Biofiltration of Chlorinated VOCs
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Transcript of Biofiltration of Chlorinated VOCs
8/12/2019 Biofiltration of Chlorinated VOCs
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BIOFILTRATION OF CHLORINATED
VOC’S Literature survey
Presented By: Mudit Chauhan (2010A1PS349P)
Presented To: Dr. Smitha Raghuvanshi
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VOCS: DEFINITION
General definition is very broad.
VOCs are organic chemicals that have a high vapor
pressure/low boiling point at ordinary room
temperature.
VOC have an initial boiling point less than or equal to
250 °C.
Examples:
1. Benzene
2. Ethylene glycol
3. Methylene chloride
4. Perchloroethylene
5. Xylene
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VOCS: H ARMFUL EFFECTS
Presence of VOCs in the atmosphere creates a
number of problems for human health as well asenvironmental quality
1. They take part in photochemical reactions and smog
formation.
2. Long term exposure leads to increased risk of
developing health issues like cancer, Liver damage
and nervous system damage.
3. Short term effects include are eye irritation, noseirritation, throat irritation, headache, nausea ,
dizziness, asthma exacerbation etc
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VOCS: SOURCES
Various industrial sites, such as plants manufacturing
organic chemicals, polymers or synthetic fibers.
VOCs emission are present in different industries,
such as petrochemical, paint and coating industries
and steel manufacture.
Major VOC emission sources are automobiles
exhaust.
Solvent emissions from products and industrial
operations is also one of the significant sources ofVOC emissions.
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METHODS CURRENTLY USED FOR
CONTROLLING VOCS
o Condensation• Cooling & compression condense contaminant vapor
from air.
• Disadvantage:
1. Cost involved is very high2. Corrosion problems
3. Effluent liquid may create water pollution problem
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METHODS CURRENTLY USED FOR
CONTROLLING VOCS
Adsorption
• Pollutants are adsorbed onto adsorbents like
activated carbon
• Disadvantages:1. Requires regeneration when adsorbent becomes
saturated using steam or other hot gases which
increases operating costs.
2. It is not a destruction technology with difficultrecovery which means spent adsorbents such as
solid waste need to be land-filled or incinerated.
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METHODS CURRENTLY USED FOR
CONTROLLING VOC
Absorption/Scrubbing• Pollutants from the air are absorbed into a scrubbing
solution such as water or solvents
• Disadvantages:
1. Chemical costs are high.
2. Liquid waste needs further treatment.
3. High operating cost, complex chemical feed and
control systems.
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METHODS CURRENTLY USED FOR
CONTROLLING VOC
Incineration• When contaminant in gas stream is oxidizable to an inert
gas, combustion is a possible method of control.
• Can be direct flame or catalytic.
• Disadvantages:
1. An expensive method due to high energy requirements
2. Not economical if concentration levels are low & largeairflow volumes need treatment
3. Produces large amount of greenhouse gases
4. Catalysts engaged to VOC combustion aredeactivated in a short time due to chlorine poisoning
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BIODEGRADATION
Biodegradation is the chemical dissolution ofmaterials by bacteria or other biological means.
Micro-organisms use these compounds as source
of carbon and electron donor for production of
energy and growth.
Types:
1. Aerobic
2. Anaerobic
Requirements for bio-degradation:I. Capable organism
II. Synthesis of requisite enzymes
III. Suitable environmental conditions
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STEPS IN BIODEGRADATION
1. Uptake of compound
2. Manipulation of substrate for ring cleavage
3. Ring cleavage
4. Conversion of cleaved products into standardmetabolics.
5. Use of metabolics for Growth and energy.
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BIODEGRADATION OF VOCS
Recalcitrance of Organic compounds increases
with increasing halogenation.
Cleavage of halogen-carbon bond is the critical(rate
determining) step.
Extent and rate of Bio-degradation of VOCs
depends on:
1. Structure of chemical compounds2. Micro-organism (Bacteria strain)
3. Conditions( temperature, PH, flow rates)
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BIO-DEGRADATION OF VOCS
Biodegradation of chlorinated VOC’s may require
reductive dehalogenation by anaerobic bacteria
in addition to aerobic digestion.
Mixed microbial communities have the most
powerful bio-degradable potential because the
genetic information of more than one organism is
necessary to degrade the complex mixture of VOCs
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BIO-FILTRATION
A bio-filter is a bioreactor system in which micro-
organisms are attached to a solid support medium
Off-gases containing biodegradable VOCs and
other toxic or odorous compounds are passed
through this biologically active bed of peat, soil, or
other media
Naturally occurring microorganisms in the bio-filter
convert the air pollutants into harmless by-products
that are primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and water(H2O).
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BIO-FILTRATION MECHANISM
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TYPES OF BIO-FILTERS FOR CONTROLLING
VOCS
Four classes of bio-filters, classified on the
relationship of the biofilm to the water, are:
(1) Two phase systems (bio-scrubbers),
(2)
Trickling filters,(3) Natural medium bio-filters,
(4) Engineered medium bio-filters.
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BIO-FILTER: SCHEMETIC
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BIO-FILTRATION OF CHLORINATED VOCS:
ADVANTAGES
Lower capital and operating costs. Offer economicadvantages in applications where the air streamcontains contaminants at relatively lowconcentrations and high flow rates.
Bio-filtration does not require large quantities of
energy during operation . Produces a relatively low-volume, non-hazardous
waste stream.
Removal efficiencies of greater than 90% havebeen demonstrated.
Bio-filtration is based on a process that occursnaturally in soils & water and thus represents asafe, environmentally friendly "green" technology.
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VOC CONTROL METHODS: OPERATING
COST COMPARISON
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VOC CONTROL METHODS: CAPITAL COST
COMPARISON
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CHLORINATED VOCS
These are the chlorine containing volatile organic
compounds.
They are amongst the most recalcitrant of all VOCs.
Examples includePCE, Trich loroeth ylene,
Trich loroethane (TCA), Viny l ch lor ide.
Major sources of chlorinated VOCs are chemical
and petroleum industries, polymer manufacture,
solvent industy.
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BIO-FILTRATION OF CHLORINATED VOCS:
PROBLEMS
Most chlorinated compounds of environmental
concern exhibit recalcitrance and cannot serve as
sole carbon and energy sources for heterotrophic
bacteria under aerobic conditions.
The presence of chlorinated compounds among
VOC mixtures creates a challenge to bio-filter
performance since biodegradation of these
xenobiotic compounds requires pathways normallynot associated with heterotrophic bacteria.
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BIO-FILTRATION OF CHLORINATED VOCS:
PROBLEMS
Chlorinated VOCs like PCE are not soluble in water
and therefore not easy to biodegrade.
Co-metabolism and substrate inhibition associated
with chlorinated VOCs in bio-filters have not been
elucidated.
Gaining insights into these aspects is significant in
the optimization of bio-filters for treatment of
industrial emissions containing mixtures of both
easily biodegradable and recalcitrant compounds
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LAB ORIENTED PROJECT Work to be done
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To carry out batch based studies for the bio-filtration
of chlorinated VOCs by varying parameters like
inlet concentration, flow rate, bed height,
composition of nutrient medium, moisture content in
bio-filter bed etc..
Carry out one set of experiment on a continuous bio
filter.
Kinetic modeling of bio-filter column using the
obtained experimental results.
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Thank You