BIOFORTIFICATION OF RICE

JAGADISH JENAStd. Reg. no. VB-1259 of 2014-15

Department of ASEPAN, PSBVisva-bharati university, Sriniketan

INTRODUCTION

Population explosion lead to food grain insufficiency.

Green revolution provided food grain sufficiency.

Developing countries have rare dietary diversity.

Malnutrition i.e. night blindness , Fe deficiency anemia as major population have staple food rice which deficient in Zn and Fe.

Root and tubers1%

pulses,nuts and oilseeds3%

Fish and

Meat8%Sugar and products11%

Oils and fats13%

Others19%

Cereals45%

High income countries

Root and tubers11%

Pulses, nuts and

oilseeds

6%

Fish and

meat3%

Sugar and products5%

Oils and fats9%

Others11%

Cereals55%

Low income countries

Dietary diversity by sources of dietary energy

FAO, 2008

WORLD WIDE ZINC DEFICIENCY SCENARIO Zn is deficient in 50% of the world’s agricultural soils and is recognized as the world’s most critical micronutrient deficiency in crop.

2 billion people worldwide who don’t get enough Zn.

1.5 million children who die each year from Zn malnutrition.

8 Lakh people at risk of dying each year from Zn deficiency.

4.5 Lakh children at risk of dying every year due to Zn deficiency.

IZA, 2015

sub saharian africa Asia Latin America Eastern Europe Western Pacific Northern AmericaWestern Europe East mediterian0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

30

28

26

22

17

14

9 9

% of population at risk for Zinc deficiency

IZA, 2015

India has one of the highest rates of Zn deficiencies in soils and people. 50% of Indian soil are Zn deficient, raising to 63% by 2025 if nothing is done.

Lack of Zinc is contributing to cases of diarrhea in India, 25% of global diarrhea deaths amongst children under the age of 5 (IZA,2014).

Zn fortification in staple food could save the lives around 48,000 Indian children per year (WHO,2015).

0.15 million children died each year in India !!!

UNICEF, 2012

ZINC DEFICIENCY IN INDIA

Vitamin A deficiency

Xerophthalmia (xeros = dryness; -ophthalmia = pertaining to the eye) deficient serum (plasma) retinol concentrations (<0.35 µmol/l).

Till 2005 about 122 countries found to have vit. A deficiency.

Periodic vitamin A delivery in the community has been shown to reduce the risks of xerophthalmia (by ~90%) and mortality (by ~23–30%) in young children.

WHO 2005

Iron deficiency anaemia: IDA

IDA contribute 50% of global anaemia .

Global health problem affecting developed as well developing countries.

It occurs at all stages of the life cycle, but is more prevalent in pregnant women and young children.

IDA can lead to maternal haemorrhage and is associated with 20% of all maternal death.

GAIN(Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition)

The main risk factors for IDA include a

• Low intake of iron • Poor absorption of iron from diets

• High in phytate or phenolic compounds, and

• Period of life when iron requirements are especially high (i.e. growth and pregnancy).

Recommended daily intake of 600μg vit. A, 15mg Fe and 15mg Zn.

Swarna is the most widely grown and consumed rice variety in India which constitute 0.78mg Fe/100g brown rice and 2.28mg Zn/100g brown rice.

By consuming twice or thrice a day a person can get hardly 2-3mg Fe and 7-8mg Zn which is 1/5th and half of the recommended daily intake of Fe and Zn respectively.

Nutrition gap

Approaches to relieve Zn, vit. A and Fe deficiency

1. Change of diet

2. Supplementation

3. Biofortification

Increase in nutrient concentration Increase in promoter compounds Decrease in antinutrients

3billion people having daily income less than 2US$ and 1.5 billion less than 1US$ cannot afford a diversified diet or industrially produced supplements.

Saving one healthy life costs as little as $US 0.73-7.31 if both wheat and rice get biofortified.

IRRI

BIOFORTIFICATION VS. CONVENTIONAL FORTIFICATION

Biofortification focused on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing.

Conventional fortification nutrients are added to the foods as they are being processed.

CSIR

Options for bio fortification

Bio-fortification

Genetic

Agronomic or Ferti-fortification*

* Ferti-fortification, a term coined by Prasad(2009) involves fertilizing crops with micronutrients. It gives immediate results and in, general, goes well along with an increase in yield.

Biofortification may therefore present a way to reach populations where supplementation and conventional fortification activities may be difficult to implement and/or limited.

Examples of biofortification projects include:

• Iron-biofortification of rice, beans, sweet potato, cassava and legumes;

• Zinc-biofortification of wheat, rice, beans, sweet potato and maize;

• Provitamin-A carotenoid-biofortification of rice, sweet potato, maize and cassava;

• Amino acid and protein-biofortification of maize, sorghum and cassava.

WHO 2015

Biofortified crop must be :

High yielding and profitable

Effective and efficient in reducing malnutrition

Acceptable to both farmers and consumers in the target region

Reason for rice Biofortification

Rice is a staple food crop for more than one billion poor people.

The Aleurone layer of dehusked rice grain is nutrient reach but is lost during milling and polishing.

Rice supplies 30-50% of daily calorie intake.

Rice is the major source of employment.

World Asia S America Africa Oceania N & C America0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20

32

11

8

5

3

Rice calorie supply as % total calories (by region) FAO, 2010

Bran 34%

En-dosperm57%

Embryo9%

Zn distribution

Bran55%

En-dosper

m32%

Embryo13%

Fe distribution

Hansen et al. 2009

Nutrient allocation in rice grain

Zn loss on processing of RiceSpikelet

Pedicel Paddy riceFloret (Rough rice)

Husk(Lemma and palea)

Brown riceCaryopsis (grain)

Bran and Embryo(Outer layer of caryopsis)

White rice(Endosperm)

Harvest

Dehusk

Polish

Zn loss (20.70%)…

Zn loss (17.05%)..

And from white rice to cooked rice 36.61% Zn loss…Saha et al. 2015

All the credits of golden rice goes to Rockefeller foundation, EU and the Swiss federal institute of technology.

Professor Ingo Potrycus and Dr. Peter Beyer considered as the founder of β-carotene enriched golden rice.

They used crtl gene from soil bacterium (Agrobacterium tumifascience) and Daffodil gene for modification of the genetic make up.

Golden rice cannot be achieved by breeding.

β - carotene enriched popular rice varieties

IR 64, IR 36 : Mega varieties with broad Asian coverage

BRRI dhan 29 : The most popular boro rice variety in Bangladesh

PSB Rc 82 : The most popular Rice variety of Philippines

OS 6561 : Most popular in Vietnam

Chehirang : Leading variety in Indonesia

Swarna : Important in India.

Partner Institutions

IRRI (Int.) Philrice (Philippines) BRRI (Bangladesh) CLRRI (Vietnam) IARI (India) TNAU (India) DRI (India)

BRRI releases world’s first high zinc rice, Dhaka Tribune, September 1, 2013

High zinc rice released, The Daily Star, August 27, 2013

Rice Revolution: Bangladesh Set to Release the World’s First Zinc-Enriched Variety, The Daily Star (Bangladesh), August 2013

Zinc-Enriched Rice in Two Years, Daily Star (Bangladesh), May 2011

White Rice Gets Healthier: Billions to Benefit as White Rice Gets a Boost in Nutrients, Radio Australia: Innovations, July 2010 Partner CGIAR

Source: Harvest Plus

In the media……

Agronomic approaches to biofortification

Ferti-fortificationSource of nutrient

Time of nutrient application

Amount of nutrient application

Tillage

PGPR and cyanobacteria

Treatment Wheat straw Wheat grain

Zn (mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg) Fe(mg/kg)

control 15.5 473 42.8 39.1

NK 25.6 547 61.0 44.2

PK 12.0 505 34.2 37.4

NP 7.16 352 21.5 37.2

NPK 6.31 348 20.2 31.4

½ org fert. + ½ N 6.97 310 24.0 27.2

Org fert. 9.67 344 37.1 25.8

* N150P75K150

Wheat grain Zn and Fe concentration affected by inorganic and organic fertilizer application

Li B.Y. et al. 2007(ELSEVIER)

Source of nutrient affecting nutrient allocation

Treatment Grain Zn (mg/kg) Straw Zn (mg/kg)

No N and no Zn 16.2 125.4

Only N 18.1 149.3

2%ZEU*(ZnSO4.H2O) 23.4 175.7

2%ZEU(ZnO) 21.4 171.4

5Kg Zn/ha(ZnSO4.H2O) 22.2 169.3

5Kg Zn/ha(ZnO) 20.6 155.0

ZnO slurry 19.3 149.9

0.2% foliar spray (ZnSO4.H2O) 24.1 178.5

*ZEU : Zinc enriched urea

Effect of Zn fertilization on Zinc concentration of Basmati rice grain and straw

POONIYA and SHIVAY (2011 and 2012)

Effect of Zn fertilization on Zn concentration of rice and wheat grain

Zn applied (Kg/ha) Rice (mg/kg) Wheat(mg/kg)

0 27.1 38.1

2.6 32.7 41.3

5.2 39.0 43.8

7.8 42.3 47.3

SHIVAYA et al. 2008

Amount of nutrient application as biofortification

Effect of different Zn application methods on Zn conc.

Zn application methods Zn concentration(mg/kg)

Whole shoot Grain

Control 10 10

Soil 19 18

Seed 12 10

Foliar 60 27

Soil + Foliar 69 35

Seed + Foliar 73 29

YILMAZ et al. 1997

Time of ferti-fortification & nutrient allocation

Foliar Zn treatment stages Grain Zn (mg/Kg) Grain Fe (mg/Kg)

Control 23 29

Stem + Booting 42 35

Booting + milking 49 34

Milk + Dough 44 33

Booting + Anthesis + Milking 53 36

Stem + Booting + Milk + Dough

56 36

CD 0.05 5.1 3.2

Approx 4Kg of ZnSO4.7H2O/ha applied at each stage

Foliar Zn treatment in different stages and Localization of Zinc in Wheat Grain

Chakmak et al, 2010

Effect of soil tillage on the amounts Fe and Zn extracted with DTPA

Soil tillage FeDTPA (mg/kg) ZnDTPAmg/kg)

Conventional tillage (CT) 11.8 0.1

Minimum tillage (MT) 13.4 0.2

No tillage (NT) 13.0 0.5

Effect of soil tillage on the Fe and Zn concentrations in the last expanded leaf of sorghum plants

Soil tillage Fe (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg)

Conventional tillage (CT) 141 12

Minimum tillage (MT) 142 18

No tillage (NT) 124 15

(Lindsay and Norvell, 1978)

T i l l a g e a ffe c ti n g g ra i n n u t r i e nt c o n c e nt ra ti o n

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and cyanobacteria

Biofortification of wheat through inoculation of PGPR and cyanobacteria.

Treatments Fe(mg/Kg) Zn(mg/Kg)

Control 67.73 31.60

N120P60K60 107 37.20

N60P60K60 132.00 40.93

N90P60K60 109.47 37.20

N60P60K60 + CW1 136.93 36.27

N60P60K60 + PW5 271.93 41.73

N60P60K60 + CW1+PW5 206.13 39.80

N60P60K60 + CW1+CW2+CW3 129.4 37.60

*PW5 = bacteria Providencia sp. CW1,CW2,CW3 = Cyanobacteria strain Rana A. et al

Different nutrient enriched crops release year of initial lines

Crop Nutrient Release year of Initial line

Sweet potato Pro vit. A 2007

Bean Fe, Zn 2011

Pearl millet Fe, Zn 2011

Rice Fe, Zn, Pro vit. A 2012

Maize Pro vit. A 2013

Wheat Fe, Zn 2013

Cassava Pro vit. A 2014

Advantages of rice biofortification

Increase in nutritional value.

Reduced adult and child micronutrient causing mortality.

Reduced dietary deficiency diseases.

Healthier population with strong and quick immune responses to infections.

Seed enriched with Fe and Zn

Decreasing Seeding rate

Increasing Resistance to

Diseases

Higher yield under Fe and Zn

deficiencyImproving Abiotic Stress

Tolerance

Improving Human

Nutrition

Better seed viability and

Seedling Vigor

Disadvantages of Rice Biofortification

High production cost i.e. equipments, technology, patenting etc.

Potential negative interaction of biofortified rice on other plants/ non- GM rice crops causing loss of wild type rice varieties.

Low substantial equivalence i.e. inability to provide high micronutrient and protein content compared to supplements.

Poor rural populations have limited access and resources to purchase biofortified rice.

Genetic engineering methods used may compromise immunity in humans i.e. introduced increased risk of allergenicity.

CONCLUSION Awareness of dietary diversity must be follow up to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition.

As people of under developed nations cannot afford to supplemented and diversified foods, research and development of nutrient enriched biofortified crops should carried out to face this problem.

There are several aspects of biofortification but agronomic aspect (Ferti-fortification) is most simpler one and is mostly followed.

The concept of food security therefore may be now a day well defined as Access of nutritious foods at an adequate amount.