

12

1

2

7

102

1013

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2

4

6

6

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Statewise Jatropha collections under DBT Micro-mission project

39 26

12

49

1911

209

37

263

3

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1

Haryana

HP

Kerala

Maharashtra

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

Uttranchal

West Bengal

Over 1000 accessions collected, approx. 700 characterized

Statewise Jatropha accessions characterized under DBT Micro-mission project

Statewise Jatropha accessions characterized under DBT Micro-mission project

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020406080

100120140160180

<30 (low) 30-35 (moderate) >35 (high)

160

170

180

190

200

210

see

d a

rea

(mm

2)

j1 j2 j3 j4 j5 j6

seed area of J.curcas form different sites

Seed variabilitySeed variability

Seed size variationSeed size variation

Seed size:Small = 40.07 g per 100 seedsLarge = 78.88 g per 100 seedsAverage = 64.29 g per 100 seeds

Seeds kg-1 :1341 to 1806, (1564.34 113.9),

VARIATION IN OIL CONTENT IN SELECTED ACCESSIONS OF J. CURCAS

VARIATION IN OIL CONTENT IN SELECTED ACCESSIONS OF J. CURCAS

Technologies for mass production of Jatropha curcas

Technologies for mass production of Jatropha curcas

Protocols for macro-propagation (from cuttings) and micropropagation (tissue culture)

CLONAL PROPAGATION OF JATROPHACLONAL PROPAGATION OF JATROPHA

Criteria for selection of elite germplasm:Mother plant with annual yield of 3-4 kg fruits/plant.Plants with 35% or more seed oil content.Healthy and disease free plant.

Propagation by cuttings in Polybags/Root trainers/Open beds•Six to ten inch long cuttings of selected plants are planted in sterile medium ( vermiculite or sand).

•Cuttings are raised in high-tech nurseries with controlled environmental conditions of temperature and humidity to initiate callus formation.

•After development of sufficient roots the cuttings are transplanted in net houses in sand beds for hardening.

•Finally the rooted mature cuttings are transferred in polybags with soil and sand mixture in the ratio of 2:1.

DEMONSTRATION PLANTATION OF JATROPHA CURCAS

DEMONSTRATION PLANTATION OF JATROPHA CURCASTo create public awareness and unused and

marginal land utilization demonstration plantation of J. curcas were carried out on total 290 hectares in collaboration with U.P. Government, Railways (NR & NER), Industries (Birla, Tata NTPC), CSIR labs (HRDC, Gaziabad, ITRC), MNRE (SEC, Gwalpahari, Gurgaon).

DEMONSTRATION PLANTATION OF JATROPHA CURCASDEMONSTRATION PLANTATION OF JATROPHA CURCASTotal area under plantation - 290 hectare

•Sodic land•Flyash (100%)•Fly ash mixed soil•Rainfed soil•Irrigated soil

Flyash (100%) Fly ash mixed soil

Sodic land

Plantation at difficult sitesPlantation at difficult sites

Highly sodic – pH>10

Demonstration Plantations of Jatropha curcas

Demonstration Plantations of Jatropha curcas

Northern RailwaysGirzapur,Baharaich

Gazaria farm NTPC, Unchahar

Fruiting after 2 years of plantation at Gazaria farm

Fruiting after 2 years of plantation at Gazaria farm

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Technology issues

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Bielenberg’s Press

KEK PressKomet Press

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Taby Press

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Sundhara Press

TransesterificationTransesterification

Diesel has a chain of 11-13 CNew vegetable oil has a chain of 18 CWaste veg oil has chains of 32 CTo burn in an engine, the chain needs to be broken down to be similar in length to diesel

BASIC REACTION

CH2COOR’

|

CHCOOR”

|

CH2COOR”’

3 ROH

Catalyst

CH2OH

|

CHOH

|

CH2OH

R'COOR

+

R''COOR

+

R'''COOR

60 Kg

Oil

6.78 Kg

Alcohol

0.60Kg

NaOH

6.5 Kg

Glycerin

58 Kg

Biodiesel

Diesel has a chain of 11-13 CVegetable oil has a chain of 18 C

Biodiesel Cake

Wasteland utilization

Glycerine

Alternatives: Petro agro sectorAlternatives: Petro agro sector

Cakes constitutenearly 70 % of the feed stock.

Application as bio fertilizers orfor energy usage such as substituteof coal or as a feed for gasifiers

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Jatropha biofertilizerJatropha biofertilizer

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

N P K Ca Mg63

3.63.63.63.6

0.80.80.80.81.71.71.71.7

0.770.770.770.77 0.750.750.750.75

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Environmental aspectsEnvironmental aspects

Tailpipe emission pollutants after replacing conventional diesel with

biodiesel

Tailpipe emission pollutants after replacing conventional diesel with

biodiesel

BIODIESEL-Why Lower Emissions ?

BIODIESEL-Why Lower Emissions ?

In built Oxygen contentBurns fullyHas no SulphurNo AromaticsComplete CO2 cycle

Life-cycle tree for

biodiesel productio

n

Life-cycle tree for

biodiesel productio

n

Exploration

Refining

Use in Cars and Trucks

Fossil CO2

Release to Atmosphere

PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE13 pounds of fossil CO2 released per gallon burned

BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLENo fossil CO2 Released ; No global warming

Biodiesel Production

Use in Cars and TrucksOil Crops

Renewable CO2

BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHABIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA

IF

– 10 MILLION HECATRES OF WASTE LAND IS BROUGHT UNDER JATROPHA CULTIVATION

– Can yield 15 million tons of seed (@1.5 Tons / Hectare )– 4.0 million tons of oil– An equivalent amount of biodiesel, almost one tenth

requirement of diesel in the country– Enormous employment generation potential in rural areas

• If only 1 person/family is employed per 5 hectares for jatropha cultivation, additional 2 million new jobs

• 200 new extraction units of 250 tpd capacity to crush the seeds

– 11 Million tons of excellent organic manure– 0.4 million tons of technical grade glycerol

Biodiesel strategyBiodiesel strategy

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•Upscaling technology•Importing machinery •Importing technology•Trial runs•R&D for feedstocks•Sensitizing financial institutions

•Upscaling technology•Importing machinery •Importing technology•Trial runs•R&D for feedstocks•Sensitizing financial institutions

•Farmer oriented programs, •Demonstrations,• R&D for selections,• Nursery,• Extension

•Farmer oriented programs, •Demonstrations,• R&D for selections,• Nursery,• Extension

Cost effective diesel production

Cost effective diesel production

Sufficient productionSufficient

production

The Road ahead

Farmers meet on Biodiesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan Farmers meet on Biodiesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan

Jatropha curcas plantations at Rashtrapati Bhawan (2004)

Jatropha curcas plantations at Rashtrapati Bhawan March 2007

The future diesel nut ?The future diesel nut ?

[email protected]

Biofuel

Technology

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